in Italia? Roberto Cipriani

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1 ttl Qul ttl Itl? Rbrt pr 4 - U rt tud tr u mpp dll pr ttl l P dll u mlt ftttur. U ftgrf trt d rvr tt Rbrt pr, prfr rdr d Slg ll Uvrtà d Rm Tr I tt d u uv dg rttr l ull rlgtà Itl, v fr rfrmt d u rt tud, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, h prt lu dt h h lm l prg d u rt ffdbltà, qut lbrt prtr dll dg, vt u rttr multp, dtt ull fmgl tl d prt dll Ittut trl d ttt, l prd L utr, Rbrt rt, è uv utrr tr pr l ftt rlg Itl. Gà prd vv llbrt, prtlr ul tm d vlr, rl Tull- Alt, l qul vv rlvt l pr d «gv rm, h p lqu, p d fd d v ll t d vlr h lr dhud» 3 d ltr d vv ggut h «l d, l rd, prgud, l rm d vt h f prt d u ultur, qud trdu rt mprtmt, d pprtr l pur rg d mbl d tt, f d l dur t, l qul bg fr t m l pù fr rltà» 4. I vr lvr d rt vg ut tt-hv d tur ggrf: trrtr,, ttà, tlt, mpp, tr. Nl, m utr u, h pubblt u tt d ggrf ttt dll Itl rlg 5, l qul pur prtd qulh dt h mrtrbb mggr pprfdmt dm rpprt u ultrr put d vt ull tu ttul duqu mrt dgut du. S prd du lmt qulh md rrlt: l dl dll prt rlg l umt d mtrm vl. Etrmb rbbr d ttrbur l pr d lr tt. M tt è gà dubb l prtul, rgtrt l 9, d u prt rlg lm ttml d prt dl 3,5%, trppt d u ttl d frqu rt dml d prt dl 9,%. L dmu rbb vvut mur gftv rptt l 995 llrqud r dl 38,%. Itt ltr dg prv h t d frqu b dvr, trmb : è tt dumtt ll dg l ull rlgtà u t tt r t pput l h prtt rglr ttml r qu l 3%. h tl rultt p r mbt tlmt pr umtt, dp quttrd, pr vrmlmt fdt, prhé rbb trdd pl gl t d vr ltr dg vlt l frttmp. Ed h l t d frqu lut dll m ppr lt rptt prtul pù tut rtt l 995 h prtv qu u d d put m. N v dmtt f h d prt dgl trvtt è d lt u td (dt bbt pr tt fr gl plt dl ttr -rlg) pr u ffrm d fr mlt d pù d qull h rlmt f: pr mp d d dr m g dm m rltà l frqu ptrbb r d u-du vlt u m. L umt dll pp d ftt pt dl 3,5% l 5,5% d lg, prltr, rmt ll lr: p r mutt tum rll, v p-

2 pr r rg mh d upl (, mgl, d mt up), può trfrr u mdll gvl dvr d qull vg prd. Imm l lt vl, v h rlg, mp mtrml vul dr rmt u p trlg t dffrt. rt, ltr, prl d u «ttlm d mggr» h rgurdrbb r mtà dll ppl. U tl prtul, d p pù dl 5%, rrd d v u ltr tgr, rtt, ut d d Slv Burgl l 97 7 : qull dll dffr, mmtt l 55% dll ppl. I trmb l tgr ttul ut pp trpp mp trpp mprv. h f dg lgh b h grupp ì umr prt gr dll dvrf l lr tr, tl d rdr r u ultrr prdur lm d uddv dll m qulft «d mggr» «dffrt». L mr, mpr pr rt, rbb rpprtt d ttl mltt, ll mur dl %. Ah qut l pr d rr ul mp f prpdr pr ltr qutf: pr mp è vr h l m rttr rlg rgurd r l 8% dll ppl è dtt h l mlt ttl lmt qut. Ed l t prt rlg rglr dml è pp u dtr fr gl ltr. Imm rr fr t ltr dt: u d mtrm vvg h, tt bmb u d mtrm vvut, l tt pr mll pr l h ttl è plbtr m h pur mpr u u t (mm Pugl mm Eml-Rmg), u lrg mggr dgl lu pt pr l gmt lt dll rlg (lr h vvlg rbbr l 8,8%, è u prtul bbt v qull d prtt lut gà t dl ). Fr l ltr l dt blg vvl pur dll tud d Grll ull Itl ttl 9, u l m, mpr qull ll rt ll ptrl prrhl, rult tttt ul % («ttl mltt»), m ggut gl tutt u r d ttggmt mprtmt h mprd l % d pr («ttlm d mr») h v rglrmt m l dm, qull pù umr (ttr l 5%, «ttlm d mggr») l u prt è ltur, qull f (r l %) h prt m frm fvr dll tt pr mll dtdl ll h ttl d pt pr l gmt dll rlg ttl d mprtr lr fgl. L qut rmt (r %) è ftt d ggtt dffrt, gt, t, tlrl, ttl grl. Qut ultm tgr rult r u vlt puttt gr. Srbb upbl u dgut dg d h, pr mprdr mgl l dmh tt l vrgt md h rhm ll h ttl. I dftv pp u p trpp mp l tgr mggrtr u p trpp rtrtt qull mrtr ( dr l vr, rt pù vlt h tt, l r d u tud, ull d d bplrm pplt l tl, f dtgur h fr u rd l d u rd ttl, mmr fr dll l d Tull-Alt, l qul ll u rr u «vlr dffl» vv prlt d vlr trpp, d dulm l grl m h ggrf, rtmt pù trdlt l Sud). Il dt d ftt è h l rd l prt d mtr ttl lmtt r u tr dll ppl tl. E muqu è vr h è u tdl mptt d ttl è ltrì u dt d ftt l lr dvrf u tm plt, t, mprtmtl, dlg. D ltr prt h l umr d prtt lut v fr rdmt, m è gà dtt, pù vr l % h l 5% d h pù. Adrbbr p ftt lu dm tr-ulturl, m l dll lt frqu rlg mp d mtrm rlg tr plrmt. D gl tud d lg dll rlg, plmt lr h h dtt rrh mp d Sl, v td h tl tt l frqutr l h g dm è lmt u trtt ulturl b rdt, h trvl l t t dll mtv rlg (l t dr vl pr l lbr dl mtrm rlg). A prpt d qut ultm l dffrr d dt, l tmp, fr Npl Ml è dvut prbblmt d u vr d td m d u dvr vltà d dffu d u pr, h gut dll pprv dll lgg ul dvr, prtr duqu dgl 7. ì l ftt h Npl l 95 mtrm vl tr l 7,7% d Ml l 5,4% r dvut, ph dll f dl d fltt mdl, rg fr d tur m (l mtrm h l uv ffrt d vvltà ptv tr pù d u mpl lbr mup, mgr ppur gut dl pr d ). muqu ll p r r ì tut l dvr -m fr l du mtrpl, trmb rdu dl dtr bll. Suvmt l vlupp dutrl ml l btul dffltà d tur m ll ttà 43 4

3 44 - ttl prtp h ftt ì h mplf l dffr fr l du ttà, h trm d mdr dll rpttv ultur urb, pr u Ml ptrbb vr ubt u mggr lr ftt d tum mdll mprtmtl mtr Npl ptrbb vr mtut l td gà tt (ftt mtrm vl muqu umtt f l 6,3% d tutt mtrm; v Ml l mutmt è tt mggr, h qut mp, d h prtt l lbr vl dll ttur l 57,6% dl ttl; mm Npl è gut d vr u mtrm vl g quttr l tmp Ml è pt vl pù frqut, è ltr l mtà d tutt qull lbrt). Ndm l qut rt prt, dt h l utr rr umltà tf dhr l mpbltà d rur pgr l plt: «h rv è grd d dr u pg d qut rll d mtrm vl l mu d Npl» 3. Ar l t rt ttl h u rt lvll d mt vlupp v d pr p u mggr, pù t prt rlg (pr mplfr: l Sud, rlgmt pù rvt, f l rlt dffrt d rfut qud rr f rr gl pdl tttrl). E d ltr t l rlgtà prrhl trdl dl mrd mtrrbb u prtlr ptà l trtr l llgltà, l dgrd, l rru. Qu prò l dr f r pù mplt, prhé rh d prdr d dt d tt, d tp tr d tp ulturl. Tr utl duqu l prl, r u vlt, d rl Tull-Alt: «u rt mtltà pubbl è l prdtt d u mb tr d fttr m, l, plt, pfmt ulturl, mb ll qul tl mtltà prd frm, rm rl ll g h qull mb t glblmt prm. M u vlt frmt, ldt u rt gu, tl mtltà dv u rltà vh rtt, h prvvv ll d h l h grt, g u vlt m u d fttr rlvt, ugl vt uv, m, l plt» 4. N v dmtt prltr h Itl l rurltà h r u u p l mtmt dll trd ldt h l rltà trrtrl è ftt bu prt prpr d pl gglmrt rdl (mlt mu rurl mrdl l d tt d mll btt). S p b t l Sud l mbgutà dll rl h-mf m ltrttt t l ltt dtt prpt d lu pt dll h ttl 5. L prp d rt dvdr l fmlg rlg du l ptt ( qu) ppl l ll rl fr prtt prtt, m pur fr mtrm vl rlg, m vt l tr rltà tl h prrbb pù lrt l tr-nrd h l tr-sud, dv prdurrbb l rlgtà d tp trdl. Ah gl dtr dll lt dll gmt dll rlg ul dll frm dll tt pr mll fvr dll h ttl p rtrr ll mdm lg bprttr. Ed llr l lt lt dll rlg rgurd pù l Nrd h l Sud g rd grd. Pur l d frm pr l tt pr mll fvr dll h ttl è pù frqut l Stttr (p Eml Rmg) h l mrd (dv lbr, mp Sl trbu l qu ttltà dll frm pr l h ttl). Prtlrmt utl è l tbll prdpt d rt 6 ull lt dll tt pr mll. I dt prvg d Mgr Mur Rvll, ttgrtr dll fr ppl tl, rfr l 4. U ultrr lbr dll tbll ffr u qudr pù dttglt ull rprt dll frm, h trm prtul ffttv. L mggr d trbut tl h pr fftt dr l pbltà d lt ffrt l tt pr mll: ggtt h h ftt lu p ttu pù dll mtà (59,%) d dhrt l mpt u rddt dll pr fh (Irpf). Pr rt, dp vr rut h «l trd ttl ppr ì m l llt pù t, l trtt pù ld d tutà fr l dvr mpt dl p» 7, gtmt l rtt dl Rg dll Du Sl rbb tr ll rlgtà pù trdl tbl rtrbl l mrd tl. L pt ptrbb vr qulh fdmt, m rr drr h l Srdg rtrrbb l dr frmult, tt p lrt, td gl dtr lg utlt dll tud frt. D ltr t pr l mggr lr dl tr-nrd ptrbb pr ll pr dl lm dl mum m pur d vr frm d

4 pr lm. M pur qut gv rrdr v l frt pr dll Stt dll h vt trrtr dll Itl trl ( l). m mbr flu ì dvr? L tr vr h trt lugh, h trvl l h mb md dffrt l tu ll. A mpltmt dl dr, l pltlg dll Uvrtà d Blg r h «Itl t u rt d d prrh prg rptt tutt gl ltr p ttl, u pr ttul h è mmmt vvt d u ltr rg, prt l tt. Sul p d mprtmt rgtr p t d rlgtà pù lvt dll mggr prt dgl ltr p» 8. Apput qut pllrtà dll h ttl tl t d vrfr l pr d frt d d rlgtà h r dl Nrd rtut puttt lrt, m ltrì u b lvll d rlgtà d prt rlg pur qulh r dl Sud dll Il. L trumt ttt dprt pr lfr l dffr trrtrl (rg prv) è bt u ph dtr (pp quttr: prt rlg ftv, mtrm d u d ftt, gmt dll rlg d tt pr mll). E duqu è d hdr qut p utr l dr fdt u b prtlrmt ld, vt h l fm rlg è b pù rtlt dll quttr mpt lt d rt. Oltrtutt l lf pr prv pr rg f ltr h frmr tlu trprt d lbr ttt-lgh mpmt qut d tmp qud gl prtlr rpr: l lm dll Eml- Rmg m l b frqu dll m S (gà tudt d Slv Burgl mlt f, ll mbt dll rrh ull T 9 ). Etrd l mrt, rt gutmt mtt gurd rptt fl lu h mlrbbr l rlgtà mrdl ll r vlupp -m duqu rpg l pt dll «vrt tlrl» h vd ll h ttl l rg dl mt vlupp L lt dgl tl ull dt dll 8 pr mll l 4 (ft: )

5 46 - ttl U ltr uggt d rtr frr d vlupp futur l mp dll rr -rlg ul ttlm tl drv dll dvdur u tgr d dvdu pmt lrt dffrt tlrl pprtt d ltr f rlg dvr dll h ttl: l % rpprt l rh pù lt dl md ttl. I dftv «l 6% dll pp p h, bmb pr l 8% dp l mtrm, l 9% gl l h m dt dll tt pr mll, l 9% dgl lr frqut l l d rlg ll ul. lr h mtt pd h m dl % dgl tl. E muqu, h tr qut, u bu mtà h pù fdu ll h h ll Stt, qut m m ttu dutv d rtà». Qut ffrm rt fdt u dt m qulh h dutbl, prtr dl 9% h gl l h ll tt pr mll (l t rl è dl 36,8%, rpprt l umr ttl d trbut dll Irpf). Smm è d tr prt h qut h tut l mpt Grl Zl, mmtd l lvr d rt: «L h h ffr d qut grf è u grd glr ttu frtmt t pt ull prpr pt burrt, m h è vlt u mlgrd u pr d mut tr dvut pù r mbmt lg ulturl h prblm tr dll ttu» 3. NOTE fr. ROBERTO ARTOI, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, l Mul, Blg. fr. ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, I vlr dffl. Iht ull td dlgh plth d gv Itl, Bmp, Ml 974; ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, L tr Itl. Arrtrt -ulturl, ltlm, trfrmm rbllm dll Utà d gg, Fltrll, Ml 986; ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, Itl: u rlg vl. L rg d u dmr mput, prt d ROBERTO ARTOI, Ud, Ittut dtrl vt frul, 995; ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, L vl dgl tl. Vlr dvlr ll tr l, Gpr, Ud 997 (llbr d ROBERTO ARTOI, utr dl gg L Itl d tgtpl l r dl tm plt). 3 ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, I vlr dffl. Iht ull td dlgh plth d gv Itl, p. t., p ID, L tr Itl. Arrtrt -ulturl, ltlm, trfrmm rbllm dll Utà d gg, p. t., p fr. ROBERTO ARTOI, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, p. t. 6 fr. VINENZO ESAREO, ROBERTO IPRIANI, FRANO GARELLI, LEMENTE LANZETTI, GIANFRANO ROVATI, L rlgtà Itl, Mddr, Ml fr. SILVANO BURGALASSI, L rttà t, Dh, Blg fr. VINENZO ESAREO, ROBERTO IPRIANI, FRANO GARELLI, LEMENTE LANZETTI, GIANFRANO ROVATI, L rlgtà Itl, p. t. 9 fr. FRANO GARELLI, L Itl ttl ll p dl plurlm, l Mul, Blg 6. fr. EDMONDO BERSELLI, ROBERTO ARTOI, Du Itl, fr. A prpt dll l dl 9- prl, «l Mul», LV, 44, 6, pp. 43-5; ROBERTO ARTOI, h rà dl tr bplrm?, «l Mul», LIII, 44, 4, pp. 6-68; ROBERTO ARTOI, Bplrm rl, «l Mul», LIII, 4, 4, pp fr. ID, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, p. t., p. 5. fr. ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, I vlr dffl. Iht ull td dlgh plth d gv Itl, p. t. 3 ROBERTO ARTOI, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, p. t., p ARLO TULLIO-ALTAN, L tr Itl. Arrtrt -ulturl, ltlm, trfrmm rbllm dll Utà d gg, p. t., p fr. ATALDO NARO, L p ulturlt dll h l, STEFANO DIPRIMA ( ur d), Pr u dr rt d rt ll mf, S, lttt-rm 995, pp. 5-3; FRANESO MERADANTE, Lgltà ttà: l mrt b d u vv trr d mf, MASSIMO NARO, Srpr dl Sgr. L prtul mrgt dll vd dgl rtt d tld Nr, S, lttt- Rm, pp ROBERTO ARTOI, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, p. t., p Iv, p.. 8 Iv, p fr. SILVANO BURGALASSI, Elmt pr u l dll rlgtà T, l Mul, Blg 965. ROBERTO ARTOI, Ggrf dll Itl ttl, p. t., p. 39. fr. v, p. 5. Iv, p GIANARLO ZIZOLA, Bvut l P h h mrrt l fd trdl, «l Rpubbl», 7 lugl, p. 35.