Integrated Systems for Hydrogen Production and Use in Distributed Generation

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1 produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne Integrated Systems for Hydrogen and Use in Distributed Enrico Biagini - Consorzio Pisa Ricerche (CPR) Pisa Leonardo Tognotti - Dip. Ingegneria Chimica - Università di Pisa Franco Donatini - ENEL Produzione Ricerca - Pisa all the participants to the project

2 Fondo Integrativo Speciale per la Ricerca - PROGETTO ESECUTIVO Programma strategico: Nuovi Sistemi di Produzione e Gestione dell Energia Progetto obiettivo: Vettore Idrogeno Titolo del progetto: Sistemi Integrati di Produzione di Idrogeno e sua Utilizzazione nella Generazione Distribuita

3 Principali Sistemi di Produzione dell Idrogeno Fonti Conversione ad emissioni zero Utilizzo Fossili Rinnovabili Petrolio Gas naturale Carbone Nucleare Eolico, PV Solare Biomasse Reforming Reforming Gassificazione Processi termochimici Elettrolisi Processi termochimici Gassificazione CO 2 CO 2 IDROGENO Idrogenodotti Richiede accumulo e distribuzione H 2 Generazione potenza distribuita Residenziale Altro Industria Trasporto Confinamento CO 2

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6 produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne FUEL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS PURIFICATION H2 steam electricity char emissions POWER PLANT GAS CLEAN UP CO2 MWe Schematization of the integrated process for hydrogen production

7 Aim of the project (1) Integrated Systems for Hydrogen and Use in Distributed hydrogen production from solid fuels (coals as well as biomass fuels, residues and wastes), syngas treatment and separation, hydrogen utilisation in the generation of distributed electricity

8 Aim of the project (2) Integrated Systems for Hydrogen and Use in Distributed Innovative components, technologies and systems are developed in order to minimise the environmental impact and to make competitive the production of hydrogen. The integration of the hydrogen production/separation process with a centralised power plant operating with the same fuel is crucial for the technological and economic feasibility, supplying energy, steam, heat, whereas the residue char can be used as fuel in the combustor.

9 The structure of the project The project is developed according to three areas: a) hydrogen production and process optimisation b) use of hydrogen in the distributed electric generation c) technical, economic and environmental evaluation Most activities are experimental tests on small and pilot plants already existing or to be realised using specific instrumental and analytical devices. This work is coupled with fundamental modelling for a detailed simulation of the processes. It allows dynamic problems and process scaling-up to be evaluated and discussed to solve problems arisen during the experimental phase.

10 Linea 3 Integrazione Linea 1 Produzione ed ottimizzazione di processo Linea 2 Purificazione Produzione idrogeno Linea 4 Sistemi innovativi di combustione a basso impatto ambientale Linea 5 LCA Analisi economica Utilizzazione idrogeno Valutazioni tecniche economiche ed ambientali

11 AREA A) HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Line 1 - Process Optimisation Pyrolytic cracking Yield optimisation and re-use of by-products Line 2 - Separation and Purification Line 3 - Process AREA B) UTILISATION OF HYDROGEN FOR GENERATION OF DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY Line 4 - Innovative Combustion Systems for Low Environmental Impact Innovative combustion systems for low environmental impact Catalytic combustion systems AREA C) TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Line 5 - Technical and Economic Feasibility and Environmental Impact

12 AREA A) Hydrogen LINE 1. and process optimisation Pyrolytic cracking Development of pilot reactor and process optimisation (ENEL) Experimental study of pyrolytic processes of solid fuels (coals, biomasses, residues) with thermo-analytic techniques (CPR, IRC/CNR, UNINA) Experimental study of pyrolytic processes in fluidised bed reactors (IRC/CNR, UNINA) Yield optimisation and re-use of by-products Experimental study of steam reforming of different classes of solid fuels in fluidised beds (IRC/CNR, UNINA) Development of innovative sorbent materials fot the capture of CO2 in steam reformers and shift reactors (IRC/CNR, UNINA) Development and experimental test of catalysit/sorbent blends (ENITECNOLOGIE) Study of gasification in H2O and CO2 atmosphere using thermoanalytical techniques (IRC/CNR, UNINA) Char characterisation (CPR, UNINA)

13 Hydrogen by Pyrolysis / Gasification of Solid Fuels in Fluidized Bed Reactors F. Donatini A. Gigliucci M. Morganti E. Biagini L. Tognotti produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne Coal PYROLYSIS REACTOR V202 Volatiles char + sand Hot sand V203 COMBUSTOR Aim of the work Exhaust V207 GAS CLEAN-UP CONDENSATION Air Tar Gas recycle Gas product The aim of this work is the optimization of a process of cracking pyrolysis of coal, converting the ENEL pyrolysis plant at Bastardo (PG-Italy).

14 produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne Approach GAsification Single Particle (GASP) model development A complete instrument is developed to support the design and the experimental phase for the realization of the gasification plant. It should model the pyrolysis and gasification of the fuel considering the influence of the operating conditions. It gives information on the reactor characteristics and optimal conditions to maximize the pyrolysis conversion and the hydrogen yield. GASIFICATION REACTOR ZOOM on the gasification reactor FOCUS on the single fuel particle coal particle The model solves a set of partial differential equations: Momentum balance mg gas flow Energy balance heat transfer from the sand radiation convection conduction and heat of reaction Mass balance Volatile products Information from characterization of the entrained flow reactor H2O from the bulk H2O diffusion

15 LINE 2. Separation and purification 2.1 Development and experimentation of composite membranes with ceramic matrix (CPR) 2.2. Modelling units of separation using membranes (CRS4) 2.3 Development and experimentation of separation processes using sorbent materials (ENITECNOLOGIE) 2.4 Development of a membrane reactor integrating the separation with the water shift reaction (UNIGE) LINE 3. Process integration 3.1 Development of simplified models for production/separation processes (CPR,ENEL) 3.2 Development of a model for the integrated system hydrogen production/power plant (ENEL, UNIGE) 3.3 Process simultaion and optimisation (ENEL, UNIGE, ENITECNOLOGIE)

16 AREA B) Utilisation of Hydrogen for of Distributed Electricity LINE 4. Innovative combustion systems for low environmental impact Innovative combustion systems for low environmental impact Development of kinetc models for hydrogen combustion (CPR, ENEL) CFD modelling of the combustion chamber (ENEL, CRS4) Low-NOx techniques for the atmospheric combustion of hydrogen (RIELLO) Project and realisation of a pressurized pilot burner (ENEL) Experimental test of flameless combustion techniques on a bench scale (IRC/CNR, RIELLO) Catalytic combustion systems Development of catalytic systems (IRC/CNR, UNINA) Modelling and simulation of hydrogen combustion in structured catalytic reactors (IRC/CNR, CRS4) Development of a low-emission catalytic combustor (IRC/CNR) Modelling and experimentation of the atmospheric hydrogen combustion in porous matrix systems (RIELLO)

17 produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne H2 combustion: two main objectives Upgrading of conventional burners and combustion chambers for H2-enriched fuels (syngas, < 40-50%) Design and development of new devices for pure H2 combustion (switching from air to oxygen)

18 produzione IntegRaziOne GenEraziOne H2 combustion: : new research issues Advanced numerical simulation on high performance H/W systems and development of models of turbulent combustion Chemical kinetics (detailed vs. reduced) Experimental on lab and pilot scale, with advanced diagnostics

19 AREA C) Technical, Economic and Environmental Assessment LINE 5. Technical and economic feasibility and environmental impact 5.1 Analysis of production/utilisation scenarios (CPR, ENITECNOLOGIE) 5.2 Thermo-economic and environmental modelling of selected scenarios (ENEL, UNIGE) 5.3 Life cycle assessment of different scenarios (CPR, ENITECNOLOGIE) 5.4 Development of an expert system for decisional support (ENEL)

20 General objectives and expected results individuation and development of hydrogen production processes from solid fuels, integrated with centralised power plants. This solution can give hydrogen at acceptable costs and satisfactory purity for applications to distributed electricity generation. The aim is the minimisation of the environmental impact of the hydrogen production process; development of technologies for the utilisation of produced hydrogen (in the previous line) in cogenerative microgeneration systems (microturbines, stirling motors), obtaining a high efficiency and zero emission solution; assessment of the economic and environmental benefits of this form of generation for the distributed electricity respect to traditional separated processes, in order to select the most suitable processes depending on the fuel and the hydrogen utilisation system.

21 Attività 2.3 Sviluppo e sperimentazione di processi di separazione con materiali sorbenti Si procederà allo sviluppo e alla sperimentazione di processi di separazione con materiali sorbenti che sono di interesse nelle tecnologie di produzione di idrogeno, sia come unico step di purificazione, sia associati alla separazione di H2 con membrane. L attività di ricerca prevede la sintesi di materiali innovativi (quali ossidi misti cristallini eventualmente modificati), lo screening di reattività e lo screening di rigenerabilità. Sui migliori materiali identificati verranno condotti test con CO2/H2 in pressione e test di rigenerazione con metodologia Pressure Swing Adsorption. Attività 2.4 Sviluppo di un reattore a membrana che integra la separazione dell idrogeno con la reazione di water shifting del CO L attività consiste nello sviluppo di una membrana specifica in grado di realizzare la separazione dell H2 dalla miscela di reazione e contemporaneamente catalizzare la reazione di shift del CO in H2 con vapore. Le membrane delle quali si prevede l impiego sono a base di materiali inorganici di vario tipo (Pd, ZrO2) arricchite da un catalizzatore specifico per la reazione desiderata. Verrà quindi realizzato un reattore su scala di laboratorio sul quale verificare le prestazioni del processo in termini di efficienza di conversione e di purezza dell H2 prodotto.