Il motore dell Europa. d N. Uist. Barra. i In. Mare. delle. Ebridi. d e. Londonderry. Irlanda. del Nord. Lough. Neagh. Enniskillen G S. C. S.

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1 U7 9 Pg x98 I mtr Eurp M T st E g I t s t r H r. Krs Eg W t r I. cy tmtr r L s E. Lzr v Ws rwc rtmpt mbrg Ipswc Bfr xfr LDR T mg Tut Dvr utmpt Extr Brgt Prtsmut Pymut Is Wgt gcc Gursy Jrsy Rg Ut uprfc: km2. Ppz: btt. Vt m: 81 / um 77. Dstà: 249 btt/km2. Ppz urb: 90,0%. pt prcp ggmrt urb: Lr ( btt), Bfst ( ), rff ( ), Emburg ( ). B Is 200 km c T Bst Brmgm Brst Kgst t br m t g T r rg G rff M G s r rg r ff Wrxm v. pur c r s r k s u Lvrp Hy w 1085 B rg Y P r s c L t Ls Mcstr gsy Bckp Is I. Ebr M r Mr Ir wcst rss F 893 Eb T t ry Fr I R L D Br Rg Ut 198 M Lug Bfst g Wtv r u M. M v Lk Dr Dstrct 852 M Esk Brst 8,6% s r.. Dv Ppz: 8,6% ppz tt Eurp Pm M. r 1182 y Lc p z c ss br Mcu Mr 1309 B vs 1343 Ebr Ty m p Frfr b Gr Prt t Lcgp M Lc Lm Frt f Frt Gsgw Emburg Isy s r U p T w Lrry r Ir ut Hvrfrwst 2,4% Fr M r Ust Brr uprfc: 2,4% suprfc tt Eurp. umburg Krkw Hy c r Lvs T. umburg Is Wsy M Hrm ss I E Is t rc L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p I trrtr Rg Ut, stut r-vst pttfrm ctt urp, cmpr s Gr Brtg, ug 950 km, mggr s urp pr sts (c cmpr Igtrr, Gs cz), prt r-rt Ir (Ustr) crc 5000 s mr. I Rg Ut è sprt ctt urp Mc è bgt st Mr r, r vst c ttc; Mr Ir bg cst tr Gr Brtg Ir. L Ir r ( Ustr) cf c c tt Er (Rpubbc Ir). I Rg Ut cmpr tr cu rsu vst mpr c pprtut cr brtc: Trrtr trmr Brtc. x8:24 L Rg Ps Eurp m x7q0xq20xx M x8xxx00_VLBIT@0x98q0203#.qx:g PIL pr cpt: U$ (It U$). IU: 0,946 (It 0,941). Frm gvr: mrc csttuz. Lgu: gs (uffc), gs, gc. Rg: crst gc (43,5%), prtstt (10%), cttc (9,8%), rtss (1%), F R I tr crst (1,7%), musum (1,4%), ust (0,7%), br (0,5%), sk (0,4%), rgs/t (31%) Mt: r str. F prt U Eurp 1971.

2 L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p 1. TERRITRI: c, s prtr I Rg Ut prst u trrtr prvtmt cs. I rv pù sgfctv s Mt Grmp tp Hgs cz, Mt P Igtrr Mt mbrc Gs. I rst trrtr è csttut pur c, fms m pr czz r p, rcprt vgtz. I fum s brv m rcc cqu grz prcptz bbt, u prtt rgr c r gr prt vgb. I prcp s Tmg, c ttrvrs Lr, vr: trmb scrr Igtrr mr, crrspz pur mggr, s crttrzzt u ftt rt c. ctr s sg Trt us, cz Ty, py Tw. I g, gr rg gc, s umrs, spc Igtrr r: qu s trv fms Lk Dstrct, u r prttt c spt 16 g c csstm mt vrs tr r. c cz è rcc g, crttrstc prf ugt, cmt c trm gc c: pù gr è Lc ss, fms pr ggr prsz u trrb mstr mr. Ir r è rcrr Lg g. L Gr Brtg u svupp cstr tr 7000 km. u t rt, bgt Mr r, cst s prst bss sbbs, mtr s t, frstgt rccs, spcmt su, ug Mc, v s trv fms bc scgr vc cttà Dvr, t s 32 km cst frcs. I cz Ir r cst, bgt c ttc, s cs frts, prf stur c prt strpmb sm fr. umrsssm s s mr c crc Gr Brtg, s Mc, tr cu s Wgt, s Mr Ir ( pù gr è s M) sprttutt rg cst sczzs v s trv tr mprtt rcpg: Ebr, rc t. I cm rst frtmt prssmtà c ttc, c prvc frqut pgg urt tutt crs. L mss r um prvt c cus tr frt bb c, mscs mss ustr, vt smg ( smk, fum fg bb ). L rrt Gf, c mbsc prt cct Ps, z u cm pù mt qu tr r m stut L scgr Dvr s fms pr cr bc rcc. stss ttu, c scrs scurs trmc: scu ftt rv s pù r, s v 4 gr m g 18 ug. I psgg, u tmp mt sts frst, è prvtmt crttrzzt prtr psc, cstt br t fust (qurc, frss, fgg, bsctt fr). Tpc Is Brtc è tr brugr: su prtcrmt c prmtt crsct mt pt ccz rc ( brug); stt frsc bbz, cfr u cfb cr rs-vtt tutt psgg, c g tr ms vc u sptt ttr st. L fu v c crv rss r fms py svtc, tr, mrmtt vp z cr pggt rst Is. I crs cqu cz s rcc trt sm. g rcpg stttr vv c fc f tr vr spc ucc mgrtr. U vgg vr cmpg mrst. I cst E D, Hgs sczzs, mr XIII sc c Mckz, è u mumt pù cbr cz, st umrs fm. TP & G! Rsp m pr pssr prgrf succssv 1. D c cs è crttrzzt mrfg trrtr Rg Ut? 2. Qu s crttrstc su svupp cstr? 3. Qu fttr fuz cm? 4. Qu s prcp crttrstc mbt psgg? 199

3 Rg Ps U7 9 Eurp - Rg Ut Eurp m L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p 2. PPLZIE Er u gr mpr L Is Brtc, rg ppt t, fur przmt vs Rm p ccupt, V sc, u ppz grmc, g ss. If, 1066, Gr Brtg fu vs rm Gugm qusttr, prvt Frc; prtr qust t Rg Igtrr zò cstturs cm u mrc mr : z XIV sc v sttut prm Prmt. 1534, cus rfut pp ccr r Erc VIII vrz tr rg, Igtrr (c tt uprmz) s sprò s ttc vt s gc, sttpst svr stss. XVI sc bb z u pr ts sps cmc ptc, c s mfstò sprttutt m mr, ccmpgt u frtur rtstc cutur t cm Rscmt Igs Età Esbtt, m rg Esbtt I. Rs qust pc g Wm kspr ( ). crs XVI XVII sc prtr tr Igtrr v crc c c r vt prm smt stb su su mrc r, Msscustts, tt uv Igtrr. I XVII sc fu sgt sr gurr cv tr ttc, Prtstt gc, c prtr u tttur stt vr rmw ( ), sprss frz rgs pù rc ccuss c f ssutsm mrcc sturz mrc prmtr. scv csì prm mrc csttuz str, qu ptr fu vs tr r (ptr scutv) Prmt (ptr gstv) rg Igtrr, Gs cz s ur c tt U 1801, c ggut Ir, prsr m Rg Ut Gr Brtg Ir. Tr f XVIII z XIX sc Rg Ut, grz rm spbtà mtr prm, fu prtgst Rvuz Iustr; gr svupp cmc Ps, ut sps c, prtò csttuz u vr prpr mpr, c trrtr tutt ctt. I Rg Ut r r pù gr ptz m pc, mgr prt, 1776, c mrc vut pt. L scs rggus cum sc mtà XIX sc, urt rg rg Vttr ( ). I XX sc fu sgt grss crs, cus sprttutt cvgmt Prm c gurr m. Usct vctr trmb cftt, Rg Ut vtt prò ssstr prgrssv sgrgz su mpr c, c prt trrtr pù mprtt, I, c tt pz 1947, mtr 1922 s r gà rs pt, Rpubbc Ir. Rms prò prt prbm Ir r, mggrz prtstt, cr ut tt brtc. 200 L Trr Lr ftt cstrur Gugm qusttr 1077 cm frtzz, p utzzt cm rsz r cm prg. sttusc smpr smb ptr ssut r. prtr g ttt, mvmt zst rrs cfss cttc, c uspcv sprz r brtc, trprsr u ur tt pr pz. L r sprss pù vt è stt IR (Irs Rpubc rmy). I csgut grv stt ts, cut ctrst rgs, ctt u vr prpr gurrg, c tt vz trrrsm mb t. I prtcr cttà Bfst Lrry s stt sgt sctr rmt vt sgus; s g utm s è rrvt u ccr csst fuc fr ttvst IR gvr Lr. r Prmt rs s rpprstt trmb g scrmt. ctà cutur I Rg Ut vt u mggr stà ppz tutt Eurp. Mgr rct c ttà, ppz ctu crscr grz pprt umrs cmutà mmgrt (tr 3 m), prvt sprttutt g tt u tmp c brtc, cm I Pkst. I Rg Ut ftt prtc u ptc mt prt cfrt g mmgrt rfugt ptc: tuttv qust prvc tv prbm tgrz, sprttutt pr fg g mmgrt, frmmt ctt brtc m vs tr cutur cr prfmt vrs. L gu uffc è gs, m Gs cz sst c mrz c pr gs gc, gu rg ctc. L rg pù prtct è gcsm, u frm prtcr Prtsttsm c csrvt crz turg prpr s ttc. L rg gc s ct c pr u frt mpg sc u mprtt ru cv. I Ir r cz sst mrz cttc. V s tr prtstt gc, musum, rtss, ust, br bust.

4 L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p 0 Lrry IRLD DEL RD Esk I. cy 100 Brr I s E b r Mr Ebr I RLD Bfst wry r Hy Grg Brst M T c b Lcgp Gsgw wtwrs wy Frt Dugs Bckp Lvrp Wrxm M r y Ivrss Eg Dumfrs Prt Emburg rs Wtv F r t Frfr Frt f Frt Mcstr ff Tmg br Ls wcst rtrt Kgst t r t t M r T Ws D v r r rwsbury B Bst Grg Brmgm brystwyt rrwc rg GLLE rtmpt mbrg.. Dv rmrt Hvrfrwst Bfr Ipswc xfr rff Pzc L s E Ust E s t r I I. E b r 200 km t r y wquy Trur Lvs r M Mr Ir. Lzr Tut Extr Pymut ZI Pm Hy Brst utmpt Prtsmut. Prt Is rc Krkw Is Wgt Fr. Krs IGHILTERR Brgt. pur LDR I s M Is rm Gursy Jrsy P s t s L gr curbz Rg Ut tss urbzzz è prtcrmt vt: ftt svupp Rvuz Iustr vv prtt sct umrs ctr urb m-pcc, gg rggruppt sstm pù cmpss vst, curbz, c spt crc u trz ppz tt. I prcp s qu Lr, Mcstr, Brmgm Lvrp. Lr, cpt, t crscut su Tmg prtr I sc.., u r urb sts pr c cmtr qurt ct tr 7 m btt. D smpr è cur cmc, ptc cutur Rg Ut su sttuz. Brmgm è sc cttà Rg Ut pr ms, Lvrp è u mprtt ctr prtu ustr, mtr Mcstr è sc p ustr p Lr. xfr mbrg s tc prstgs ctr uvrstr (rst rspttvmt ) sc rv. L cpt Gs è rff, ctr ustr strttv prmr mprtz, grz umrs mr crb. L cpt cz, Emburg, tr ssr c ss u mprtt ctr cmc, vt u prstgs uvrstà è s g mprtt fstv v m, cm qu ttr (Fstv Itrz Emburg) qu ttrtur. L tr gr cttà cz, Gsgw, è c su mggr ctr ustr cmmrc, mtr br è prcp prt. Bfst, cpt Ir r, è u ctr ustr prtu, vvc c put vst cutur grz trs ts ptc. Hrm ss Wsy. umburg I I Rg Ut cmpr Igtrr, Gs cz (c frm Gr Brtg) Ir r. I Rg Ut è u mrc csttuz: svr è cp tt, c cmpt rpprsttv grt sttuz, m, su cz mr, Prm Mstr ( gr r prtt mggrz), c è cp gvr. Pur fc prt U Eurp rt ur. I sgut rct rfrm Gs, cz Ir r g gr utm ptc mmstrtv. g rg pss u Prmt u gvr utm cmptt pr qust c. Mt mprtt è Prmt sczzs, frtmt vut ppz rprstt s c Trrtr trmr Brtc s tt u crt utm. L Igtrr pss vc rg utm m s ppgg qu Rg Ut, c cmpr mr mu, cu mmbr s tt ppz, mr Lr, cu cmpt tg sgg pr tc prvg ppur pr m rtt prt svr. I Rg Ut u sttuz scrtt; sstm, ft gbmt mm Lw, s rgg su tt scrtt (trttt, stz sttut sg sttuz) csutu scrtt ppct sc. Lr: Prmt Trr rg (Bg B) ug crs Tmg. 201

5 Rg Ps U7 9 Eurp - Rg Ut Eurp m L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p 3. EMI: pr ustr stt g utm Rg Ut rst ccrrz mrct mrgt s ( prtcr I ), rm cmuqu qurt ptz cmc m sc Eurp p Grm. I ru pr ustrzzz, svt XIX sc, ftt prmss Ps rmr f gg vrtc cssfc pruttvtà. L grctur è strmmt utmtzzt mcczzt: mpg ftt mr prctu ppz (1%) tutt Ps urp. L ctur pù ffus s cr (sprttutt frumt rz), ptt, brbbt upp, rtgg frutt z cstr. D mmt c s rg mr s prst ctur tsv, Rg Ut è prò cstrtt mprtr prtt mtr str. Gs cz prvg r stt psc, utzzt sprttutt pr vmt v, cu s rcv prgt c mt u frt ustr tss, m c bv su. L psc, spc mruzz, ccug, rg sm, è mt prtct Mr r. L tr tt, Gs sprttutt, è rcc gcmt crb, c cstt vv Rvuz ustr c f pc c f rpprstv prcp rsrs rgtc. cr gg sscur crc u qut rg cssr, m frt qumt spt prgrssv utzz ft rvb, sprttutt, tr cmbustb fss, cm ptr gs tur, strtt pttfrm stut su Mr r. Esst c mpt ucr m rm vcc prct ssr cus. sttr scr s svuppt sprttutt sttr ssct prm fs ustrzzz: srurgc, pr pruz cc, mccc (v, r mtr frrvr) tss; rctmt st ssum tv mprtz c sttr pù vzt: cmc, btcgc, frmcutc, ttrc. sttr mftturr prmg vrz, ct, vtr pm: qust sttr è prò crs u mp z czzz vrs Ps, cm I, v mpr cst m. I sttr pù svuppt c mggr tt è qu srvz: Rg Ut è ftt u mggr ctr fzr bcr m: mutz, bc sctà fzr r s ty, cur Lr, sm mprtt Brs Vr. Imprtt s tr cmmrc trsprt: Lr, c rprt Htrw, è u prcp s rprtu m. L rt frrvr è vc suffct gutmt mmrt. Ests s v vgb tr. I crsct cstt s sttr cmucz tursm. Mucc rzz sczzs. L ty Lr, ctr pust cm Rg Ut. U pttfrm ptrfr gs Mr r. I Rg Ut str u grss prt ptr cu bsg gcmt sttmr ff-sr. TP & G! Rsp m pr pssr prgrf succssv 1. Qu vt strc ctt frmz Rg Ut? 2. Qu s crttrstc mrc gs? 3. m è cmpst ppz cm è strbut su trrtr? 4. Qu s prcp gu rg? 5. D c cs è crttrzzt cm gs? I qu sttr è pù svuppt?

6 Prcrs 4 M gb, m c L. Mrt, Ggrf 7Utà 9Prcrs Ltts &. Etr p L cttà ct I t str uv ctr cmmrc Brmgm. I bss u trz pub cmpg gs. m gbzzt s st rzz u uv tp psgg urb. U cffè, u br, u p rstrt, u suprmrct, u frmc, u brr, u c, quc gz bbgmt. Qust è qu c trvm pù m tutt str tutt cttà m, pr m str m, cct gbzzt. M prvt mmgr c qu cffè, qu br, qu suprmrct s vuqu g stss. Prvt mmgr c u mrz, sbrct Lr Prg, cg M, u ctt prvc gs t v tr sé msm sg, msm vtr, msm prtt. Tutt ugu. Tutt tc, Tutt stgub. put ptr rcscr ug cu s trv. U cub?, rtà r. Qu mrz, sc u rcrc gs, sm. E s cr sm, prst vtrm, prcé cttà cct st sub u prcss cz c cc grumt g sg vrstà, rgtà, uttctà. ( Erc Frcsc, L str gb, «Rpubbc», sttmbr 2010) c u stu ctt 2010 u Fz Rcrc Rg Ut ( EF, w Ecmy Fut), Gr Brtg è Ps m cu pù vc cctut è fm cttà ct. Qust trm, ct g stss sczt Fz brtc, c ufrmtà crsct c crttrzz cttà tutt m, prm tutt, qu gs. scpr csì c 41 ctr urb gs g ct s cttà ct c rm str prcp u cttà gs è fftt vrs qu u ctr urb g tt Ut. rttur, cttà gs pù ct srbb mbrg. Mgr su str tc, fms uvrstà g fc mv, v srbbr rm s v vrtà gz su str. I gr, Rg Ut ctr cmmrc tutt ugu spptt gz pt c bbsst srcsc rtm u gr tr rtm 2 gr ( pp) tr c pub vgg, c rpprst m pù trz spc g gs, st cu rtm 700. turmt cz rgur s Rg Ut. rm ctr cmmrc, m c grttc, tg rgtà tutt cttà m, m ccrrz ruc rgtà vrtà psgg urb. I futur, m gbzzt, vvrm cttà tutt ugu, c u vrstà urb crsct smpr m mrct. mbrg è u pù fms cttà uvrstr gs. 203