Prof. Paolo Nesi.

Transcript

1 Parte 9: Virtuaization & Coud Computing Corso di: Sistemi Distribuiti, 2015 Lauree in: Ingegneria Informatica, dee Teecomunicazioni ed Informatica di Scienze Prof. Paoo Nesi Department of Systems and Informatics, University of Forence Via S. Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Itay te: , fax: DISIT Lab, Sistemi Distribuiti e Tecnoogie Internet paoo.nesi@unifi.it Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

2 n2 Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

3 Eements of coud Computing Motivation and definitions Structure Virtuaization Coud Computing High Avaiabiity vsphere Infrastructure Security on the Coud Conversions among VM and physica machines vcenter, datacenters and custer management Comparison among virtua computing soutions How to work with Virtua Machines IaaS soutions SaaS Soutions PaaS Soutions ICARO project Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

4 Datacenter, definition Datacenter A computer factory/farm in which servers/computers are caed HOSTS and are hosted and organized: power, net maintenance, etc. As: industria computers, bades They can be expoited for private purposes, grid, coud computing, renting/hosting, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

5 Server Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

6 Infrastructure, definition A set of datacenter and custers A set of NAS: Network Area Storage SAN: Storage Area Network Etc.. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

7 SAN vs NAS In most cases they are wrongy considered the same staff It is true that: NAS/SAN typicay are HD in Raid connected/shared to/by Servers NAS: Network Area Storage Network HD sharing content at eve of Fie via HTTP, NFS, CIFS, etc., protocos Mutipe servers may access to them, the HD can be easiy mounted, and see on the OS Reduced performances with respect to SAN SAN: Storage Area Network HD system segmented in LUN, mounted by the Server/VM OS at eve of disk bock The OS has to format with its own fie system Possibe protocos: ow eve IP, iscsi, Fiber, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

8 Motivations for Coud computing and Virtuaization Computer Based Physica Systems (servers) are not fexibe: The HW/SW has to be dimensioned for the workoad worst case and not for the rea/typica one HW/SW can be hardy reused for different purposes since specific aocation is performed subjected to HW faiure, and thus: Software has to be instaed again when changing hardware OS has to be reinstaed in most cases Subjected to high costs of setup, instaation and use: Power, conditioning, network connection, etc. not scaabe, to scae up frequenty impies hardware change/re-eng. Data dupication, migration, distribution of activities among HW Baancing or workoad, add more HW, sharing databases, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

9 Fina Motivations Reduction of costs for HW and operating system SW maintenance. High costs to guarantee high avaiabiity: 99,999% of up time High costs to guarantee high reiabiity High costs to foow the HW/SW technoogica trends for performances, computationa needs Critica mass is needed to justify HW costs Sharing resources Among for mutipe appications and soutions Needs of High fexibiity in terms of features Most of the SW is becoming a services (icensing per year/month or users) and not anymore a product. Many vendors provide compex SW systems in terms of services, on the basis of their consumption via network connection Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

10 Hosting, definition HPC: high performance computing Soution based on coud/grid for parae execution of agorithms and toos. Hosting web porta into a datacenter/custer Renting a web space via some SLA (service eve agreement), contract, monthy rate to pubishing web pages: service httpd Additiona services: mysq, php, asp, ftp, ssh, https, etc.. Features: Space on disk, networking Domain space, etc. Hosting a machine (computer/vm) into a datacenter According to some SLA, contract Renting a Computer/VM/Custer into a data center Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

11 Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS the provision of infrastructure with a reevant processing power, storage, network and other basic resources independenty of appication services of any type. Exampe: a server in rent, a VM for rent Thus, it is possibe to use an infrastructure of a provider to run your appication, against a payment based on the renting (consumption) of the infrastructure, eaving the responsibiity of the HW, OS, and SW (ibraries, middeware, backup, storage, network, etc.) as we as of the appication itsef to the provider. Amazon EC2 is an exampe of IaaS service. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

12 Motivations for Appications on the Coud Singe-tier appications, such as sma web portas, do not demand a compex system, and do not justify the acquisition of a host server!!!??? Muti-tier appications have mutipe servers, such as: High performance web server, high number of users SN: Socia networks CMS: content management systems CRM: customer reationship management CDN: Content deivering network ERP: enterprise resource panning P2P torrent tracker: see Piratebay A typicay parae appications that may need grid, computation, storage, etc. may run on coud, etc.. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

13 Structure Eements of coud Computing Virtuaization emuation, para-virtuaization virtua resources snapshots Coud Computing High Avaiabiity vsphere Infrastructure Security on the Coud Conversions among VM and physica machines vcenter, datacenters and custer management Comparison among virtua computing soutions How to work with Virtua Machines IaaS soutions, SaaS Soutions, PaaS Soutions ICARO Project Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

14 Concept of Virtua Server Hyp: you can make the image (in a fie) of the HD of a Physica Server (with its Operating System and fies) and put in execution the OS from the HD (fie) by a program of "emuation Thus we have: a computer with an operating system OS that hosts a program of "emuation, which in turn, it is capabe to run in separate processes the images of the correspondign OS VM Computer Virtua Virtua Machine Machine OS Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

15 Typica Features for renting a Computer or a Virtua Machine into a Datacenter Requesting to have one or more Computers/Hosts and/or VMs Hardware: CPU: 32/64 bit, number of cores/cpu, frequency of work, inte/amd, etc. RAM memory: size and frequency of work Power suppy: faut-toerant or not; with UPS or not, etc.. HD: space, speed (7.2, 15Kgiri), security eve/raid, type SAS/SATA, SCSI Network features: Number of connections/cards, number of IP addresses, static/dhcp Transfer rate: minimum guaranteed, maximum possibe, down/upoad Maximum transferred bytes: per day, per month, etc. NAS/SAN, Network area storage/san, fiber/internet: size, RAID, etc. Software: Operating systems Software preinstaed into the Computer/VM, see in the foowing Services: Periodic back up: detais on HD space Access to VM/Computer: remote desktop or KVM too Reboot or not of the Server, for exampe via Pesk. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

16 Virtua Machine, Virtuaization Virtua Machine: An image of an operating system that can be put in execution into a rea host/computer creating a virtua computer that expoits a part of a of the host resources E.g.: Host may be Linux-ike whie the VM may be Window, Mac, Linux, Virtuaization Transforming a physica computer into a VM, virtua machine, hosted on some Host computer Hypervisor (VM Monitor) to manage the severa VMs on the host Computer 1 Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Hypervisor Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

17 The Virtuaization Process by which it is possibe to create a virtua machine, VM, For exampe by: An instaation DVD Coning a physica machine (P2V) Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

18 The Hypervisor It is the essentia OS, that can be instaed in a Host and canput in execution and manage one or more VM The Host is a server HW that host the Hypervisor ESX of Vmware is an Hypervisor. Computer 1 Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Hypervisor Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

19 Performance Anaysis of VM on the Host Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

20 Motivations for Coud computing and Virtuaization Most of the Host/datacenter capabiities are not expoited at 100% in every time instant They are typicay present in arge industries/institutions or in arge services: googe, amazon, tiscai, Dada, ibm, cnr, etc Their size is typicay defined on the basis of the workoad worst case If they are big: the expoitation of the remaining resources for coud/hosting is a soution to recover money, since a non working machine (ike a caw) is a costs without any return. If they are sma: it coud be a soution to host machines on a professiona infrastructure to reduce annua costs for HW/SW Deegating to custer owners the costs for maintenance, renovating hardware, renovating software, network costs, back up costs, power suppy, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

21 Benefits of Virtua Machine Main benefits: Separation of OS+SW with respect to the needed HW Expoiting egacy soutions which can be wrapped into a VM and protected with a physica firewa without reinstaing and recompiing od appications. The simpe upgrade can be obtained by giving more CPU instead of changing HW and reinstaing a SW eements. For exampe: An od Linux Server hosting severa web portas with a od versions of: MySQL, PHP, etc.. and many configuration aspects: users, maiing ists, etc. very time consuming to port on a new server An od Cobo appication running ony on an od Windows 2000 Server, which cannot be recompied into a new Windows Server 2008 at 64 bits without spending months of work. A Cobo appication running on machine based on an IBM system 36. Etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

22 VM on PC workstations On a singe Computer it is possibe to put in execution a VM by using a standaone Hypervisor VMware Workstation can pay on Windows: VMware Virtua Machines with: MS Win, Linux, Mac, ChromeOS, etc. VMware Payer can pay on Windows or Linux Free of charge VMware Virtua Machines with: MS Win, Linux, Mac, ChromeOS, etc VMware Fusion can pay on MAC: VMware Virtua Machines with: MS Win, Win 7, ChromeOS, etc. Microsoft Virtua PC on Windows 7: Free of charge Create VM with Win XP, Linux Ubuntu, Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

23 Software/Components preinstaed into rented Computers/VMs Severa kinds of software components/toos that can be accessibe on rented VM and/or Computers. Avaiabiity of HW/SW: for exampe at 98% or % Typica components that coud be requested: DB: MySQL FTP: server and cient Web Server: Apache, IIS Add-on: PHP, Per, Python, cache toos on severa eves SMTP address, antispam Web Appication Server: TomCat,. And: Antivirus, backup, emai, Drupa, Jooma, etc A fu server can be customized, so that any other too can be instaed as we from the user Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

24 Coud Computing with VMs Severa Hypervisors on a Custers internet Computer 1 Computer 2 Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Hypervisor Hypervisor Virtua custer manager Virtuaized Infrastructure --- contro servers Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

25 Custers, definition For Custer, it is typicay intended: Severa kinds of computers and/or VMs used to compose a group of resources, that can be managed together, and may be sharing the same domain or not. a set of computers/vms into a datacenter which are dedicated to a unique probem, for exampe: A microgrid, an Hadoop custer, A socia network. A web porta with its muti-tier servers: front-end portas, baancer, database computers, backoffice microgrid nodes, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

26 From Custering VM to Coud The first step has been the expoitation of unused resources to provide them as a service to third party. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

27 Approaches for Virtuaization Hardware Emuation Fu emuation of Hardware devices and features It is possibe to use an origina OS without changes, may be with some drivers instaed, but not kerne changes Higher isoation among VMs, strong robustness, imited efficiency. Used by Vmware core Typicay 10% of overhead Paravirtuaization (tota or ony on some devices) The execution is performed via specific API and the hosted OS has to be modified to use them instead of the origina HW Lower isoation, higher efficiency Lower robustness: VM crashes may crash the whoe system Used by: HP-VM, Xen (both of them which can aso go in emuation mode) Used by VMware: VMXNET (100 Gbps net), PVSCSI in vsphere4 Typicay 2% of overhead Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

28 Para-virtuaization It is intended as a soution to cut out a part of the I/O stack, for exampe for the HD access or network. The foowing exampe is reated to HP VM v. 3.5 Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

29 Speeds and Feeds Optimization for the Highest Consoidation Ratios Virtua Machines APP OSAPP OS APP OSAPP OS ESX APP OS VM Scae Up Virtua hardware scae out Hardware Scae Up 8-way vsmp and 255 GB of RAM per VM 64 cores and 512GB of physica RAM CPU Memory Networking Storage Hardware Assist Purpose Buit Scheduer Hardware Assist Page Sharing Baooning VMXNET3 VMDirectPath I/O Storage stack optimization VMDirectPath I/O Current NEW Lowest CPU overhead Maximum memory efficiency Wirespeed network access Greater than 360k iops per second Lower than 20 microsecond atency Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

30 ESX 4.0 Performance with SQL Server 2008 VM Native Reative Scaing Ratio ESX achieves 90% of native performance on 4.0 vcpu VM Workoad transaction atency unchanged between ESX 4.0 and Native 1 vcpu 2 vcpu 4 vcpu Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

31 Host: risorse primarie Host Profie Memory Reservation Storage Networking Date and Time Firewa Security Services Users and User Groups Security Virtua Machines APP OSAPP OS APP OSAPP OS ESX CPU APP OS Memory Networking Storage Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

32 Limiting VM Resources VM Resources (CPU, Mem, HD, net.) consists aso in providing support for: Dynamicay providing resources over the reserved vaues that can be negotiation into the SLA/ contract. Controing and imiting access and the expoitation of HW resources: A imit on the number of CPUs A imit on the number of Cocks, over of a reserved number of cocks A imit on the maximum size of the RAM, over of the reserved number of Mbytes A imit on the size of the HD, SAN/NAS access A imit on the number of network cards, number of Mbps, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

33 Mode for Memory Memory Tota host memory For each VM Max memory for the OS Reserved Memory Used Memory (time) Limited memory Be carefu to overcommitted resources on the Host respect to the tota CPU and Mem of the hosted VMs Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

34 VM: Memory Definitions Reserved: not avaiabe for the other VM on the same host!! Active: memory actuay used Baon: Memory requested by the VM to the host This memory is shared among severa hosts Shared: memory avaiabe for sharing Swapped: amount of memory that has been swapped into the HD by the VMKerne of the host This parameter has to be ow as much as possibe Increse the reserved to make it ow or reduce the number of VM on the host Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

35 Mode for CPU Memory Tota host Cock For each VM Max #cks/s host Reserved #cks/s Used #cks/s Limited #cks/s Ck/s Hz 1 GHz 1000 MHz Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

36 Mode for CPU An host may have mutipe CPU with mutipe Core An host with 4 CPU at 3Ghz and 6 core each has 24 cores at 3Ghz MHz VMs share this amount Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

37 Virtua Resources, 1/2 The idea of Virtua Resources (CPU, Mem, HD, net.) consists in providing a number of resources arger than those that physicay avaiabe and manage them virtuay and/or dynamicay For exampe, one Host may have 2 VM and HW resources: 2 cores at 1300 Mhz 1.8 Gbyte RAM 2 network cards Best case: CPU= Mhz RAM= Mbyte 2 Network cards shared Worst case no resources enough: CPU=3 cores at 1300 Mhz RAM=2 Gbyte 2 Network cards shared VM1: n 1 CPU 1300 Mhz, 400 Mhz reserved n 1 Gbyte RAM max, 400 Mbyte reserved n 2 network cards, 2 IPs VM2: n 2 CPU 1300 Mhz, 800 Mhz reserved n 1 Gbyte RAM max, 400 Mbyte reserved n 2 network cards, 2 IPs Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

38 Virtua Resources, 2/2 The server hosting the VMs Min Mhz: 400Mhz + 800Mhz Max Mhz: 1300Mhz + 2*1300Mhz Min RAM: 400Mbyte + 400Mbye Max RAM: 1000Mbyte Mbye Network: No imits on the number of virtua IP addresses/cards VM1: n 1 CPU 1300 Mhz, 400 Mhz reserved n 1 Gbyte RAM max, 400 Mbyte reserved n 2 network cards, 2 IPs VM2: n 2 CPU 1300 Mhz, 800 Mhz reserved n 1 Gbyte RAM max, 400 Mbyte reserved n 2 network cards, 2 IPs Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

39 Mode for network An host may have mutipe network cards with one physica IP each or some of them bridged Each singe VM may have: access to a number of networks (physica or virtua) Instaed mutipe network cards Each card can have one IP and may be connected to a network This means that an host may be connected to mutipe networks with mutipe IP Network cards may be connected to: Physica switch Virtua switch Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

40 Exampe of Coud Networking Exampe of aocation of a three tiers soution 3 different networks (N1, N2, N3) 2 Host: H1, H2 3 VM: VM1, VM2, VM3 VM1 VM2 VM3 Backend dbase N1 N2 N3 Business Logic Frontend web server ninternet SW1 is convenient to be software (fu virtua). If it is HW, the VM1 can be moved from H1 to H2, dynamicay SW2 coud be fuy virtua if VM3 is moved on H1 SW0, service net VM1 VM2 VM3 H1 H2 SW1, N1 SW2, N2 SW3, N3 nit can be software nphysica switch nphysica switch ninternet Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

41 Network and Virtua Networks The same VM with access to 2 different network via rea network adapters A virtua network Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

42 Mode for HD, Storage Storage: HD contained into VM SAN: Externa to VM and mounted for their usage In any case connected with some Operating Systems (may be dedicated) HD with faut toerant soution: Redundancy: repications into the Storage Distributed/federate/repicated: repications into mutipe storage Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

43 Interna repications: HD RAID nraid 0: HD0+HD1 nraid 1: HD0 coned on HD1 nraid 5: gestione de guasto di un disco n vaido fino a 14 n per a doppia parità RAID 6 Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

44 Interna repications: RAID 50 RAID 50: A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6 and three Parities Min 9HD, can support faiures of three HDs improves upon the performance of RAID 5 In this case: Size: 6 over 9 HD, you ose a HD per R5 Read/Write speed up: n(m 1)XHD n=3, m=3 6x in this case Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

45 Simpe configuration VM stored on a storage and executed on a remote hypervisor host At the start is upoaded on ESX memory and RUN Each write is passed back to the storage APP OS APP OS ESX A via network VM stored and executed on the same hypervisor host At the start is upoaded on ESX memory and RUN Each write is passed back to the storage A via interna communication higher performances ower fexibiity APP OS APP OS ESX Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

46 HDD Typica: Mode for storage consumption 100 Mbyte per sec. (high/max vaue) Seek time 5-7 Msec rpm (revoution per minute), spinde Thus atency: (5.56, 4.17, 3.00, 2.00) respectivey Format Bock sie: 2Mbyte, 4,..8 Cache, no cache; different kind:.. SSD: 30% faster Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

47 Storage Consumption Each host may have interna Storage one or more HD Externa storage may be mounted (SAN or NAS) Externa storage may be shared or reserved for a specific Host Each VM has its permanent memory consumption: Image for the VM + space for snapshots (HD incrementa changes + memory when the snapshot is performed on running) Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

48 nhost Exampes nvirtua Machine Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

49 Virtua Machine: Snapshots Working on VM Snapshots Creating a Snapshot: A point from which it is possibe to reboot, restart Consuming HD space Making back up since the core image of the VM is not changed, changes are confined in the fies representing the ast status you are here and not the previous conditions Restarting from a past snapshot Losing current point: you are here, to avoid this do another snapshot!! Deeting a past snapshot Recovering HD space, removing a past restarting point Removing a snapshots Defragmenting images of the HDs into the VM Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

50 VM Snapshots VM Snapshots can be at VM Off or ON Snapshots of running VM have impications Removing Snapshots Defragmenting images of the HDs into the VM Consoidating the changes in the previous version VMware WS has an automated Snapshot mode to pan the periodic snapshotting of the VM, for exampe: every hour, day, week, A way to make back up A different way can be to cone the VM on different host or NAS. In most cases, the coning impies the ost of performed snapshots Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

51 Snapshot process Origina version 1 VM 12 Gb ram START 300Gbyte hd Gbyte snapshots T0 T1 T2 T3 300G 72G G 8G remove After T1 Rimova 1 VM 12 Gb ram 300Gbyte hd START Gbyte snapshots T0 T2 T3 300G G 8G Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

52 Virtua Machine: Snapshots, 1/3 START YOU are here 300G 72G G 8G 8G +NG 300G 72G G 8G 8G nrunning noff nwhen a number of snapshots are in pace: nthe access to HD is deteriorating since the data are not contiguous, the data access impies mutipe seek for mutipe accesses at different segments of the same data in different fie representing the different progressive snapshots! Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

53 Virtua Machine: Snapshots, 2/3 START YOU are here Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

54 Virtua Machine: Snapshots, 3/3 START YOU are here Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

55 Structure Eements of coud Computing Virtuaization Coud Computing coud vs grid goas of coud computing Soutions as a Service High Avaiabiity vsphere Infrastructure Security on the Coud Conversions among VM and physica machines vcenter, datacenters and custer management Comparison among virtua computing soutions How to work with Virtua Machines IaaS soutions, SaaS Soutions, PaaS Soutions Progetto ICARO Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

56 Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

57 Coud Computing with VMs Severa Hypervisors on a Custers internet Computer 1 Computer 2 Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Virtua Machine Hypervisor Hypervisor Virtua custer manager Virtuaized Infrastructure --- contro servers Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

58 Coud Computing A Coud: a type of parae and distributed system consisting of a coection of interconnected and virtuaized computers, VMs They are dynamicay provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-eve agreements, SLA, estabished through negotiation between the service provider and consumers Subset of grid computing where the aocated process are virtua computers Impies An aternative way to have oca servers or GRIDs Outsourcing: HW and SW toos, they may be grid eements Outsourcing: network, CPU, memory, HD, etc. Definition of some service agreement, monthy rate, minimum network capabiity, kind of HW, mem space, minimum eve of CPU/mem, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

59 Abstraction of Coud Computing, (Buyya & Yeo) Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

60 Coud vs GRID computing Coud computing is an evoution of GRID computing Renting a GRID service means: Paraeize the agorithm, demand the execution, wait for the resuts, etc. To do no know where the processes are executed. In most cases batch processing such as on Gobus Renting a VM/Computer into a Coud means: Simpe contracts, remote access to servers Get access to virtua or physica resources at 100% Privacy of the aocated processes in your VM/Host Processes running on your preferred OS and do not have to be recompied as in most Grid soutions. Scaabiity in terms of number of CPU, Mem, network performance, computers, etc. OR you have to change your OWN architecture Simpe creation and reconfiguration of mutitier soutions Creating faut toerant soutions Baancing oad of CPU, Memory, network, etc. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

61 Coud vs SuperComputers Coud Computing is based on a set of Hosts for hosting VM or providing access to singe/mutipe Servers fuy at disposa of the customers accessing to the coud via remote access (see ater). They are MIMD computers Hosts may contains hypervisors to host VM of diff. OSs. Hosts may be singe computers with Linux, Windows, Super Computers, such as Bue Gene/P: Processor PowerPC 450 with 4 cores, 850 Mhz Each board: 32 CPU processors Each Rack: 32 boards Jüich Research Centre in Germania has a Bue Gene with processors 167 terafops, the strongest computer in the word! Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

62 Comparing Computing Services Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

63 Comparing Computing Services In the previous tabe, different soution for computing services in the network are compared. They are mainy: coud computing, grid services, appication services, The soutions taken have been seected as representative of their category Pease see the sides on GRID for more detais and a wider comparison on the grid soutions Pease see the sides regarding the genera distributed systems for mutitier appications Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

64 Advantages of Coud Coumputing Grids are difficut to use and to maintain: GRID customers have too many different needs that make the creation of fuy open grid very difficut. Coud computing HW/SW is hosting virtua computers that can be moved to other soutions with ow costs Lower costs since the HW/SW is seen as a service No maintenance, centraized services such as back up, scaing, etc. Lower costs for Sma Business: Reduction of costs since the admortment can be performed by who is expoiting the computer Scaabiity simiar to grid: Horizonta scaing Paraeization as MIMD Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

65 Scaabiity. Goas of Coud Computing scaing with workoad demands so that performance and compiance with service eves remain on target Avaiabiity. users of Internet appications expect them to be up and running every minute of every day, i.e.: h24, 24/7 Reiabiity physica system components rarey fai, but it happen. So that, they can be repaced without disruption. Today, reiabiity means that appications do not fai and most importanty they do not ose data, and the service is not stopped. Security. Appications need to provide access ony to authorized, authenticated users, that need to be abe to trust that their data is secure. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

66 Goas of Coud Computing Fexibiity and agiity: Adapt rapidy to changes of business conditions by increasing the veocity at which appications are deivered into customer hands. E.g.: more CPU, more cock, more memory, more network cards, etc. Serviceabiity: In the past this meant using servers that coud be repaired without, or with minima, downtime. Today it means that an appication s underying infrastructure components can be updated or even repaced without disrupting its characteristics incuding avaiabiity and security. Efficiency: differentiates the coud computing. The process aocation and costs have to be very effective with respect to the investment. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

67 Definizioni Cassificazione NIST Software as a Service (SaaS) Patform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) Aggiunto in seguito Everything as a Service (XaaS) Middeware as a Service!!!! Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

68 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) erogazione di servizi infrastrutturai reativi a capacità eaborativa, storage, rete e atri eementi di base assoutamente indipendenti da servizi appicativi di quaunque tipo. Si utiizza quindi infrastruttura messa a disposizione da provider per eseguire a propria appicazione, pagamento in base a consumo de infrastruttura asciando sotto a responsabiità de utente a gestione de sistema operativo, de eventuae middeware e dea parte di runtime, otre che de appicazione stessa. Amazon EC2 è un esempio di servizio IaaS. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi

69 Patform as a Service (PaaS) erogazione di servizi appicativi di base come sistemi operativi, middeware, inguaggi, tecnoogie di base dati e ambiente runtime necessari per eseguire appicazione, L appicazione rimane unica cosa sotto a responsabiità de utente, otre aa definizione de modeo (e.g., numero e dimensione dei server, datacenter, caratteristiche de networking) da utiizzare per esecuzione de appicazione. Googe AppEngine è un esempio di Patform as a Service. A iveo PaaS viene anche coocato insieme dei servizi MaaS, Middeware as a Service. Sistemi Distribuiti, Univ. Firenze, Paoo Nesi