area B Italia con le Regioni Europa

Transcript

1 3525_dc pp 3-8:317_r :11 g Z l pt ch vrrà è u cr d ggrf pr b ctrut td b dtt tr grd mbt dll mtr: r ) gl trumt pr d bdll ggrf [dll u dll crt ll crttrtch fch trpch dl pt]; r B) l ggrf rgl [vl dr lugh dl md: ctt tt, prtr dll tl c l u g]; r ) tm prblm dl md [glblzzz, mgrz multculturltà, pplz d cm, qut mbtl, vlupp lcl, rgzzz gpltc dl pt,cfltt cr rgl]. l V 1 ct tutt l r l prm prt dll r B, rltv ll tl (trttt grl pr g) ll urp (prfl grl, urp, tt). l V 2 ct l cd prt dll r B, rltv ctt xtrurp (cmpr l z plr l dt cch) tutt l r. Vlum 1 Vlum 2 r B r B lugh dl md Gl trumt, mtd d rcrc pr d b dll ggrf lcu dfc l ggrf «cz d pgg». ch c è u pgg? v d u trrtr d u put d rvz. l pgg, pr tr, ct d u rvtr, d u gurd um. l pgg ct duqu l tur, m ch l um ch l bt l trfrm: ct mr trmt m ch l mz dgl um rcrd d lr vgg. l pgg è u prt, dll qul ccd ll rr dgl um, lr md d btrl, d trfrmrl d utlzzr l rr. r qut l pgg è ch l cctt ch uc pr d b dll ggrf. qut r, dp vr prtt l mtd l fltà dll ggrf, pg cm utlzzr l u trumt pù mprtt, l crt ggrfc, pr p trprdr l lttur l trprtz d pgg. ggrf rgl ct d ccr tutt l prt dl md prché l rgzz ctt tt, lr vlt dv rg fch, gpltch, culturl. ggrf dll r è qud qull d lugh dll rg dl md, c l lr pcfctà lr prblm, dvr l vrr dll mrflg, dl clm, r r r r m prblm dl md ggrf pr tm prblm prmtt d dgr l dm ggrfc dll mggr qut ch rgurd l prt l futur dll umtà: l glblzzz, l mgrz, l crct dll pplz, l multculturltà, l tbltà dll mbt, l t gpltch l ct pr l ctrll l fruttmt dll rr dl pt. r vlupp ttrvr u ttc trclr: dl glbl l lcl, cprd l rt d cllgmt ch lg dll cm, dll vrtà, dll pplz, dll cultur. ggrf rgl g rgr ttrvr ctu cmbmt d cl: cc prché g cptl prcd dl glbl l lcl, dl ctt ll u r rgl, dgl tt lugh pù gfctv. l vt dll um ull rr ll vcd d trrtr ch mlt dvr lt fr d lr. vlr l c tr ftt lugh è u d cmpt dll ggrf pr tm prblm. Qut mtd d tud rd cpvl ch r cttd dl md è u ttl rfc u bu prpt ductv, m l pr dll ctà d u gvr d prc cl glbl, ch l ctmp tutl vlrzz l tt dvr cttdz pprtz lcl dll cmutà um dl pt. Frd Kjrg (rvg). trumt dll ggrf gg dll tur gg dll um gg culturl Glblzzz grz multculturltà plz, cm, ctà mbt rr vlupp lcl Gpltc frc mrc tttrl mrc tr-mrdl c r plr dt cch l vlum 1 è l tlt d gtr: lcu tm prblm vg rpprtt c crt tmtch ch ftgrf l tuz dvr mmt trc, mtrd c mmdtzz l vluz l tmp d u dt tm (., l dmgrf, l v d cmucz, l frmz dll ttà pltch, l dffu dll rlg, l dtrbuz dll rcchzz, cc.). Fm lugh vg qud prtt prpttv trc. 5 tl r c m v Vt m ml-mg rgzzz gpltc dl pt tl tà 5 91 u cvltà ptrà r cdrt tl crchrà d prvlr ull ltr. (htm Gdh , ttr dll prtt vlt fdtr dl mdr tt dll d) 44 r r d G Z V FG 3 Gr B utrl Z V rr utrl trtch Frc B r d m l Krgul WG V Z l uckld (. Zl.) k rcl lr tr tc m prblm dl md l md è uddv crc duct tt (ttmt 194, fg. 1), lcu d dm pcclm, ltr c uprfc mlt vt. lcu tt ch z (vd dfz pg. gut), mlt ltr ggrgz d pù utà (gl tt t, d mp, u pubblc fdrl ch cmprd cqut tt). l p pltc trzl d u tt è l rultt d u r mlt mp d fttr, tr cu l t dl trrtr, l ttà dll pplz, l frz mltr, l frz cmc, l cpctà tclgc l rul culturl. ch l pz ggrfc h u mprtz trtgc, cì cm l dpbltà d rr turl. lvlt gl tt uc rgzzz vrzl ll qul trfrc u prt dll prpr vrtà: è l c dll rgzzz dll z t (), ch lg b 192 ; è l c dll urp () d umr rgzzz d tp cmc (G8, F, W), pltc-mltr () cl. tr trrtr: ggtt gpltc cr pltc mdl gpltc è l tud d rpprt d frz, d ptr, ch tt rgzzz vrzl rct crc d rctr ul prpr trrtr, ttrvr vr tm, u qull dgl ltr tt, lcu c rcrrd ch cfltt rmt. KB V rll m r d l trtc 9 V. u F H l Flkld l qutr 2476 m pp. bruzz r mt, mbrd 2487 m pp. mbr-rchg pp. bruzz zz d v c l G c pp. bruzz Vttr Grz uv Gu V mr Vl F lb Gv 276 mt lucch Br F r 2795 m B Y G pp. bruzz ll mbrd mbrd gl dd 2912 m l r tt. H Flpp 652 ZZ 45 pp. bruzz 41 c, z 461 m 45 m GHZZ (K) B. r dll F rt-lt dg, Vt vr lp ccdtl lp rtl d, cttà d Bhrmpur, mrz 21: trupp d ldt d pttugl l cttà ll rcrc d rbll lmc dl Khmr Gr V dg Gr rd zz Br mt, mbrd, ml-mg, Vt G V B 2 fum pù lugh d tl 12 k 5,9 46,4 F 4478 m t rdg mp 487 m 4637 m lp ccdtl 15 W ZB 3 rpc dl cr H BGKK G umtr r ch ZZ lp ccdtl lp ccdtl t rv Glf dl Bgl K V WZ V lut KY B (Y) r rbc 51,3 t Bc F l G W À 6 18 Y KY G 2 km 18 tt-z. Qut dfz rfrc u l cu trrtr è ccupt d u ppl ch cdvd u frt dttà cmu tt d ptr r cdrt z. tt-z b p u ltr tr pltr: l trrtr, l ptr ctrl u bu rgzzz ch lgh l trrtr l ptr ctrl. Qud tt z ccd l ppl vlupp u ttcclcu cctt chv r cmprdr mgl dvr rul rctt d ggtt g- mt mbl dll tt ch gvr crc d fvrr pr mglrr l c cl. c cì vlr dll ptr pltc è mprtt ccr lcu cctt chv. tt. È u ttà trrtrl cttut d tr lmt: u dl ptrttm. vrtà. È l utrtà (l gvr) ul trrtr. rct trrtr, u pplz ch v rd tblmt, l vrtà, rctt ttrvr truttur pltch mmtrtv g tt dpdt ttrvr l ptr lgltv (prlu pprt d lgg. «tt» trm trcm- mt), mmtrtv, gudzr mltr. rrtr. t tt z trrtr, cè z u bbl, mtr è bglt url cm m d «z». g tt h l cptl, ctr vrlgc dl, p cl- uprfc ggrfc u cu v rctt l vrtà u cu lct u r ctrl ch u vlt vlg l fuz d rd l pplz. l trrtr è u dgl lmt ch dvrfc d pù gl tt b d lmt cm l dmcur dll cm, dll mmtrz dll cultur. fdrz. tt fdrl è cttut dll ggrg-, l mrflg, l lclzzz lut. plz. pplz d u tt può r frtz d tt dpdt cmuqu gà utm prm dll fdz dll cfdrz. qut c gl tt mt mg, d è l c dll tt-z. pù frch uc dcd d dlgr prt d lr ptr u qutmt cf ttl pr ppl c crttrtch culturl cmu uc ppl c cultur dvr. È u cuv ttà trmt u ptt d fdrz. dffu, d mp, ll x r cll frc dv gl z. qut m dc l m d pr (ppl) ut dl d pprtz lmt vlr c- tt t dll x cl h mtut cf rbtrr dmu (d mp, l lgu, l rlg, vcd trch, trd- gt dgl urp. f. È u l vbl ft trmt ccrd ch z, cmpz tc) ch pr qut prm l vltà d pprtr u tt d dvtrl ( prl pr qu- pr trrtr vrtà dvr, gr dvdd u tt d zlm). V tt ch rcclg pplz d t d u ltr. V pt cm u p vrtcl, prché l zltà dvr: tlvlt qut vv md cdv, vrtà cmprd ch l pz r l ttul c l rcm pr l g t, cmpt d gl, czz gll ( r. cf vg trdzlmt dft gud l lqul crv, d mp, l prpr qudr zl d frmt d ptt fc cm ct mtu, fum, lgh; clc); tlvlt qut vv md frzt, mlt vlt vc tt ft trccd mplc l gmppl ch rclm l dpdz dll prpr z. - trch rtfcl. Frtr. l cf v cfu c l frtr, trm t, gg, mvmt dpdtt dl ppl curd, cr, bc plt (l rcc plt cm «- ch dc u r, vlt u rg mlt t, cmpr fr du tt, l cu ttvtà qulch md fluzt dll vcz z tt»). l mdll d tt ttul è l rultt dll dffu cl mdl dl mdll ttul urp ch td dfr l tt cm utà d ppl trrtr (tt-z), u mdll ch mpr h fuzt b l rt dl pt. 83 t YH BH B Z K ZBBW WHK BW lugh dl md rdg rvd l crt pltc dl md ctmpr può tr ch gl tt, c lr trrtr, ctu r l ctr dl tr md d rpprtr l md. KH.. G KH k r B tr G 9 frmz glgc rct cr vluz, l lp trutturt u tm d lt rlv ( tb. 1) vrt cc, c d u gr umr d vll, rtt d vt vr t d rd vr ud. B 1 mtg pù lt d tl 18,9 BGH GB BB. F G G GY B. d Brg H G Ó G 6 H FGH.... BJ GB (rl zgl mp, rdt dll pubblc tl, 21) mtg lp l pù lt ct mtu dll urp ccdtl, t tl, Frc, rcpt d c, vzzr, chtt, utr, ghr lv ( fg. 2 pg. 92). tl vv uddv tr ttr: lp ccdtl, lp trl lp rtl. prtr dl 25, b d ccrd trzl, è tt dttt l uv clfcz (crm d uddv rgrfc trzl fct dl tm lp) ch l dvd du grd prt, lp ccdtl lp rtl, cqu ttr (ud-ccdtl, rd-ccdtl, tr-rtl, rd-rtl ud-rtl). 223,5 G BK F B GY rpc dl prcr G Y ZB K KGHZ GK K. KW. BBH. Q BV 1 tr trrtr , ,6 rdg cl BK G G B Ã É Í G Q Z F (K2) c t tc G 'V. B BÍ Ú 3 tllr qutr l l trclr è mplc g d tt. È u vll d lbrtà, d u lbrtà cqutt d u ppl ch rcc ut, ch trv l u dttà prcp d frtllz, d uguglz, d gutz, vlr dll prpr tr dll prpr cvltà. lb BB G Br Br r Gu Frc. l G Z cl rdg V GB G-B V G GY G 18 h B 3 l pù t d tl B. Z. G. VZ BG B Q G. H B Q tll r d rb G Á l Glápg r r B H B G r V G qutr l Frc B. G hr cc. (rc.) K B Z. BG... d t r r..b. r G B Glf dl, zz dl mp, u mp d pgg urb trc tl. Qudr mbtl VZZ. F G G WHG b K Z K p 15 c rcl lr rt F. c BH V. À BZ B K V G G BB G H H rpc dl cr w 6. d Brt G.. B B..B. KV G. B... V. G GH.. H 3 G VG Brmud (..) l rcl lr rtc rrv 3 BGÁ tl l mtg rcpr l 35% dll uprfc, l cll l 42%; m cttuc l tur d pgg cdz l lclzzz dgl dmt dll ttvtà um, ltr ch l rlzzz dll frtruttur: d mp cllgmt trdl frrvr r pù ct tclgcmt pù cmpl dll ttrvrmt dll r mt. pur, dv cctr l mggr prt dll pplz dll ttvtà trpch, ccup pp l 23% dl trrtr, prt l ur d-vt, h t lmtt ( fg. 1). d Hu d brdr Québc d B 3 6 Grld B d Bff. W 1 tl fc tl è u mrflgcmt cmpl, c crc l 77% dl trrtr cprt d rlv. l l 23% è pggt tt g cmpltmt prv d pur (Vll d t, rt, lt dg, gur, mbr, rch, bruzz, l). 9 tr. B d Hud 12 r d Bufrt lk () 15 Brg 6. lut Gpltc dl md ttul K 18 tr. d 18 l Grd (37 km2) G (652 km) t Bc (487 m) Fum pù lug g pù grd B km2 cmpr l r mr (1% dl trrtr zl) Vtt pù lt Z km km r prttt km2 uprfc frtl t r. d v vt 6 32'52"; t 18 31'13" 12 km uprfc trrtrl t ct cu utà è ddct ll trttz cmplt d u rgmt pr mpr c u grd mmg ch trprt dl put d vt pgtc culturl ctut dl cptl. rd 47 5'29"; ud 35 47'5" gtud (d Grwch) t mm ttud (dll qutr) GH tlt d gtr tl c l g urp Gpltc dl md ttul tà 18 45

2 3525_dc pp 3-8:317_r :12 flu drtt dll r d mtg dll cmpg vr l cttà. Fr l 195 l 197, ltr ml d pr drtt dll g dl rd-t dl ud v r l g dl rd-vt m. dc uccv, grz u bu crct cmc, l r dll tl rd-rtl lr vlt d vtt mt d mmg rz, pr ttutt t rr, mtr l cttà pù grd h m d crcr vluppt pccl ctr, prttutt qull c u pplz cmpr tr 5 2 btt. pplz tl h u t d vcchmt mlt lt ( fg. 11): l 25% dgl tl h pù d6 (Frc l 21%, l 11%). Qut dt è dmtrt d du dctr dvr: l b tltà l lvt prz d vt. tl c md 9,5 bmb g mll btt ( Frc c 12,7, 12,1). cmp, l prz d vt, d 79 pr mch 84 pr l fmm, è tr l pù lt dl md ( Frc 77 84, 67 7). grd rcchzz l vlr ctfc dll pprt cgrfc (crt ggrfch ftgrf, m ch grfc crtgrmm) ct d vlrzzr u dgl ptt fdt dll dcpl: l rvz l trprtz dll mmg. mmgrz trr 9 dttà dffrz d trrtr tl: l ubrg tl è crttrzzt d u gr umr d ubrg, cè d trrtr ch h u frt dttà lgt crttr fc, trc, culturl tlvlt cmc. l rd trvm du tp prcpl d ubrg: qull ccdt c l vllt lp, d mp l Vll d u (mt), qull ccdt c r mrflgch trc-culturl, cm l Brz l mll (mbrd). ch l ctr l ud trvm vr ubrg dtfct dll utà mrflgc d tr trdz: d mp l ug l Vrl c, l lt l rp mp, l urg l lt ugl, l c d r l Vl d t cl. ch l rdg può r uddv ubrg tr, cm l Brbg, l mpd, l Gllur, l ulc l gudr. pplz l cmt uffcl dl 21 h ctt btt. l blc dmgrfc dl 21 ffrm ch tt d pc uprt 6 ml, c u gfctv mggrz fmml (qu 31 ml, ctr pc pù d 29 ml d mch) u dtà d crc 2 btt pr chlmtr qudrt. r l futur, l prv dll dc u pplz umrcmt bbtz tbl mdt crct, dvut prttutt flu mgrtr: l 221 prvt 61,7 ml d btt, umr ch, c l tdz ttul, mtrrbb p tbl lm f l 25. tl è u d c pù btt pù dmt pplt d urp, m l dtrbuz ggrfc dll pplz è trmmt rrglr cctrt ll r urb lclzzt ll pur lug l ct ( fg. 1). l cr dgl ultm 15 mvmt tr d pplz tt umrcmt rlvt crttrzzt d gurr pr l cqu rr pù ct ll gpltc d prm plcr l t. Qut mtg d rfut d pltc drvrbbr? Qut cqu rà dtrutt dll pltc buttt v? tt rtt dll pccl brcch, cddtt jl mdr (tmpl dll cqu), dv l cqu v ffrt d gl tt ctl d ccc. jl mdr rtr ll tc trdz d py, chch d cqu dpz d tutt ll r pubblch. trvv d frt u cfltt tr du cultur: qull ch vd l cqu cm qulc d cr, l cu qu dtrbuz rpprt u dvr pr prrvr l vt, qull ch l cdr u mrc rt l u p cmmrc du fdmtl drtt d mpr. cultur dll mrcfcz è gurr c l ppt cultur dl cdvdr, dl dr rcvr cqu cm d grtut. cultur tbl, rvbl qut dll pltc è gurr c l cvltà bt ul ul ul fg, c l cultur dl rvmt dll rct. mmgt u mlrd d d ch, bbdt l prtc dll ffrt dll cqu pr py, rcrr qull bttgl d pltc pr d V. hv, gurr dll cqu, Fltrll, 24, pp bttgl dll cqu d rt l d rt, dp r tt l ctr dll bttgl pr l ptrl, ptrbb dvtr u dll prm rg l ctr dll bttgl pr l cqu. l br, trtt dll tlt Gpltc dll rvt frc d dplmtqu, pg l rg d qut prv. r dl d rt l ctrll dll cqu è dvtt l fd prcpl d ffrtr, tt l grv mcc ch cmb ull qulbr tr ttvtà um fruttmt dll rr turl. [...] Bché ttrvrt d umr fum, l d rt è u z rd mrd. pprvvgmt drc è mpr lmtt, mtr l cum d cqu dpbltà pr cpt d cqu dlc dpd dl rpprt tr cqu dpbl umr d btt. ì, pr dmt pplt cm, d Bgldh, tt u bu dpbltà d cqu, l vulrbltà drc è lt, mtr gr prt rd m pc pplt, cm l utrl, h u dpbltà pr cpt pù lvt. 3 km Gt, Ggrf um, cgrw-hll, 27) 58 r G tutt l md ctr rurl rcducbl prcplmt tr tplg prcpl. 1) l vllgg llugt vllgg d trd, l c llt lug u v d cmucz. ll ft: u vllgg Québc (d). 2) l vllgg gglmrt, l c, rt z u p rgzztv, mmt prt d v trtt rrglr. ll ft: l vllgg d chthu (lz, l cf tr Frc Grm) l ctr d u trrtr cltvt cmp prt, cè dft d lmt d prprtà. 3) l vllgg rtd h l v dpt rggr tr u ctr, c l c dpt d ll; h gr u rg dfv, tlvlt bbt ll pz u u mmtà. ll ft: l cttà d lmv (d), c l crttrtc pt tll. 97 mmg tlltr dll ur d È rccbl l ctr l lc fluvl dl, cllttr prcpl dl bc drgrfc. 187 dmr rurl tl pgg rurl tl crttrzzt d dfc trdzl, lcu d qul ctrut tr l XV l XV cl, ch cmb m tplg cd dll r dl. Qut ctruz rg lt, ll tr dll prprtà rurl. l rd, prcplmt lt dg è dffu l m: è u btz rutc l rvz d u zd lv-ptrl fmlr. l m è dtt «chu» l d dvbl cm prprtà: l ttut dl «mgg rc» pr vd c h l zd vg rdtt pr tr dl prmgt. ll ur d l c rurl prd l m d cc c ( fg. 15). H p u ml mpt, Gud ll tud Qul l prcpl tplg d ctr rurl? h dffrt rgzzz cl d cmc prm vllgg cctrt rptt ll c pr? Qul tp d dmr rurl crttrzz l ur d? l tt prp mltplc cc pr mplr putulzzr l dcr ull rgmt trttt c l ggut d ctut gfctv: dr, lttur crtch, prtur trch, ftr ull ctmprtà, pg vul cd lluvl 15 c crt chu pd (c c t, mbrd) crt chu, c gl dfc dpt qudrltr tr u crtl cu ccd ttrvr u prt. ll z dl ud, dv è dffu l llvmt v, l c rurl è cttut dll mr, u qudrltr d dfc ctrut gr murtur. b u grd zd fdr, vlut cptltc. ll r c u prprtà fdr pù frzt trvm vc u mggrz d c crt prt, p cttut d u uc blcc. pgg dll um cd trrtz lug l vll ttr p l dmt um l cltur, prché pù cur mgl pt l l rptt l fdvll. ll ft: Brm, dr. ll pur lluvl gl lv fluvl frm curv dtt mdr. l mdr è l cguz d u prc d r u u rv dpt ull ltr grt dll crrt fluvl. 14 rurl d fg dl Fuj, ull ct ud-t dll cr pù rctmt, ch l pgg grr h ftt l u cmpr l cmt rmt, p utlzzt ll ctruz d uv tll c mtrl prfbbrct. Gl trumt, mtd d rcrc pr d b dll ggrf mdr tà 8 tà 5 ul lluvl ul frmt l cr d ml d dl uccdr d dpt fluvl chmt lluvl. tr ur d, d mp, è bu prt cprt d mtrl trprtt dptt d fum lp durt gl pd lluvl. ccm mtrl pù pt prm r dptt, ll prt lt dll ur d trvm ul pù ptr m frtl, mtr ll prt b trvm ul rgll lmcc, pù frtl. r lt b ur d td u fc trmd, ll qul l cqu ttrr ffr turlmt dl ttul ct d ftl rrgv. um h tut ct dll crttrtch d ul ctrud l mggr prt dll cttà, dll r dutrl, dll v d cmucz dgl rprt ll z m frtl, crvd l mggr prt dll b pur pr l ttvtà grcl. fc dlt fc è dlt, prm d rrvr mr l cr d cqu uddvd vr rm. ll ft: mmg tlltr dll fc dlt dl fum Vlg ch fc l r p. l bc vllv Gut l fdvll, gr, trrt cfluc u uc cr d cqu, l cllttr prcpl ch, l u prtt d cqu md (rgm drc) è rglr, prd l m d fum. l cr d cqu prcpl ch crr ll vll pù mprtt l qul cfluc rucll trrt prd l m d bc vllv. ll ft: Vltll, mbrd. fc tur l fum gtt mr mtd u uc rm, l fc dc tur. ll ft: l fc d tur dl fum d ll l d Wght (GB). Gl trumt, mtd d rcrc pr d b dll ggrf tà 2 21 pgg dll tur Z lk () V F VG. G.B. B G. B... V. Á GY Gu Frc. B 'V. cudr gl cll z Burud mr mb Bt. rguy F GY dgcr b. c. d. G mcrz lbrl ltr rgm lbrl-dmcrtc mcrz lbrl dbl trz dmcrtch r d ttultà urz utrl ccu.. rché è dffcl dfr md tt cf fc FG mr t wzld udfrc ruguy 1. pd ll gut dmd u mm d 8 rgh Z G H pu uv Gu Z V G V Z lw Zmb Zmbbw qutr G WZ b c Blv vlupp 2 BW ru g Brl rú Z V F F B Y Z ZBBW B GY lmb Gh. g B t c m Guy urm G K V KY B W ZB BV tm Vzul W G.. G H. B.. F G B (Y) V BGH GB G Ã É Í GB G Q B B Ú BH Y k t V Ht p. mc Gmc crgu má GK Z Bhm ub g Blz c VZ B F GH G B Fld tt. t. t. Bl.. KGHZ G G.B. Bl. Grm. l... l. cr u. Kzkt gl... l. Frc v. l.r. Gr. r rb zr. zbk. B.. d. rd Krghzt tl ur urch Gpp km r gkt. rm. lb Grc d. ud fgh. pr r u cd. b rq rl r p lgr Grd. l Bhut Kuw. rb Bh. b Bgldh w gtt Qtr... udt d m urt l Brm gr gl rt (ymr) hl. r Ym Gu Burk. mb. Gu-bu ud Gbut gr d Flpp rr t p. ml Bru tp 'v. r k tr. br gd ldv ly Gb Ky ã mé rícp gpr d ud Gu qutrl p. m. G V GB BK G-B F G vz g t G rtgll pg hr cc. (rc.) K FGH. KW. BH. B Q... rvg ld G H BZ H V G V G G B hr cc. (rc.) B K. B Q G. u Gutml l lvdr Hdur B Grld (.) Z G.. Z. H G G. K V G BB BB G BG BH rld G B. Z.. BG.. B. G B tt t K Z K. G d GH. F VZZ... K V F t cm l r dv l dc d vlupp m è pù b ccd frqutmt c dmcrtc c l rg cvlt cfltt gurr cvl. ( dc cmb rddt, truz prz d vt.) rcc 45 km th. l rgt dc d vlupp m dll z t cmb dt rltv rddt, lfbtzzz prz d vt ll ct. z ll dc d vlupp m: b r r l 1997 l 21 l è tt cvlt : f. Z XX g. gurr c ltr tt gurr cvl trvt ll gurr cvl d u ltr tt mcz d dt gurr d dpdz m prblm dl md uv Zld Gurr lt md 42 r l bc d dz ll uct dll vll l fum llrg u r chmt bc d dz, ch td f ll fc, l put l qul l fum fc mr u lg., cu dll rduz dll vlctà d trprt, l fum mtt l u z rv z l u z d dpt («dz» gfc pput dpt ccumul). Bu prt dl ul dll pur è tt frmt d dpt lluvl d fum. ll uct dll vll qut dpt lluvl p mlt vdt frm d c vtgl, tt d prdr l m d cd d dz. Grld (.) 2 3 trrzz fluvl Gpltc dl md ttul ll z dl XX cl l trz glbl vr tm pltc dmcrtc è cr mlt lt dll r cmput. rtt d gvr dmcrtc gg dffu qu tutt l mrc, urp ctr-ccdtl c. pcc gvr dmcrtc d d Gpp, mtr l u trv u cmpl f d trz ll qul dmcrz utrtrm cr dl tutt prt. V p dvr tt, dll frc ctr-tttrl f ll, ch frm dvr h l ptr gvr lgttmt dmcrtcmt. mggr prt d cfltt ttv l md cvlg dmcrtc, grl l dmcrz mbr grtr mur mggr l lbrtà, l drtt l pc. mcz d lbrtà dmcrtc ccd c l mggrz dll tuz cu vrfc gurr cvl, u rch dffu ch trz. cu ch prt cfltt cmuqu mlt dvrfct lclmt. r d v curmt dt rlt ll pvrtà, c tutt l u cguz: dutrz mlutrz, mcz d tz tr dffu dll mltt, mcz d truz, mcz d rvz cl. dc d vlupp m può qud dvtr u bu dctr dll r cu vrfc p vrfcr cfltt. p l 11 ttmbr 21 (tttt ll rr Gmll d w Yrk) è umtt l mpg mltr d mlt ctr l trrrm trzl, ch ttrvr trvt drtt r gpltcmt tbl. gvr dmcrtc, ftt, pd cfr mlt lt pr gl rmmt pr l rct km l bc d rcclt Grlmt dll ptt vtgl, prt dll l prtcqu cmprd l cqu uprfcl, rucll trrt ch cd d vrt dll vll. prtr dll l prtcqu, ftt, u ftt rt d rucll cv pccl lch dv cl l cqu, ch p r d rg mtrc (pgg, v, grd) rgv (dll rgt grg l cqu mtrc, fltrt dl trr, ch p crr ttrr pr mlt chlmtr). cdd vr vll rucll cfluc, frmd trrt, ch crr vlcmt u vrt mt. 13 l vllgg frc z: vdut r d u vllgg trbl; vdz l pz ctrl, f prtttv, dl rct c l btm. 11 plg d ctr rurl, l fum rrv ccupr u r mlt pù vt, ch prd l m d ltt fluvl mggr. Qut r p cltvt, prché mlt frtl, m dv rv ctrut dfc, prché l dz p trr ccupr l tr ltt fluvl mggr ch dtz d dc d. l fum crr pù b dll pur crctt, cò gfc ch l tmp h cvt lrmt l pur, crd d lch ct. Qut fm d r chmt frr cy. vc l fum h ltrt prd d r prd d dpt, l pur cd vr l lv dl fum frmd grd pccl crpt, chmt trrzz fluvl. F F 5 13 rmd dll tà dll pplz trr tl tl 12 rctt l trm rctt drv dl lt rcptum, rcvr rfug, dc u lug prttt d mur frtfcz, l ctr dl vllgg rurl, dv l cmutà crvv l crt lmtr pù prz. ll ft: l rctt d dl (Bll) lugh dl md m prblm dl md zm r B tlt dl md ctmpr 186 GF rprtz dugul vulrbl dl put d vt drc «cum d cqu umt c l crct dll pplz, l mglrmt dl tr d vt, l p dll grcltur rrgu, l vlupp dll dutr. u umr crct d r dl md mlt dll qul l cqu gà crgg l rr lmtt d cqu dlc rpprt u grv vcl pr l vlupp tbl, mpd clt dffcl pr qut ccr l llcz dll cqu tr utt cmptz fr lr». (: J.. Fllm,. Gt, J. Gud ll tud Qul cttà tt d dl prlmt tl? v è mggr l dtà dll pplz tl? Qul ppl cultur trr h lct trcc trch culturl l trrtr tl? Qul è l cmutà trr pù umr tl? 1 1 rt dll dtà dll pplz tl pplz tl è ddt ll r d pur lug l ct, dv trv mggr gglmrt urb (l, Vt ctrl, V ml, m, pl). t cm l r d mr dtà ccd qu cmpltmt c l r d mtg dll lp, dgl pp dll l. utrc, fc d cmt d, ccup d clg cl drg d l ctr pr l cz, tclg pltc dll rr turl. qut br mtt vdz cm ltr ll gurr cmbttut c l rm, l ct pr l cqu t grd u cfltt pù ttl tr dvr md d pr ll gt d qut rr: b d tutt mrc d vdr d cu rcvr gudg. l 1995 ml rgld, vcprdt dll Bc dl, fc u prv ull gurr dl futur ch h vut grd rz: «l gurr dl Vtm cl tt cmbttut pr l ptrl, qull dl Vtum vr cm ggtt dl ctdr l cqu». lt gl f pr ch rgld bb rg. [...] gurr dll cqu u vtultà futur: m gà crcdt, ch mpr mmdtmt rccbl cm tl. [...] ctr tr dvr cultur dll cqu è u fm cmu tutt l ctà. ctmt, mtr r vgg pr Jpur, l cptl dl jth, ll d ccdtl, h tt prm pr ll ctr tr qut du cultur. ul tr d lhy Jpur rvv cqu bttgl d mrc quf, u prdtt dll p. r l v d Jpur l cultur dll cqu r u ltr. prd d mggr cctà r-? Ggrf d vdr 1. Vd hv: l gurr dll cqu d dll cr dpbltà d cqu r B c rurl: tp mtrl Gl dmt frm, l fuz mtrl dll c dc mlt c frm d vllgg ull cultur cu pprtg. lcu tp h rg tchm. c d mtg l. ll z dl 2 g l trr uffclmt rdt frm dll dmt rurl lgt md c qul gl um h rgzzt l u dll trr. btt può è bt ull dpbltà d mtrl lcl, prcplmt tl r u ml trctml. c dp trr cctrt, ll frm d u vllgg, ppur pr. lg ptr, qut pt l trprt r mt plct: tr ml vctml, l 6% dll pplz ( l md ctd, l c pr h l vtgg d - d mtrl r mlt dffclt ct. rgll mptt l c l md dll urp). r pù vc cmp cltvt, c mlt mprtt pr l c pgl è utlzzt vr rg dl md: cmutà trr pù umr è qull rum, ch grd prprtà fdr, prttutt cl ch prcd urch, m c h rmd. ll r g c dl upr gl ttctml rdt, gut dll cmutà lbl mcczzz dll grcltur. Fuj crv grd ctruz rurl ch ct l d qull mrcch. ctr rurl ( fg. 11) vc rt c u fuz pgg vg tudt d tutt l md ( fg. 14). l lvll ggrfc qu du trz dgl mmgrt trr prtttv dfv: lcu c l prt ctrl pù cur trtv ll trr mptt c l pgl è dt dll tclcctr ll g dl rd, prtclr mbrddll btt r dbt gr cllttv, dv tutt l fmgl g dl mtt, vtt ll rg rd dl d rvt. l ctr umr prttutt l z, grz dptv l prpr drrt lmtr l mt ( fg. 12). t vrd l fg tmp d lg dv l lc ccr 12 cdz pplz trr ll ttrz rctt d m ( fg. 12). ch l vllgg frc, tlvlt, l prt ctrl è qull ch l l. ù rct è l vz dl mtt ctt frc, l put d vt dll dtrbuz dgl trr l tl ppr dv du. Gl rrv d mdpr trr h vut u mptt ccutdc l rr pù mprtt dll cmutà, gl - ch è dvtt l mtrl gg pù ut dlz tutt l trr trv mggr cctrz tutt l ctr-rd prtclr cmc ptv, m h ch grt cmpl prc ml llvt ( fg. 13). md. d tgrz, c prblm d tp cl d tp - ll r pù vluppt dll mbrd, dl Vt, dl Frul-Vz Gul, dll ml-mg, dll c, dll mbr dll rch. tr gl rrv vtzl. m vdz l prmd dll tà ( fg. 13), v è u tt vg prvlz l ud (cl ugl) Frul-Vz Gul, l dtrdffrz tr l cmpz dll pplz trr tl- buz trrtrl gu l lgc dll mggr ffrt d lvr.. cmpt trr è prvlz gv, tà lvrtv, c u fc crct d bmb pp t (-4 ) h c Z Z dmtr l prgrv tblzzz dll mgrz. cmp t tl h l fc pù mp prtr d trt f gl t tt, g dl prgrv vcchmt dll pplz trfrmz multculturl multtc dll ctà tl cvlg gg md prtclr l cul, dv l umr d lu trr è ctt umt grz rc gugmt fmlr gl mmgrt d cd grz h rgtrt u umt tvl ll rc r l futur, l cqu ptrbb rrvr - md l prctul d pplz ch d vt, c l urbzzz (l rg- d rt dll u tttrl, ch h cc ll cqu ptbl è cmpr tr l è pt d du cttà c ltr u ml h bbdz, ttrvr grd cqu- 1 l 5%. lcu r, tl cfr rrv l d btt l 197 b 15 cttà l 22) dtt, dvtd u rr d prtr pù 6-7%. r gl tt pù vtggt v l fght l tp, dv l cqu ptbl l vlupp dll uprfc rrgu (ch r- prz dll t ptrl. rggug m dl 2% dll pplz. b ltr tr qurt dll rr drch). cu d qut tuz, tm ch g umr dl d rt 3. rprtz dugul gà gg tt l gl d pur drc, t- dpbltà d cqu dlc è lgt cqu ml d pr mu pr mt 1 mtr cub d cqu pr cpt prm lug fttr turl, cu dl mltt lgt ll cqu: dc vlt d pù d ll ; lcu trv ddrttur tt clm dll pvtà. t p l qull ch mu cfltt. prblm lgt ll cqu cr 5 mtr cub. Frt dll m d ptr- dtà d pplz l prz d dllr, dl Glf h ptut rcr- grd ctr urb. ì, lggd l cr- pù prccupt cdr ch rr prgtt d dlzzz pr tt- t, t cm l dpbltà d cqu prm dc l umt dll tmprpr cpt mggr ll rg pù tur md dll tmfr, cguz dlr cqu ptbl grd quttà [...]. rl, lt Grd l t- pv, cm qull qutrl, qul- l fftt rr, ptrbb mdfcr drtc pr l p dll cqu umt d - l m btt, cm l d l utr- mt l cdz clmtch d gr prttà. [...]. Grd, pr ucr dll trt- l. r d mggr pur qul- t dll uprfc trrtr. t dll pur drc, l utrtà put u l rd qull c l dtà d ppldu frtruttur trtgch: l ctruz z pù lvt: l d rt, l frc dll dg dll tà ul fum Yrmuk, fft- (ghrb, hl, frc rtl mrtut cprz c l r qu dl) l rd dll (cmpr cmpltt, prttutt l fruttmt ch). umt dll pplz mdl, dll fld frtc d, l cf udt. l prgtt drulc pù mbz ddc vlt pù umr d 15 f, h tutt l d rt è l Grd prgt- ggrvt d mlt l tuz. ttà ch t tlc (G) l ud-t dll urch. u tmp r pccl brgh, gg ctrmt 22 dgh, put d rrgr 1,7 ml d btt ctu crcml d ttr, prdurr lttrctà. l r rpdmt m dll r l cu cqu cfluc u uc fum, chmt prgtt, vvt mtà dgl ttt, cllttr prcpl, cttuc l bc drgrfc bc fluvl. 4. cc ll cqu dv ccludr ll rc d crc trt -d mp, l bc fluvl ptbl dl cmprd ch tutt gl fflut ch dll lp d gtt l cr d cqu prcpl. dprtà ggrfc ll cc ll cqu cf dl bc drgrfc l ct mm prvt è d 3 mlrdgl pp l l d crt mtg, ch pr qut chmt l prtcqu. ptbl è lgt dll ll dugul rprtz d dllr. frtruttur gà tt c-gr l truttur d u bc turl dll rr drchfluvl llttrvr cttv g-u prcr pr mmg.... trut pr ltr l mtà, uctd vv t-vdm t dll rr. ttt, c l 4% c l r. fum d tlt d d dplmtqu/ prt dlldl pplz mdl, trv gg prt dv crr rmlmt fum l mft, dz 25, pg. 121 tt d pur. qul cqu tutt ldlud dlè chmt ltt lv. urt l p- umt dll pplz mdl h r l cqu u b mpr pù prz, pr l qul p ctr vr prpr cfltt. prprtà dll cqu (fum, rgt cc.) è gg u fttr trtgc pr l vlupp dgl tt l br d ppl, d è ch u grd bu d cu l mpr multzl t ttd d mpr. cd mlt pltlg, l ctrll dll cqu rà u dll prcpl cu d cfltt futur. Qul prblm cut gg 11 dc d vcch mggr prz d z è u dt ufrm: dll crt t ch è pù vdt l ctr-rd, prtclr gur, mt, Frul-Vz Gul, c, ml-mg, mbr rch. p l mggr cdz ccd c l r d mtg qull cmcmt pù mrgl. l rd f ccz l lt dg m prt dl rt dll ur d-vt. l ud l pplz gv è mdmt pù umr, prtclr ugl mp. tl è tt lug, prttutt tr f ttct prm du dc dl vct, u d mgrt. ltr 15 ml d tl prtt vr dll urp ctrl, vr gl tt t vr l mrc rdl. gg tm ch gl tl rdt ll tr ltr tr ml mzz. prtr dgl ttt dl vct l tl è prgrvmt dvtt u d rrv d mgrz trz- 96 g V h. 2 km. l. m. Gpltc dl md ttul tà gpltc tr urp? h c gfc l tpm Ftrr qul lugh d urp rtrv? qul r td l pù grd pur urp? qul bttv c qul trtg l urp ffrt l grd vrtà d ppl cultur dl ctt? pg l qut d lclm urp prtclr ttrvr l c dl g t. m è pclzzt l grcltur ll urp ctrccdtl? Qul l prcpl tplg crttrtch d pgg urp? h c h cmbt g l c crd d c hg dl 1985? h rul h l Bc trl urp? h c è ch rul h l mm urp? h bttv h l pltch trrtrl dll urp? m pg gg u, vzzr urch ll rlz c l urp? pg l ttul rul gpltc dll u u rpprt c gl ltr urp. d tutt m mbr ch vd pr l mgl. ruct d rrm ll uv rltà, d dttrm d u cdc culturl dffrt cì crr d lgm c l ctà ch m pt. cpvl d r trr, m m t frr é uprr u, l dvr. crd pr ch l ccz, l cllbrz l cmpr p prmuvr u cvl cvvz tr trdz cultur dffrt. p... rbb dvvr mt l vt tutt fm ugul. BZ 8. tlzzd t lct p. 169 mtr d rcrc, rlz-. crv u vlt frmtv d u pg ull urp rvlt tudt trr. mmg d pgr ch c è l, ch c l dffrz d gl tt ch l cmpg, qul l u ttuz lr rul, qul u bttv cmc, pltc cl. b. h tr u f l vlupp d u mdll culturl urp ch vlrzz l c vvz tr l tt dvr dttà cultur urp. p u br v tt dcrttv, d 3 rgh l mm, l crttrtch d qut mdll dcutd l fttbltà rptt ll dffcltà dvut ll mlt dvrtà culturl lclm. d «mbt ctà rrtr», vt dll cz tl gt d Ggrf,. 5/26 r rpd ll dmd. GGF 7. tlzz l trcc gut pr lbrr d tt. rgzz cm è ruct rr l ctt tl? p dll u prz? Qul tu ttggmt vr mgrt? z l gut ttvtà trt.. rc ttrvr trt, utlzzd u mtr d rcrc, frmz ull prcpl cuc urp rlzz u ccu u brv chd dv dch prdtt tpc ch l crttrzz lcu ptt ch l rpprt (d mp, l cuc tl vrà tr u prdtt l pt, l pmdr, l l d l v, l r b rmtch, frmgg tr l rctt l pzz, l rtt, l ptcutt cc.). 4. tlzzd l crt dt tttc dpbl ll tà, vlg l ttvtà ch gu.. mprd dt tttc, trv gl lmt ch prt pù ufrmtà dvr urp qull pr qul rctr l mggr dmgtà. b. frt l vz l Grc dl put d vt dll mbt, dll cm dll pplz utlzzd l crt, tt dt tttc tu dpz. rv crvr u brv dcrz cmprtv. c. crv l grdutr d urp b ll dtà d pplz. dt tu dpz, rcclt ll tà ll p2. truc u mpp ccttul ch rum prcpl 5. pdc tttc ll pp , ctruc grfc mbt d z dll urp gl bttv dll u pltch. 3. gg l br ch t prpm. trtt dll ttmz d u gv rum ch vv tud tl. prt fl d ccu utà è ddct gl trumt pr l tud: l «Grdgl» ffr u glr d t c mpp d ctut rut pr dmd, m uggrmt d lbr, flm put pr pprfdmt u trt. «pz d lvr» ct gl rcz pr l vrfc m ch l trcc pr vlgr utmmt d prt dgl tudt u rcrc («crcz») «mm pr l trd d Vrcll d tt tt t prlr l m lgu. d, rm, m mbr rml, m m rcrd ch, pp rrvt, m vltv ctt rrdt pr vdr ch f qull gt: l «m gt». rum. u rgzz trr, cm tutt gl trr, vv lt dll m c, dll m cultur, dll pr cr. è fftt fcl, vlt m p.llr prché vut qu? f rrvt tl, gud m mdr. l prché l h ftt? rché prv u vt mglr, prv d trvr qull ch l mcv ptr: lvr, ld, pprtutà, uv rzzt prclu ptr ch dp l cdut d ucu [cl ucu ( ), ldr cmut dll m dl 1965 l gut u clp d tt, fu dpt gutzt]. gr prt l bbm trvt. l ctt dll mz grz, rpprt u d c frtut. Vd ll vrtà, trv b, ch è tt mplc mprr d l pd ll gut dmd u mm d 1dv rghmcu lgu trr, pr m cmpltmt uv. cu. crd prttutt l tmr d rucr frcl.. Qul l crttrtch dll cttà urp? tgrrm. Z V 1. b. Qul g ch crttrzz l cttà lmc trdzl? B lugh dl md 17 r c. td pr gtrfct? qul rltà urb vrfc qut prc? d. Qul cltur crttrzz l pgg rurl mdtrpl l u glf r?. Qul l crttrtch dll grcltur d trz grz? f. u trrtr rurl crttrzzt d u grcltur d tp cmmrcl, ch tp d pgg t ptt d ctrr? g. Qul mtrl crttrzz l c rurl trdzl? gut.. b dt ul pr cpt, ctruc u grfc c l vlr d tr tt pù rcch d tr tt pù pvr. b. truc u tbll u tgrmm mttd rd dll urp b l pr cpt. rv p crvr u brv ddcl cu rv dv trv gr pù rcch dv qull pù pvr, ttd brv d ccr ll cu d qut dffrz. c. truc u tgrmm c dt dll prz d vt (mch fmm) cmprd, tl, vzzr, u urch. 6. dt tu dpz ll tà, cmplt cm dct l crt mut.. truc l crt dll dtà d pplz, utlzzd tltà d clr dvr pr dcr l dvr dtà. b. tlzz l crt mut pr dtgur vr grd d prtcggf pz d ll urp. c bc rgzz vgg. drt, p u dvr fumtur d u clr pr dltch tvtrt ddct v gg. u trvr tgur fdtr dll, qull h drturtch frmz pr vggtr. t gut, qull ch f prtgz ch dll z ur. cgl u r ggrfc xtrurp f u rcrc pr rgzzr u vgg. ll f, prpr u prtz/gud d du tr pg pr prtcpt l vgg. v dcr l mt dl vgg l trr, l vgg prvd ptmt. frmz grl ull tt ull lcltà tcct dl vgg. dcrz dl pgg turl trpc ch ptr rvr durt l vgg. prcpl ttrttv culturl mbtl. tmp ct prvt crv u ccu d gut tm u brv tt d 12 rgh l mm.. Qul cguz ptv gtv t prducd ull vt um l prc d urbzzz? b. qul ztv ptrbbr mglrr l cdz d vt ll prfr urb pù dgrdt? c. ttrvr qul g dl pgg può rccr l fuz prmt d u cttà? F dgl mp c cttà ch cc. 4. rcc pr u tt. lbr u brv tt rgmttv ul tm prpt. pplz urb è crct ctt tutt l pt. pù pvr qut p ccd c l frmz d brccpl vt qurtr btt dll fc pù dbl dll pplz. pg l cu d qut fm f dll pt ull u vluz futur. 5. rv l mmg d qut pg vlg l ttvtà. 64 Qul lmt crttrzz l mmg c l pgg urb? Qul lmt crttrzz l mmg c l pgg rurl? ggug u trm ch ut dtfcr mgl l du mmg (pr mp, tt l ptt dll mrflg, dll tplg dll fuz). r Gl trumt, mtd d rcrc pr d b dll ggrf mpg fr rml mpb (l) 6. lzz rcrv l br. «l md d vdr l lp l 16» d rc m (dl lbr uv vt dll lp). l 1673 l vggtr gl Jh vly crv: «tur h pzzt tutt l mmdz dll rr ll lp, ll cp d pr d r pulr l p ur dl l mbrd». c ì prm l tlg hm Burt: «rr, l cdrm l u cmpl, è u m bll rdt, m u m cfu d prt ccumult ll rfu, z bdr ll bllzz ll mmtr [...]. mtg ch c rv? ptr pprmr, c prdrbb l tur u p utl?». utl qutt du ctt pù dffu pr mt ghcc. trtp dur mrr: l gugl fum d ghcc [...] vg cdrt pr tutt l ttct mtg mudt, lugh mldtt, cm ttt l d uur u fm Vyg. r qu tr cl ghcc ghtt pcl l c, uccd ptr ctd, mcc l prvvvz d vllgg c fr, vlgh lluv. rt vll l pur dll cm. lzz. qut br, l utr rcct l md cu l lp r cdrt dcrtt tr ttct. m m u dgl utr ctt rt ch l mtg ptrbbr pprmr? è mlt dffrz tr l md c cu llp r cdrt l ttct qull ctmpr? F dll pt pr crcr d pgr cm m l mmg dll lp r cì gtv. crv. ull b dll tu ccz, crv u tt ull mp d m cu pgh cm l lp vt cdrt gg dll mggrz dll pr urp 8. vlg l rcrc rc c trt l mmg d quttr fr l prcpl cttà dl md, clt u urp, u, u mrc u frc, cmprl rvd lg dffrz fr dvr pgg urb. z BÀ 2. c l tu trrtr?. rv dcr vr l t dv rg l tu cttà, dvdud pù vdt lgm t r l fr m dll dmt l pt urb. b. Qul fuz dffrz l ctr dll tu cttà dll u prfr? mp d t d cu pu cmcr l rcrc: tudr l pz urb ttrvr l cttà dgtl prpt prtv d qut cptl rgurd l l d t wb dll ubblch mmtrz ch gvr l cttà cu trv l vtr ttut cltc. cp dll rcrc è mprr utlzzr qut t cm ft pr l tud ggrfc dll pz urb. t dll mmtrz dtt «cttà dgtl» vg t cm u pz cllttv d frmz d c fr cttd, l mmtrz l cz ch pr ul trrtr. V vtm utlzzr l chm prtv dct d gut pplcdl t dl mu, dll rvc dll g cu v trvt. l t dll cttà è qull fdmtl,m p t d rvc g clud frmz trt, cm mmg dt tttc.r g dmd rumt l frmz pù mprtt trvt ul t plrt. rm prt: l mmg dl trrtr 1. dpbl crt ggrfch pt urb? qul tp d frmz? 2. dpbl ftgrf d lugh c cu è pbl dcrvr l pgg urb lm u lmt prcpl? 3. dpbl mmg r tlltr? Qul lmt dl pgg prmtt d rvr? cd prt: l frmz ttul dt tttc 1. dpbl dt tttc ul trrtr? u qul rgmt? 2. dpbl frmz ugl ptt culturl (tr, rt, rchtttur) ull ttvtà lgt l turm? 3. dpbl frmz ull cz ch pr ll cttà u md d ctttrl? 4. dpbl tz ugl ptt cl, c pbltà d prmr cmmt rvz? rz prt: l fuz 1. l t è lggbl (ch przlmt) ltr lgu? Qul? 2. trv tz ch rgurd l ttvtà d vr rt (d mp prt, turm, truz)? 3. tz ugl vt mprtt ch rgurd t pr rgurdr l trrtr? 4. trttvtà: p vlgr dll prtch -l (cm pgr l t, l mult, chdr crtfct), ctttr pr uffc pr pt lttrc, prmr p ttrvr frum d dcu? 5. ul t trv z c rgmt pt pr gv lvrtr? t fl 1. rv crvr u brv tt dcrttv ull tu cttà bdt ucmt ull frmz trvt ttrvr t dll ubblch mmtrz. 2. prm u tu p ull qultà dl t: l frmz uffct chr? 3. crv c l cl u lttr (mgl ltrt pr pt lttrc) l dc ch gtc l t wb cttd, pgd l rcrc vlt prg dftt ctrt, uggrd cmbmt ch p rdr l t pù rcc pù utl pr l tud dl trrtr ll cul. pgg dll um tà 3 65 tà tà 3 59

3 B GH ctt xtrurp À 7 mc d mbt cultur 174 Qudr mbtl 175 Qudr cl culturl 178 l uv ctr dl md? 181 Qudr cmc 181 Qudr gpltc 182 l d rt: u rg utr? 183 cfltt 184 qut dl bt «l c w» 19 dg dll r Gl 191 GGF GG è vc? 191 d 193 Fum cultur 193 l Gpp 195 g 195 Gl ltr tt tc 197 ccdtl 197 ctrl 199 mrdl rtl 2 GG 22 Z V 24 À 9 mrc tttrl gg mrc 236 Qudr mbtl 236 Qudr cl culturl 239 GGF GG gl: l mmgr cllttv dl dtr 243 ctt d du fdrz 244 Qudr cmc 244 Qudr gpltc 245 GGF GG f dll vulrbltà. trtg mrc u lmt 246 Gl tt t 247 l mt dl Wt (vt) mrc 249 l d 252 uvut, l trr dgl ut 254 Grld 255 GG 256 Z V 258 À 8 frc l ctt pù tc 26 Qudr mbtl 26 Qudr cl culturl 21 muc l rt frc 213 GGF GG lm, frz ufctrc 214 ttul rcc pr cm pvr 215 Qudr cmc 215 Qudr gpltc 217 gtt 22 gr 222 GGF GG tt ll frc ubhr, rdtà ggrfc dl cllm 223 l udfrc 224 Gl ltr tt frc 226 frc tttrl l hl 226 frc ctr-ccdtl 228 frc ctr-rtl 229 frc mrdl 231 GG 232 Z V 234 À 1 mrc tr-mrdl gg turl pgg mdllt dll mgrz 26 Qudr mbtl 26 Qudr cl culturl 264 ctt gt dll dtz 266 Qudr cmc 266 Qudr gpltc 268 trd pmrc 269 l c 27 l Brl 272 l ppl dll «fvl» 272 rgt 274 GGF GG étg cbtz: l cuc crl 276 Gl ltr tt dll mrc tr-mrdl 277 mrc trl 277 crbc 278 mrc rdl 279 GG 28 Z V 282 dc V

4 À 11 c ctt d l 284 Qudr mbtl 284 Qudr cl culturl 287 cm rcch l ud dl md 288 Qudr cmc gpltc 288 utrl 29 Gl brg utrl l v d ct 292 Gl ltr tt dll c 294 uv Zld 294 l 294 cr l 295 GG 296 Z V 297 À 12 r plr l dt cch r plr 298 rtd: u l d ghcc 298 trtd: l ctt bc 299 GGF GG crt d tr chlmtr rvl l clm dgl ultm 74 3 dt cch 31 pt cqutc 31 GGF GG tum dl 24. lvr c l ggrf 33 B À 13 btr l rr ll pc dll glblzzz h c è l glblzzz 36 rct vlczzz d flu 36 lbrm mvmt glbl? 38 GGF GG gr l dttà trrtr 39 GGF V prcpl ptt dll glblzzz 31 glblzzz dll cm 312 cmbmt l md dl lvr 315 GGF V fftt dll glblzzz ttr dll cm 316 Gl fftt dll glblzzz pvr 317 ctà dll frmz: prtcpt d clu 317 t mtrl mmtrl 319 l ttr ch crc d pù: l turm 322 l lt cur dll glblzzz 324 cclgg, mf, prd fcl 324 l prblm dl dbt tr 326 Gl bttv dl mll pr l umtà glblzzt 328 lut, mltt cur l md glbl 328 GGF GG ctd trtl: u tr d du md 329, r, vr, ucc pzz 33 GG 332 Z V 334 À 14 grz multculturltà mbltà dll pplz 336 tplg dll mgrz 336 mgrz ll tr 339 mgrr ll pc dll glblzzz 34 GGF V grz frzt: fllt rfugt 342 tl l mgrz 344 ultculturltà tgrz 346 g dll mmgrz l pgg 347 ttdz tgrz 348 gu, rlg, cultur, dttà 35 GG 356 Z V 358 À 15 futur tbl: pplz, cm, ctà rr h trpp btt trpp l u ml? 36 dm dll tbltà 36 crct l dtrbuz dll pplz ull rr 362 v dll rcchzz l v dll pvrtà 365 V dc

5 cc crt: l qut dll lmtz 368 l mcrcrdt 369 truz lfbtm l md 371 qut d drtt dll d 371 GGF GG l gr pr fmr l md c è m v ut pr llvr btm 373 GG 374 Z V 376 À 16 futur tbl: mbt rr qut dll tbltà mbtl 378 ll vlupp ll vlupp tbl 378 l dbt mbtl l clcl dll mprt clgc 379 prblm mbtl 38 rr: dtrbuz ccbltà 384 m ttur l ptrl? 385 Btclg bdvrtà 388 qut d rfut 388 pltch pr l mbt 39 GG 392 Z V 394 À 17 vlupp lcl l tm-md vlupp lcl 396 è l vlupp lcl 396 Gl «ttr» dll vlupp lcl 397 vlupp lcl tbl 398 lm vlupp dl trrtr 398 trtg trrtrl dll mpr 399 l tm-md l cm 4 mdll dl tm-md 4 Glblzzz vlupp lcl 41 À 18 Gpltc dl md ttul rgzzz gpltc dl pt 44 tr trrtr: ggtt gpltc 44 prcpl rgzzz vrzl 46 l rul dll z t cfltt 46 Qul l ptz mdl? 48 Gl l ldr dl md? 48 v prmgg gl tt t 48 crct dll f pur? 41 tl l ctt trzl 412 fltt cr rgl 414 u crttrtch d cfltt ctmpr 414 tm pltc cfltt l md 416 cf «chu» l md 418 r d gurr l md 421 mpgr pr l pc: l G 424 urp l ltt l trrrm 424 GGF GG fuz dll ggrf cd l z t 425 gurr pr l cqu 426 GG 428 Z V 43 t ugl tt 432 tlt 444 dc d m ggrfc 456 GG 41 Z V 42 dc V