Il motore dell Europa. C. de la Hague. Cherbourg Le Havre. Caux. Rouen. Can. Mantes-la-J. Argenteuil. Bocage. Laval. Rennes. Le Mans. Nantes. I.

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1 U7 9 x8:x4 g x86 Il mtr ll Eurp R E N O ll r u S ss r v l p Brr s Ecrs 4102 lt 3051 z. Crltt 2921 L t. Estt 3141 v Cé C lf l L r M 200 km plz: 8,7% ll pplz ttl Eurp Frc MR MEDITERRNEO R s V c s g lès I T L I vg Nîms Cs Nzz x Mtpllr Crcss urr R z Mrsgl ss z g Tl l rpg s Tls NDORR Suprfc: 5,3% ll suprfc ttl Eurp ltmtr s g ls z r Vlc r gu L Bst Clv Crt ghcc Suprfc: km2. plz: btt. Vt m: 84 / um 77. Dstà: 113 btt/km2. plz urb: 77,0%. Cptl prcpl gglmrt urb: rg ( btt), Mrsgl ( ), L ( ), Nzz ( ), Tls ( ), 186 r s Vv N sc Mt Bc ,7% c 2504 Vgml 3298 Chmbéry rbl v S r Mtub u 100 Ctrl Bér Msscc ubrc Qurcy cy L St-Et Drg Bssp qut 3099 ClrmtFrr Brvl-llr Bujls Burbs. rv SVIZZER L. vr Lmgs Bsç Br Vchy L Rchll Bgrr 5,3% Chlsur-Sô R Nrt L Nvrs trs Vrcrs Châturux u Brux Br ll Frc Dg Mrv g V TLNTICO M Mts-l-J. rgtul Mtz RII Ntrr ChâlsCrétl Bulg S Strsburg -Chmpg Vrslls Ncy Chrtrs Buc Ftblu Trys Lvl Chumt L Ms âts r L Orlés s ll Slg Turs r gg Blfrt Br grs L Burgs I. Olér S LUSSEMBURO ChrlvllMézèrs ts Rms St-Ds Vru Nts lf uscg Br rm I. Ré OCENO L r I N I. Yu N Rs Bll Il St-Nzr I. Nrmutr r Qumpr Lrt ms Bcg B r t g. u Rz c Cux Ru C B E L I O Lll rrs s M t Brst Lé r M ll l C. l Hgu C Chrburg L Hvr F R Dukrqu Cls c M I. Ousst E U N I T O Ct L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp l trrtr ll Frc è stut ll prt cctl ll Eurp, è lmtt su-vst ll ct r (ch sg l cf c l Spg rr), su l Mr Mtrr ll ct ll lp su-st (ch sg l cf c l'itl c l Svzzr). st cf c l rm, r-st c l Lussmburg l Blg. r l Cl ll Mc l spr l Rg Ut, mtr l Oc tltc bg l su cst vst. L Frc pss ch prtmt ltrmr : lcu sl ll tll (Mrtc ulup), l Mr Crb, l uy frcs ( mrc l Su), l sl Réu (ll Oc I), l Nuv Cl l ls frcs (ll Oc cfc). B I Rg s ll'eurp l m x7q0xq20xx jcc Srtè Bfc Rpubblc frcs Nts ( ), Strsburg ( ). IL pr cpt: US$ (Itl US$). ISU: 0,952 (Itl 0,941). Frm gvr: rpubblc smprszl. Lgu: frcs (uffcl), brt, crs, tsc, bsc, ctl, fmmg. Rlg: crst cttlc (76,2%), rlgs/t (14%), musulm (5,6%), crst prtstt (1,9%), br (1%), ltr rlg (1,3). Mt: ur. F prt ll U Eurp, cu è stt u s ftr.

2 1. TERRITORIO: rlv, cqu clm L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp Il trrtr frcs è crttrzzt ll prsz rlv tch pc lvt: l Msscc Ctrl, ll prt ctr-mrl l s, crttrzzt uys, crtr tch vulc, Vsg, prfl pù lc, l cf c l rm, l vst ltp ll r rvst, Brtg, l Msscc rmrc, ch st l su prpgg f ll cst. V s p lcu ct frmz glgc pù rct, c umrs trtt suprr 3000 m prfl mlt guzz: r, l ct l ur sprttutt l lp, ch custsc lcu ll cm pù lt Eurp fr cu l Mt Bc. Tr grupp mtus l cst s st mp pur, pr l mggr prt rg lluvl: l mggr s l Bc qut, su-vst, l Bc rg, r, st l ur lsz, ch spr l ltur Vsg ll Slv Nr, rm, l l R qull ll S su. L mggrz umrs crs cqu, spss cllgt tr lr cl rtfcl vgbl, sc ll z ctr-rtl l s scrr vrs vst, pr sfcr p ll tltc l Cl ll Mc; l fum pù lug è l Lr, lug l cu plc s s trv spl cstll; sgu l S, l fum su cu srg rg, l r. Nll rg r-rtl u lug trtt l R sg l cf c l rm. L uc fum u crt rlvz gttrs l Mtrr è l R: l su mp lt csttusc l fms z plus ll Cmrgu; s trtt u mp fsc cstr v cl s ltr plu u sbbs, rcprt c, crc lgu cqu lc slmstr, lug sst mgl uccll mgrtr hbtt umrs spc prttt. I lgh Frc s umrs, spc l Msscc Ctrl, m mlt sts. Il mggr è l Lg vr, ll lp, cvs c l Svzzr. l ltr 3000 km cst ffr psgg mlt vrs tr lr. Qull sul Mtrr s prst bss plus vst l R, lt frstglt st: è qust l Cst zzurr, fms l m pr l su cqu crstll su prm mzzft. l lrg qust trtt cstr s trv lcu sltt pccl ms sprttutt l Crsc, l pù gr sl frcs tr l pù gr l Mtrr. L lug cst cctl, bgt ll tltc ffcct sull mp lf uscg, è lr trtt plus, rlt lugh spgg sbbs trrtt rr prmtr rccs ll fc stur Vut r ll fls Vrcrs, ll rlp l Dlft frcs. umrs fum; ll prt stttrl umrs pccl sl s trv l lrg ll cst. cr pù r s prt ll c l psl brt, rccs rcc prmtr stur, mtr l Cl ll Mc, ffllt pccl rcplgh, h cst lt l trtt cctl, c l crttrstch fls strpmb sul mr, pù bss sbbs vrs l cf c l Blg. Il clm ll Frc stttrl cctl è tpcmt tltc, crttrzzt pgg, bb vt, ch spzz l mp brughr, c stt frsch vr mt. Nl ctr l clm è cttl l vst r pggt, putggt bsch ltfgl, s trzlmt sfruttt pr l grcltur. su l clm è mtrr, mtr su lp r clm vgtz s tpcmt lp, c frst cfr vr pscl. L sl Olér l r-vst l s, l crttrstc clm tltc. I lt, cvll ll stt br ll z plus ll Cmrgu. Il tpc mbt mtrr u spgg ll Cst zzurr. STO & O! Rsp ll m pr pssr l prgrf succssv 1. Qul fum mprtt ll Frc sfc ll Mc? Qul l Mtrr? 2. S pù lt r l lp? I qul ct mtus s trv l Mt Bc? 3. Qul s l crttrstch ll cst frcs? 4. Qul mbt clm s ltr Frc? 187

3 Rg s U7 9 Eurp - Frc ll'eurp l m 2. OOLZIONE L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp U psst llustr Il trrtr frcs h vut u rul csv l prm ll vc ch h sgt l str ll Eurp h cstrut l cvltà. Dp lugh scl pprtz ll Impr rm, l Frc trò ssr utm stt Frch, prtr l V scl.c. I prtclr l svr Crl Mg ruscì mprs sull sc pltc urp, vt, ll 800, l Scr Rm Impr, ch cmprv gr prt ll Eurp ctrl. N scl succssv l Frc rms lug sgrgt mp m ful l tutt utm l ptr ctrl, fché, l X scl, l st Cptg slì l tr, ufc grulmt l trrtr frcs sttmtt bl ll utrtà l svr. L Frc cqusì grulmt u prpr cscz zl, vt u ll prcpl ptz ll sc urp. Il ptr rg s rffrzò smpr pù, rggug l su culm c Lug XIV ( ), psst ll str cm R Sl pr l su gr ptr l sfrz ll su crt, llggt prss l rgg Vrslls. Nl crs l Sttct l Frc h rpprstt u ll put pù vzt ll cultur l psr pltc sctfc ml, grz prtclr l mvmt flsfc ll Illumsm. ch grz qust uv frmt culturl, ch rv smpr pù tllrbl l sslutsm mrchc, l 1789 l ppl rg srs sslt l Bstgl, l prg Stt. Fu l z ll Rvluz Frcs, u prf rcl rvlgmt pltc scl ch prtò ll ffus tutt Eurp gl l lbrtà uguglz. Tuttv ll stuz pltc cfus u bl U sctà multtc L Frc è l qurt s Eurp pr umr btt l sc ll UE. à ll mtà l Nvct è stt mt u ffluss cstt mmgrt (ch csttusc ttulmt crc l 6% ll pplz), prvt s s l bc mtrr, cm Itl Spg, s ll x cl frcs frc, cm lgr, Mrcc, Tus, Ségl Murt, s ll x Ic frcs trrtr frcs Crb. rz cò l Frc prst gg u crmt turl ll pplz mlt pù lt ch ltr s svluppt. Ngl ultm tuttv l crsct ll mmgrz st prvc prblm tgrz r pubblc, spclmt ll gr prfr urb, l cstt blus. Qu s vrfc spss ps tllrz rvlt cust ll fcl cvvz vrs grupp tc scl. L rlg pù ffus è l Cttlcsm, sgut tvl stz ll Islm. Tuttv scl l sttuz frcs h sstut l sslut lctà ll Stt, cè l csstà rglr l vt pubblc m pt ll p ll grrch rlgs. I prtclr l 2004 l gvr h 188 L rgg Vrslls v rstt l crt Lug XIV. grl, Npl Bprt, ruscì ssumr l ptr, csttu pch u mpr ch cmprv gr prt ll Eurp ll frc stttrl. Il XIX scl fu crttrzzt u gr stbltà pltc, m l Frc ruscì cmuqu mprs sull sc urp cm ptz ustrl l ctr u vst mpr cll. Nl Nvct l Frc prs prt ll u gurr ml, usc vct trmb m pstmt sgt, l crs l sc cfltt, ll ur ccupz zst. Fgur fmtl, pr l ltt Rsstz tsch pr l fz ll Qut Rpubblc l 1958, fu l grl Chrls ull. L sc prt l scl fu crttrzzt ll prgrssv prt ll cl Ic ( ), Tus, Mrcc (1956) lgr (1962). Dll Frc, prtclr rg, prs vv ch l mvmt gvl l 68, chmt ftt mgg frcs. Ngl ultm c, l cclz l cllbrz c l rm s stt ll bs ll sct ll U Eurp. r l frcs f slmc l us l vl è vtt smbl rsstz ctr l cultur cctl. vrt l lgg sull lctà ch vt l spsz vsts smbl rlgs. L lgu uffcl è l frcs, m sst vr mrz lgustch ll vrs rg: s prl crs Crsc, bsc ctl lcu z l Su-vst, cct l Su brt Brtg tsc lsz.

4 :15 g 189 rg l ltr Crcss: scrc ll cttll frtfct mvl. L S l cttrl Ntr-Dm rg km C l M ll N O D B E L I E- RD Lll O C - L S IS ms LT N O R M N D I IC C R D I Rs BS S NORMNDI ES I DELL LO I R RII Châls- L O Strsburg R E N Chmpg ÎL E - D E FR N C E Orlés CENTRO Nts LUSSEMBU C H M N E - Mtz RDENNE LS BRET N Ru E R M ZI C BORON Bsç Dg FR N C CONTE trs L Lmgs ClrmtFrr R O D N O - L I TLNTICO Q UI T NI MI DI - Y R É N É E S I T R O VE N Z - L ICOST ZZURR Mtpllr Mrsgl NDORR N U D O C RO Tls SS lf uscg ILIONE L VE R N I Brux S SVIZZE O I T O U- L I MO U S IN CHRENT ES OCENO LI L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp ur v u pplz cmplssv ltr 60 ml btt, l Frc rgstr u stà prtclrmt lvt. L mggrz ll pplz vv ll cttà, prtclr rg, v rs u qut ll pplz frcs; csguz l tss urbzzz ll Frc è prcch lvt, b suprr ll m ll U Eurp. L rg pù smt btt ustrlzzt è l Îl-Frc, ch cmpr l cptl, rg, pl ttrz ml mbt cmc, culturl rtstc. Qu s trv l s ll mggr ustr ll pù prstgs sttuz pltch culturl, ltr mus, mumt plzz clbr tutt l m, Ntr-Dm l mus l Luvr, ll Tur Effl l pttrsc qurtr Mtmrtr. U ltr r tsmt btt è l cst mtrr, c cttà cm Mrsgl, cplug ll rvz prcpl prt frcs sul Mtrr, Nzz, clbr pr l su crvl pr mlt strr, spc gls, ch psst v trscrrv l stg vrl. ltr cttà mlt mprtt, ch pr scl h cts rg l rul cptl culturl ll Frc, è L, ll cfluz R S: è u mprtt ctr ustrl fzr csttusc, grz ll su psz ctrl, u s crucl pr trsprt strl frrvr. Tls Nts s mprtt ctr ustrl rcrc sctfc, mtr Strsburg, prt fluvl sul R l cf c l rm, è s l rlmt Eurp, l Csgl Eurp ll Crt trzl rtt ll um. Tuttv l Frc è clbr sprttutt pr l tt pccl cttà, rcchssm bllzz rtstch psggstch, cm Chrtrs, s u ll pù bll cttrl gtch l m, Dg, c l su spl v rcch plzz rscmtl, vg, stt l ml ll mms plzz p, Mtpllr, s u fms uvrstà, Brrtz, lmbt ll bch ll tltc, Crcss, ll trct trcc vcl mvl, ft ltr lf l L C st zz ur r r gu L C O R S IC L Frc è u rpubblc smprszjcc l: l rst ll Rpubblc è ltt rttmt l ppl (g 7 ) c rttmt sull sclt pltch ll Stt, grz ptr scutv ch cv c l Csgl Mstr. L Frc è suvs 22 rg, cu cf rspcch l vs strch culturl tr l vr r, lr vlt rprtt 96 éprtmts ( prtmt ), ll fuz prvltmt mmstrtv. L Csttuz frcs è frtmt ctrlst lsc gr spz ll utm rgl: pr qust, gl ultm c, rg cm l Brtg l lsz h trprs lugh bttgl pr rvcr u mggr utm. U cs prtclr è qull ll Crsc: sull sl sst ftt umrs mvmt utmst ch mlgr l ccss ftt l vr ctu prtr vt l lr ltt. 189

5 Rg s U7 9 Eurp - Frc ll'eurp l m 3. ECONOMI: sltà ffcz L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp frcs è tr l pù prgrt l m c rgstr u crsct cstt; è ttulmt l L cm sst pst tr s pù ustrlzzt l pt. Iltr è l prm z grcl ll U Eurp l sc sprttr grcl ml p gl Stt Ut. L grcltur è csì svluppt grz ll prtclr crttrstch l trr, rs prtclrmt pruttv scl lvr, ll gr mcczzz rlzzt gl ultm c. Nll pur s cltv sprttutt crl, brbbtl, ptt, spc psll, mtr r lug l cst prvl u grcltur tsv, cm qull gl grum; m l cltur pù mprtt rtz è qull ll vt: l Frc è ftt l prm pruttr ml v. I prcpl ctr vtvcl, ch h t l m v stllt fmsssm, s Chmpg, Brux, Brgg, Cgc rmgc. Imprtt è ch l llvmt bv, cpr v, l cu ltt s rcv umrs frmgg, clbr tutt l m. L psc è prtct sprttutt ll tltc Brtg Nrm è ffus l llvmt strch ltr mllusch. L Frc è scrs rsrs mrr: l uc mrl bbt è l buxt, cssr pr l lvrz ll llum; prpr pr vtr l mprtz ccssv ft rgtch, s è prccmt ffus svluppt l pruz rg uclr, ch grz umrs gcmt ur, u mtll tssc turlmt rttv. I Frc s trv 59 ctrl uclr ch frsc l 77% l fbbsg rgtc zl; prt ll rg prtt v ch sprtt s cft, tr cu l Itl; l 11% ll rg è vc frt ctrl rlttrch. L ustr frcs, mlt svluppt, s cctr ll r rg, L Lll. cct sttr trzl, cm qull srurgc, utmblstc (c ustr qul Rult, Ctr ugt) tssl (sprttutt l cmp L ctrl uclr ch srg prss Cttm, ll rg frcs ll Lr. ll lt m), s s svluppt gl ultm c sttr vgur, cm qull chmc-frmcutc, rutc rspzl (ll z Tls vg rlzzt gl rbus). Imprtt è ch l ctrstc vl, s cvl s mltr, tutt l sttr grlmtr, ch lmt u tvl qutttv sprtz vrs l str. Numrs mpt ptrlchmc, pr l rffz l ptrl mprtt, s slct prss prt mrttm fluvl. L mggr prt ll pplz è mpgt l sttr trzr; pubblc mmstrz cmmrc s mlt svluppt, csì cm l sttr fzr: bch multzl frcs h trss rmfcz tutt l m. If l tursm: l Frc è ftt l s pù vstt l m (ltr 75 ml turst l ), grz ll su umrs ttrttv rtstch turl. ch trsprt, mrttm, trrst r, s mlt svluppt: tutt prt su tltc, Mtrr Mc s mlt trffct, mtr l trsprt frrvr è grtt ll rt lt vlctà TV, u ll prm l m. Il trsprt r è cstt umt: rg, c su tr rprt trzl, è l sc scl Eurp p Lr. Trttmt tprsstr u vgt ll Chmpg prss rl. STO & O! Rsp ll m pr pssr l prgrf succssv 1. Qul s stt mmt pù mprtt ll str frcs? 2. Qul crttrstch tch h l pplz? 3. Qul s l prcpl lgu rlg? 4. Cm è strbut l pplz qul s prcpl smt urb? 5. Qul crttrstch h l cm frcs?

6 rcrs 3 Eclg mbt L. Mrt, grf 7Utà 9rcrs 2011 S. Ltts & C. Etr Sp U s ll vgur ll prtz ll mbt Nll fsc ctrl prch zl s vtt l ccc ltr ttvtà trpch pr prmttr l csrvz spc cm l stmbcc. Ests prch sul ttl l trrtr zl rm 24,6% Rg Ut 18,9% pp 12,3% Stt Ut 10,5% Frc 9,6% Itl 6,7% Iprch zl s r trrtr prttt tutlt rm spcfch pr rurr l gr gl mbt, slvgurr l flr l fu lmtr l qumt. I prch pss ssr sttut lugh trrstr, fluvl, lcustr mr, purché ctg u pù csstm tgr ltrt sl prt gl trvt um. L prtz ll tur Eurp è zt lcu scl f, qu fur crt l rsrv ccc pr r: Itl è l cs l r rs sull lp. L prm vr rsrv turl fur tuttv vut ztv prvt. Nl 1872 v sttut l prm prc zl l m: Yllwst gl Stt Ut. Sgu qust smp, l prm s urp crr prch fu l Svz, ch sttuì cqu l L Frc, ch crò l prm prc l 1963, è gg u s ll vgur ll fs ll mbt: h sttut 7 prch zl, cu tr sull lp. I prch zl s cllgt rt c prch turl rgl (rggruppt u frz) c l s prttt. I ttl, l 9,6% l trrtr frcs rsult prttt: u ll mggr sts ml. I prch s sttusc tr u prgtt svlupp urvl l trrtr, ft sull vlrzzz l ptrm turl, cmc culturl. r qust rg, mlt prch vsttr pss trvr ttrzztur turstch, ctr ccglz, struttur pr l vst l rgzzz ttvtà svg, stu, ucz rcrc. ss lmtt s l r l tutt chus, cu l ccss s vtt ch gl scursst p. I gr prch frcs s frmt u fsc; qull ctrl prv vcl pù rg: è vtt l ccc, l cstruz str, l sstmz cmpgg, lbrgh, mpt scstc fuv. Nll fsc str v vc csrvt frm ttv l vt trzl ll r qu s pss ctrr cltvz, fttr, pccl smt fc ll rchtttur trzl. U lpgg l prc zl ll Vs l prtmt ll Sv: è l prm prc zl frcs, ft l