Assemblea ASSOMET. Intervento di Marco Fortis Vice Presidente Fondazione Edison Docente di Economia industriale e commercio estero,

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1 Assemblea ASSOMET Intervento di Marco Fortis Vice Presidente Fondazione Edison Docente di Economia industriale e commercio estero, Università Cattolica dimilano Milano, 26giugno

2 L ECONOMIA MONDIALE E DI NUOVO IN DIFFICOLTA (variazioni % del PIL) Stati Uniti 3,0 1,7 2,1 2,0 Giappone 4,4 0,7 1,7 2,1 Germania 3,6 3,1 0,6 1,6 Francia 1,4 1,7 0,0 1,0 Regno Unito 21 2,1 07 0,7 02 0,2 12 1,2 Italia 1,8 0,5 1,5 0,4 Spagna 0,1 0,7 1,1 0,5 Uem 1,8 1,5 0,4 1,1 Europa Centrale* 2,7 3,2 1,5 1,9 Ue 27 2,0 1,5 0,1 1,1 In azzurro, dato consolidato; in violetto, dato previsionale. * Polonia, Repubblica Ceca, Ungheria, Lettonia, Lituania, Bulgaria, Romania. Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Prometeia

3 ALL INIZIO DELLA CRISI ERA CHIARO CHE IL VERO PROBLEMA ERA IL DEBITO PRIVATO, NON QUELLO PUBBLICO

4 ANCORA OGGI IL DEBITO DI FAMIGLIE E IMPRESE RESTA ASSAI ELEVATO IN MOLTI PAESI: L ITALIA HA IL LIVELLO PIU BASSO DI INDEBITAMENTO PRIVATO Private debt in selected countries: 3rd Q 2011 (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from Bank of Italy, "Financial Stability Report", No. 3, April ITALY GERMANY FRANCE UNITED STATES JAPAN UNITED KINGDOM SPAIN PORTUGAL IRELAND Households Non-financial enterprises

5 PRIMA DELLA GRECIA, GLI OCCHI DEL MONDO ERANO CONCENTRATI SUI DEBITI DI STATI UNITI E U.K. I suspect that the reason the ratings agencies have not downgraded the UK may be that if they did so, they would, in logic, have to downgrade the US, too. Yet we also cannot escape from an inconvenient truth. Neither the UK nor the US is quite as wealthy as it once believed. There are losses to be shared, much of which will fall on public spending, taxation, or both. Once it becomes evident that neither of these countries can rise to the challenge, fiscal crises are inevitable. It would only be a question of when. Martin Wolf, Financial Times, November 24, 2009

6 MA POI TUTTO IMPROVVISAMENTE E CAMBIATO: ACROPOLIS NOW! Source: The Economist, May 10th 2010

7 L ITALIA SI E TROVATA NELLA BUFERA DEI DEBITI SOVRANI ANCHE SE NEGLI ULTIMI 20 ANNI I DEBITI PUBBLICI DEGLI ALTRI PAESI SONO AUMENTATI MOLTO DI PIU DEL NOSTRO Individual dua Countries' Shares on Eurozone o Total Public Debt (%) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from European Commission 29, ,1 23,6 24,4 15,7 21,6 11, ,8 5,9 7, ITALY GERMANY FRANCE 4 PIGS -7, change

8 IN PERCENTUALE DEL PIL, IL DEBITO PUBBLICO DELL ITALIA ORMAI NON E MOLTO PIU ALTO DI QUELLO DEGLI STATI UNITI General Government Gross Debt: Italy and United States (Percent of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from IMF "Fiscal Monitor", April % 85 of GDP %of 5.9% GDP ITALY UNITED STATES (without State and Local Governments)

9 MA IN PERCENTUALE DELLA RICCHEZZA PRIVATA, IL DEBITO PUBBLICO STATUNITENSE E GIA OGGI MOLTO PIU ALTO DI QUELLO DELL ITALIA Gross Public Debt in United States t and Italy: percent of households' total wealth (financial and non-financial) Source: compiled by Marco Fortis on data from Banca d'italia and FED; Fondazione Edison 30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% ITALY UNITED STATES

10 NEGLI ULTIMI 2 ANNI IL DEBITO PUBBLICO DELL ITALIA E QUELLO CRESCIUTO DI MENO Growth of public debt, (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from Eurostat and IMF ITA NET FIN FRA GER US U.S. SPA UK U.K. POR GRE IRE

11 NEGLI ULTIMI 20 ANNI NESSUNA ECONOMIA AVANZATA, NEANCHE LA GERMANIA, HA PRODOTTO UNO SFORZO FISCALE RILEVANTE COME L ITALIA Dynamic of cumulated primary balances, (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from European Commission ITALY GERMANY FRANCE UK

12 ATTUALMENTE SOLO POCHE ECONOMIE AVANZATE STANNO GESTENDO CON SUCCESSO I LORO BILANCI STATALI, TRA CUI L ITALIA, ANCHE SE I MERCATI NON CI PREMIANO CUMULATED PRIMARY BALANCE G-7 Countries and most important other EU Economies (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April ITALY GERMANY BELGIUM -1.5 AUSTRIA SWEDEN POLAND FINLAND FRANCE CANADA NETHERLANDS DENMARK SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES JAPAN

13 IN EUROPA ITALIA E GERMANIA SONO TRA LE POCHE ECONOMIE A RISPETTARE I PARAMETRI DI MAASTRICHT GENERAL GOVERNMENT BALANCE, 2012 (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April % Maastricht Target SWEDEN -0.8 GERMANY -1.4 FINLAND ITALY BELGIUM HUNGARY AUSTRIA POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAK REPUBLIC NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL SLOVENIA FRANCE DENMARK SPAIN GREECE UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND

14 E ITALIA E GERMANIA SONO TRA I POCHI PAESI UE AVVIATI A RISPETTARE I NUOVI VINCOLI DEL FISCAL COMPACT GENERAL GOVERNMENT CYCLICALLY ADJUSTED BALANCE, 2012 (1) Fiscal Compact Upper Target (2) Fiscal Compact Lower Target (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April 2012 (2) (1) FINLAND -0.2 SWEDEN ITALY GERMANY PORTUGAL HUNGARY BELGIUM AUSTRIA SLOVENIA NETHERLANDS POLAND FRANCE SLOVAK REPUBLIC SPAIN DENMARK GREECE IRELAND

15 Ma le manovre finanziarie, pur essenziali, deprimono i consumi delle famiglie italiane (valori trimestrali, milioni di euro, valori concatenati anno 2005) Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Prometeia I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

16 SOLO L EXPORT, PER MERITO DELLA TENACIA DELLE NOSTRE IMPRESE, HA REAGITO BENE Esportazioni mensili dell'italia (milioni di euro, dati aggiornati a dicembre 2011) Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Istat 1993/1 1993/6 1993/ /4 1994/9 1995/2 1995/7 1995/ /5 1996/ /3 1997/8 1998/1 1998/6 1998/ /4 1999/9 2000/2 2000/7 2000/ /5 2001/ /3 2002/8 2003/1 2003/6 2003/ /4 2004/9 2005/2 2005/7 2005/ /5 2006/ /3 2007/8 2008/1 2008/6 2008/ /4 2009/9 2010/2 2010/7 2010/ /5 2011/10 dati destagionalizzati media mobile di 3 mesi

17 NONOSTANTE LA CONCORRENZA DEI PAESI EMERGENTI, L ITALIA RESTA IL PAESE PIU COMPETITIVO DOPO LA GERMANIA Secondo il Trade Performance Index elaborato dal WTO e dall UNCTAD, nonostante la crescente concorrenza dei Paesi emergenti nelle fasce di più basso valore aggiunto, l Italia rimane il Paese più competitivo al mondo dopo la Germania. I dati del 2010 confermano il primato dell Italia in tre settori: tessile, abbigliamento, pelli-calzature. Ma l Italia è anche seconda dopo la Germania nella meccanica non elettronica, nei manufatti di base (che includono i metalli, i loro semilavorati e i prodotti in metalli) e negli altri manufatti.

18 Quanto valgono i primati del made in Italy secondo il Trade Performance Index UNCTAD/WTO: anno 2010 (valori in miliardi di dollari dei settori in cui l'italia è ai primi posti per competitività internazionale) Settori Posizione dell'italia nella classifica della competitività Export Italia Saldo commerciale Italia ABBIGLIAMENTO 1 20, ,7 CUOIO, PELLETTERIA E CALZATURE 1 18,2 7,7 TESSILE 1 12,9 45 4,5 MECCANICA NON ELETTRONICA 2 87,7 53,1 MANUFATTI DI BASE 2 55,0 9,0 MANUFATTI DIVERSI 2 42,9 14,8 PRODOTTI DELLE INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARI 6 25,7 2,1 TOTALE PRODOTTI CONSIDERATI 262,4 94,9 Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO

19 UNCTAD/WTO Trade Performance Index: Totale 14 settori Classifica dei Paesi più competitivi del G-20, anno 2010 (numero di posizionamenti nei primi 10 posti delle classifiche mondiali di competitività nel commercio estero di 14 settori*) Primi posti Secondi posti Terzi posti Quarti posti Quinti posti Sesti posti Settimi posti Ottavi posti Noni posti Decimi posti 1 Germania 8 1 2ITALIA Cina Francia Giappone Australia Corea Rep Turchia Stati Uniti Russia 1 11 India Indonesia Brasile 2 13 Sud Africa 1 15 Gran Bretagna 1 16 Canada 16 Argentina 18 Arabia S. 18 Messico * I settori sono: alimenti freschi; alimenti trasformati; legno e carta; tessili; chimica e farmaceutica; cuoio e calzature; manufatti di base; meccanica non elettronica; IT ed elettronica di consumo; componenti ed apparecchi elettrici ed elettronici; mezzi di trasporto; abbigliamento; altri manufatti diversi; minerali Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

20 COME LA GLOBALIZZAZIONE HA CAMBIATO I CONSUMI DI MATERIE PRIME La Fondazione Edison ha analizzato i consumi di 11 materie prime e prodotti di base dei Paesi del G-20 sull arco temporale Gli 11 materiali di base sono: alluminio, rame, piombo, zinco, nickel, stagno, acciaio grezzo, pannelli di legno, gomma, materie plastiche, carta e cartone per imballaggio. Nel seguito si presentano i dati e i cartogrammi con i principali cambiamenti strutturali relativi alla geo-economia dei consumi di materiali industriali.

21 Table A.1 Consumption of Primary Aluminium: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank United States of America United States of America United States of America China Former U.S.S.R Former U.S.S.R China United States of America Japan Japan Japan Japan Germany, F.R Germany, F.R Germany Germany France China Republic of Korea India China France Canada Republic of Korea Italy Italy France Brazil United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy Italy Canada India Russian Federation Turkey Brazil Canada India Russian Federation Australia Republic of Korea United Kingdom Canada India Brazil Brazil France Mexico Australia Australia South Africa South Africa Turkey Turkey Indonesia Republic of Korea Mexico South Africa Australia Argentina South Africa Indonesia United Kingdom Turkey Indonesia Mexico Argentina Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina Argentina Mexico Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 95 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

22 Table A.2 Consumption of Refined Copper: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank United States of America United States of America United States of America China Former U.S.S.R Japan China United States of America Japan Former U.S.S.R Japan Germany Germany, F.R Germany, F.R Germany Japan France China Republic of Korea Republic of Korea United Kingdom France Italy Italy Italy Italy France India China Republic of Korea Mexico Brazil Brazil United Kingdom Brazil Russian Federation Canada Canada United Kingdom Turkey Australia India Canada Mexico Mexico Brazil Turkey Indonesia South Africa Mexico India France Republic of Korea Australia Russian Federation Saudi Arabia India Turkey Australia Canada Argentina South Africa Saudi Arabia Australia Turkey Indonesia South Africa South Africa Indonesia n.a. 18 Saudi Arabia Indonesia United Kingdom Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Argentina Argentina Argentina 26 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

23 Table A.3 Consumption of Slab Zinc: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank Former U.S.S.R United States of America China China United States of America Japan United States of America United States of America Japan Former U.S.S.R Japan India 538 4Germany, F.R Germany, F.R Germany Japan France China Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Italy France Italy Germany China Italy France Italy United Kingdom Republic of Korea India Brazil Brazil United Kingdom United Kingdom Australia Canada India Australia France Australia Brazil Brazil Russian Federation India Canada Mexico Turkey Mexico Australia Canada Canada South Africa Mexico Russian Federation Mexico Republic of Korea South Africa South Africa United Kingdom Indonesia Indonesia Turkey Indonesia Argentina Turkey Indonesia South Africa Turkey Argentina Argentina Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia 7 19 Saudi Arabia Argentina 39 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

24 Table A.4 Consumption of Refined Lead: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank United States of America United States of America United States of America China Former U.S.S.R Japan China United States of America Japan Germany, F.R Germany Republic of Korea 382 4Germany, F.R Former U.S.S.R Japan Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom Republic of Korea Italy Italy Italy United Kingdom Japan France France Italy United Kingdom China China France Brazil Canada Republic of Korea Mexico India Mexico Mexico Brazil Mexico Brazil Canada Russian Federation Indonesia Australia India Canada Turkey India Brazil South Africa Argentina South Africa South Africa Turkey France Argentina Australia India South Africa Republic of Korea Indonesia Australia Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkey Indonesia Australia Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina Argentina Canada Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia Russian Federation 13 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

25 Table A.5 Consumption of Refined Nickel: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank United States of America 143,1 1 Japan 159,3 1 Japan 191,7 1 China 561,5 2 Former U.S.S.R. 132,0 2 United States of America 127,2 2 United States of America 146,9 2 Japan 177,0 3 Japan 122,0 3 Former U.S.S.R. 115,0 3 Germany 126,2 3 United States of America 118,8 4Germany, F.R. 67,6 4 Germany, F.R. 88,8 4 Republic of Korea 90,1 4 Republic of Korea 101,2 5 France 38,4 5 France 44,8 5 China 57,6 5 Germany 100,3 6 Italy 27,1 6 United Kingdom 32,6 6 Italy 53,0 6 Italy 62,3 7 United Kingdom 22,8 7 China 27,5 7 France 52,8 7 South Africa 40,8 8 China 18,0 8 Italy 27,3 8 Russian Federation 39,2 8 United Kingdom 32,4 9 India 11,6 9 Republic of Korea 24,0 9 South Africa 37,5 9 India 27,22 10 Brazil 11,2 10 India 14,3 10 United Kingdom 34,9 10 Russian Federation 24,0 11 Canada 10,0 11 Brazil 11,9 11 India 22,5 11 France 20,9 12 Australia 4,3 12 Canada 8,4 12 Brazil 16,8 12 Brazil 10,5 13 Mexico 2,6 13 Mexico 2,0 13 Canada 14,1 13 Canada 4,3 14 Argentina 0,6 14 Australia 1,5 14 Mexico 2,4 14 Turkey 3,1 15 South Africa n.a. 15 Argentina 0,3 15 Australia 1,6 15 Mexico 1,9 15 Republic of Korea n.a. 16 Turkey n.a. 16 Turkey 1,4 16 Australia 1,6 15 Turkey n.a. 16 South Africa n.a. 17 Indonesia 0,7 17 Indonesia 0,8 15 Indonesia n.a. 16 Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina 0,5 17 Argentina 0,8 15 Saudi Arabia n.a. 16 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

26 Table A.6 Consumption of Refined Tin: G-20 Countries, (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank United States of America 46,1 1 United States of America 36,8 1 China 51,6 1 China 152,8 2 Japan 30,9 2 Japan 34,8 2 United States of America 50,7 2 Japan 35,7 3 Former U.S.S.R. 25,0 3 China 25,5 3 Japan 25,2 3 United States of America 34,7 4Germany, F.R. 15,9 4 Former U.S.S.R. 20,0 4 Germany 20,9 4 Germany 17,4 5 China 12,5 5 Germany, F.R. 18,7 5 Republic of Korea 15,2 4 Republic of Korea 17,4 6 France 10,1 6 United Kingdom 10,4 6 United Kingdom 10,0 6 India 10,7 7 United Kingdom 9,9 7 France 8,3 7 France 7,4 7 Brazil 8,0 8 Italy 5,8 8 Republic of Korea 7,8 8 Brazil 7,2 8 France 5,4 9 Canada 4,7 9 Italy 6,1 9 Russian Federation 6,66 9 Mexico 4,1 9 Brazil 4,7 9 Brazil 6,1 10 India 6,4 10 Italy 3,7 11 Australia 3,6 11 Canada 3,6 11 Italy 5,8 11 United Kingdom 3,0 12 India 2,3 12 Mexico 3,0 12 Mexico 3,0 11 Canada 3,0 13 South Africa 2,1 13 India 2,3 13 Canada 2,7 13 Russian Federation 2,5 14 Republic of Korea 1,8 14 South Africa 1,8 14 Australia 2,2 14 Turkey 2,1 14 Mexico 1,8 15 Indonesia 1,4 15 Indonesia 2,1 14 Argentina 2,1 16 Argentina 1,2 16 Australia 1,3 16 South Africa 2,0 16 Indonesia 1,4 17 Turkey 0,5 16 Turkey 1,3 17 Turkey 1,7 17 South Africa 0,8 18 Indonesia 0,3 18 Argentina 0,8 18 Argentina 1,3 18 Australia 0,3 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks

27 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and China (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O X X X X X X X X X 3 O O X X 4 O O O 5 O O O O O O O 6 O O 7 O O 8 O O O O 9 O 10 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

28 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and U.S.S.R./Russian Federation (O) - Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X X O O X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X 2 X X O O O O O X X O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 O O O O O O X X 4 O O 5 6 O O 7 O 8 O O O 9 O O O O 10 O O 11 O O O O O O O O 14 O O 15 O O 19 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

29 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and Japan (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X O 2 X X O O O O X X O O O O O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O 3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X X O O O O 4 O O O O O 5 O 6 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

30 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and China (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O X X 3 X X X X X X X O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 O O O X X X X X 5 O O O O O O O X 6 O O X 7 O O 8 O O O O 9 O 10 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

31 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O 4 X X O X X X O O 5 O O O O O O X O O O O 6 O O X O 7 O O O 8 O O O O O O O 9 O O 10 O O O 11 O O O 12 O 13 O 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

32 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and Germany (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X X O O X X X O O X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X O O 4 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X X O O O O O O O O X X X O O O O 5 O O O O X O O O 6 X O 7 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

33 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and Italy (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X O X X X O O X X X O 6 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X O O O 7 O O O O O O O O X O O 8 O O O O 9 O O O O 10 O O 11 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

34 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and France (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X O O O O O O X X X O X X X 6 O O O O O O O O X 7 O O O O O O O O O O O O X 8 O O 9 O O O O O 10 O O 11 O O 12 O O 13 O O O 14 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

35 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X X X O 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O X X X X O O 5 X X X X X O O O O O O X X X O O O O 6 O O X O 7 O O X O 8 O O O O O O O 9 O O 10 O O O 11 O O O 12 O 13 O 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

36 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: India (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X 4 X X 5 X X 6 X O O 7 X X X O O O O 8 O O X X O O O O O O 9 X O O O O O O X O O O O X X X 10 O O X X O O X X X O O O 11 X O X O O O X O 12 X X X X X O O O O O O O 13 X X O X X 14 X X X X X 15 X 16 X X X X Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

37 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: South Korea (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X 4 X X X 5 X X X X X X X X X X 6 X X X O 7 X X X O O O O O O 8 O O X X X X X X O O X O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O O O 10 O O X X O O O O O X 11 X X O X O O O O 12 X O O O O O O O 13 X O 14 X X 15 X X X 16 X X Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

38 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: South Korea (X) and India (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X O O 4 X X X O O 5 X X X X X X O X X X X O 6 X X X O 7 O X X O X O 8 X X X X X O X O X 9 O X X O O O O 10 X X O O O O O X 11 X X O X O O 12 X O O O O O 13 X O O O O 14 X X O O O O O 15 X X X O 16 X X O O O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

39 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year O 4 X X O O O 5 X X X O O O O O O X O O O O 6 X X X X X X X X O X X X X X O X X X O 7 X X X X X X X X O O X X O 8 X X O O O O O X O X O 9 X X O O X X 10 O O X X O 11 O O O X 12 O 13 O X 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

40 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and India (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year O O 4 X X O O 5 X X X O X O 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O 7 X X X X X X X O X X X O 8 X X O X O O X 9 O X X O X X O O O 10 O O X O O O X 11 O O X O 12 O O O O O 13 O O O X O 14 O O O O O 15 O 16 O O O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

41 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and France (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X 5 X O O O O O O O X X X 6 X X X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X X O O X X X 7 X X X O O X X X X O O O O X O O O O O O X X O 8 X X X O X 9 X X O O O O X X 10 X X O O 11 X O O 12 O O 13 X O O O 14 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

42 1 2 3 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O 7 X X X X X X X X X X O O O O 8 X O O X X O O X O O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O O O X X 10 O O O O X O O O X 11 O O O O X O 12 O O O O O O O 13 O X Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

43 1 2 3 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: France (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X X X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X O O 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O 8 O O X O O X O O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O X X O O 10 O O O O O O O X X 11 O O O O O X X 12 O O O O O O X X X O 13 O X X 14 X Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting

44 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United Kingdom (X) and Turkey (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X O 9 X X X X O O 10 X X X O O O 11 X X X X O 12 X O O O 13 O X O O X 14 O O O O O X O O 15 O O O O X X 16 O O O O O O O O X X 17 O O O O O O O O O O 18 O O X 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting