Applicazioni nucleari per il monitoraggio dei rifiuti radioattivi. Incontro Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare 2014

Transcript

1 Applicazioni nucleari per il monitoraggio dei rifiuti radioattivi P.Finocchiaro Incontro Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare 2014 P.Finocchiaro 1

2 Radwaste production nuclear power plants fission residues activated materials spent fuel radwast e drums water pool storage site casks geological repository P.Finocchiaro 2

3 Radwaste production mining production of radiotracers industry diagnostics therapy storage site P.Finocchiaro 3

4 Radwaste production mining industry fuel weapons! waste waste P.Finocchiaro 4

5 Rad(waste) monitoring: a few INFN activities MUNES SMART-SPY Mu-STEEL RADSIEVE Mu-RAY DMNR MODES-SNM SCINTILLA HELNEM! P.Finocchiaro 5

6 MUNES Legnaro MUltidisciplinary NEutron Source small size RFQ proton accelerator neutron production (10 14 n/s) BNCT Nuclear Waste characterization NAA - Neutron Activation Analysis PGNAA - Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis PANWAS - Passive Active Neutron Waste Assay System P.Finocchiaro 6

7 MUNES trilateral agreement INFN University of Pavia SOGIN progetto premiale 5 M Ministry of Research + 10M INFN (previous TRASCO RFQ, BNCT) Ion source TRIPS Proton energy 80 kev, 50 ma intensity Accelerator type RFQ Radio Frequency Quadrupole Final energy Accelerated beam current 5 MeV 30 ma Duty cycle CW Continous wave to be installed in Pavia Neutron converter Be Water cooled 150 kw Neutron source intensity s -1 On the entire solid angle, Avg. neutron energy 1.2MeV RF power Electrical power 1.3 MW 5 MVA P.Finocchiaro 7

8 Be target power density distribution [kw/cm 2] 5 MeV neutron production at 0 proton energies (3-5 MeV) n/mev/sr/µc 4 MeV protons 5 MeV 3.7 MeV 3 MeV 3.4 MeV 7x10 8 n/s/w E n [MeV] 3 MeV x10-4 n/p P.Finocchiaro 8

9 Nuclear Waste Characterization multiplicity counting differential die-away technique quantify the fissile content ( 235 U, 239 Pu,...) PANWAS Passive Active Neutron Waste Assay System neutron generator DD 10 6 n/s 2.5 MeV DT 10 8 n/s 14.1 MeV MUNES classification of waste drums for disposal determination of very small amounts of Pu (10-10 in mass) P.Finocchiaro 9

10 SMART-SPY Napoli flexible automatic surveillance networks (possible application to radwaste?) anemometer NaI scint Silicon physical clusters fixed sensor box virtual clusters intelligent sensors P.Finocchiaro 10

11 Mu-STEEL Padova EU project also in collaboration with Acciaierie Beltrame orphan source accidents: fusion of orphan sources in scrap metal steel 60 Co 137 Cs cost: M /accident 5 accidents/year need to detect orphan sources in the scrap metal loads entering steel mills (and exiting too) train portal truck portal detectors on the grapples P.Finocchiaro 11

12 Mu-STEEL Muon tomography first proposed in Los Alamos to spot high-z (fissile) materials needs large tracking detectors (CMS) good angular resolution 10mrad fast: few min data acquisition demo test battery 1 liter Pb P.Finocchiaro 12

13 Doc:...as I had to do it, why not using a beautiful car? P.Finocchiaro 13

14 RadSieve LNS in collaboration with JRC Ispra Sorting table for hot spots detection in decommissioning can be used for scrap metal as well P.Finocchiaro 14

15 Mu-RAY Napoli - Firenze Muon radiography same principle as Mu-STEEL different detector: scintillators+wls+sipm shadow of the Vesuvius transmission P.Finocchiaro 15

16 Mu-RAY Napoli - Firenze also in collaboration with UK National Nuclear Laboratory Sellafield Ltd., UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Glasgow Muon Tomography Project interrogation of the interior of waste storage structures the Sellafield Ltd. site P.Finocchiaro 16

17 MODES-SNM Padova multipartner EU project framework: CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear defense) Modular Detection System for Special Nuclear Material development of detectors, portals and algorithms for γ, n, nuclide id. satisfy IAEA requirements: 90% detection probability at 95% C.L. < 1 false alarm per hour P.Finocchiaro 17

18 SCINTILLA Genova multipartner EU project framework: Nuclear Security improving sensors for first responders new techniques for γ spectroscopy detectors neutron detection techniques alternative to 3 He development of detectors, portals for γ, n Detector prototypes, in different technologies, for several practical usage case requirements P.Finocchiaro 18

19 Waste??? New Old e-waste Old New Old? Radwaste Old? What Next? P.Finocchiaro 19

20 IAEA 2012 existing radwaste worldwide Storage Disposal total of > 30 million m 3 equivalent to (1 km) x (1 km) x (30 m) P.Finocchiaro 20

21 radwaste storage sites in Europe temporary centralized repositories surface repositories cave repositories geological repositories under development/authorization in operation closed P.Finocchiaro 21

22 DMNR LNS Detector Mesh for Nuclear Repositories Real-time online monitoring of radioactive waste local data storage Data wireless network wired network remote data storage Web P.Finocchiaro 22

23 radwaste produced worldwide usually packed into special drums the storage site should be monitored for leaks or breaks, to prevent possible contamination of the environment and/or people online monitoring can minimize the need of human intervention inside (ALARA) No repository with online real-time monitoring (to our knowledge) P.Finocchiaro 23

24 On-line monitoring of short/medium term radioactive waste storage Application of non-conventional detectors for decommissioning DMNR: goals real-time continuous activity monitoring & recording on-line availability of data to control authorities, fire departments, local and national governments, etc. radwaste handling by means of advanced tools and procedures suitable for reducing the risks to the local workers and to the population P.Finocchiaro 24

25 They know, they know, but... I ll tell them anyhow!!! basic radioactivity coming out is gamma rays beta particles are mostly stopped inside the material and in air I love fuel rods alpha particles are immediately stopped inside the material fission fragments are immediately stopped inside the material neutrons (from fission) come out very easily but at very small dose. The amount of fissile material in the drums is small: it is removed before packing the drums (not so for spent fuel rods) gamma rays are penetrating, therefore they come out easily and abundantly P.Finocchiaro 25

26 if I want to prevent my house from being flooded what should I check? 1) I could monitor the faucets and drains (i.e. possible sources of water leaks) 2) I could monitor the presence of water in my bedroom or in my shoes faucets drains bedroom shoes So far, most efforts are directed toward 2 we trust the exponential decay law of radioactivity P.Finocchiaro 26

27 we (scientists) trust the exponential decay law of radioactivity what about laypersons? environmentalists? total of 435 reactors in the world sooner or later decommissioning will take place temporary and permanent storage required N where? acceptability for populations? age [years] we proposed to set-up a system for in-place storage monitoring P.Finocchiaro 27

28 SiPM each peak corresponds to a discrete number of detected photons low bias voltage (30V) high gain 1 photon gives rise to a signal of about 10^6 electrons SiPM fiber SiPM SciFi Radiation SiPM SiPM P.Finocchiaro 28

29 gamma source 2.7MBq at 10cm background background 3D reconstruction by crossed fibers X P.Finocchiaro 29

30 international limit for nuclear workers household Radon strong source employed: dose at 1m msv/h P.Finocchiaro 30

31 µsl tests with 241 Am, 22 Na, 137 Cs, 60 Co sources µsb P.Finocchiaro 31

32 test with real radwaste drums temporary storage inside the former power plant of Garigliano at Sessa Aurunca (SOGIN S.p.a.) 4 sensors (+geiger) on a pushcart placed at 7 positions (P0-P6) with increasing dose rates test start: posizions P0 P6 24h long test in P6 P.Finocchiaro 32

33 Technology transfer collaboration agreement INFN - SOGIN signed on 8-Nov-2012 duration: 2 years implementation of a prototype DMNR monitoring system in a new radwaste repository (Garigliano former power plant) P.Finocchiaro 33

34 Front-end and data acquisition scheme local Data Base Discr LAN Discr Coinc unique ID wireless WAN remote Data Base counters WEB Discr Coinc control authorities Discr unique ID population organizations IAEA waste drum units FPGA data acquisition and control local wireless and LAN global WAN P.Finocchiaro 34

35 user interface online display and data check counting rate channel by channel programmable alarm levels details available in real time down to the single drum and to the single fiber around a drum direct connection to the sensor database 3D virtual navigation tool electronics and computing entirely developed at LNS P.Finocchiaro 35

36 new system: patent in preparation INFN SOGIN Ansaldo Nucleare P.Finocchiaro 36

37 HELNEM LNS Collaboration with JRC & Euratom: neutron detection out-of-core monitoring in NPP why neutrons? spent fuel monitoring in place and/or during transportation Plutonium, I love you... preventing the smuggling of nuclear fuel detection of possible diversion of fuel elements from Castor containers (P.Peerani, M.Galletta, Nuclear Engineering and Design 237 (2007) 94-99) P.Finocchiaro 37

38 ensuring continuity of knowledge current monitoring method: video camera our idea: granular, real time, automatic! P.Finocchiaro 38

39 How? materials for thermal neutron conversion: 3 He n 3 He 3 H p σ(0.025) 5330 b available energy 0.76 MeV no gamma rays perfect gas detector but... worldwide lack of 3 He P.Finocchiaro 39

40 materials for thermal neutron conversion: which one? 6 Li σ(0.025) 940 b available E 4.78 MeV 157 Gd σ(0.025) 240 kb 113 Cd σ(0.025) 20 kb 10 B σ(0.025) 3840 b available E 2.79 MeV (and gamma rays) large available E but in form of gamma rays: difficult neutron identification P.Finocchiaro 40

41 neutron converter production 6 LiF Si detector P.Finocchiaro 41

42 Si detector + 6 LiF 4 He n 6 Li 7 Li 6 LiF converter Silicon detector 3 H Triton detected Alpha detected 4 He 6 LiF converter 7 Li 6 Li n 3 H 2 converters: double efficiency P.Finocchiaro 42

43 AmBe neutron source 1.6E6 n/s thermal flux 150 n/s/cm 2 Si + 6 LiF neutron source PET moderator expected 4 cps measured 3.3 P.Finocchiaro 43

44 features next steps 6 Li deposits over large area (A4?) better efficiency (up to 50%?) scintillators... P.Finocchiaro 44

45 test with AmBe source: Scintillators + 6 LiF alpha + gamma tritium neutrons alpha + gamma good intrinsic efficiency position sensitive (Δx 1-2 mm) low cost many possible geometries and schemes tritium neutrons...and more to come RM2013A LiF converter P.Finocchiaro 45

46 real-time castor storage monitoring P.Finocchiaro 46

47 Ongoing collaboration with JRC & Euratom: large panels for neutron coincidence measurements as possible 3 He panels replacement 3 H, 4 He Collaboration with CIVIDEC (Austria) gamma diamond detectors for thermal neutrons outstanding results with the first test at a reactor CIVIDEC will purchase our neutron converters P.Finocchiaro 47

48 Final summary Radwaste is a problem, will become a priority in the forthcoming years INFN has started to contribute to this field Ultra-high-tech is not required, recycling our know-how is already a good goal The society needs our support, we should not be blind or snobby Ivory Tower Technology transfer is a relevant issue that we need to strenghten P.Finocchiaro 48

49 PS: last minute news (Friday 21-Mar) In spite of decades of neverending discussions and nominations our management should pehaps signal that INFN is DOING P.Finocchiaro 49

50 credits...and all the others I am forgetting P.Finocchiaro 50

51 Thank you P.Finocchiaro 51