Coscienza. fatti idee dialoghi. Il grande dono del Concilio. 5-6/2012 Gaudet Mater Ecclesia. Bimestrale del Movimento ecclesiale di impegno culturale

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1 Bmtrl dl Mvmt ll d mpg ulturl ftt d dlgh A 64 Numr - Sttmbr-Dmbr - U p 8 ur - Pt Itl S.p.A. Spd bbmt ptl D.L. 353/3 (v. L. 7//4.46) rt., mm 3, Rm 4, DRB Rm- pubbltà t / Gudt Mtr El Il grd d dl l Rlg: h r è? Il r dfrmt L prpttv lg L v tu dl l Mr l Eurp mp Vl prl hrll T

2 Smmr I prt: u mmt dll flt P S Ptr rgt dll A ttl l ttbr, ttmt 5 dp l flt h l A mò l r dll prtur dl l Vt II ESAME DI OSIENZA Pg. U gd h è u rrvdr Rt Bldu ONILIO Pg. Gudt Mtr El Aurl R SUOLA Pg. Rlg: h r è? Sdr mp RELIGIONE Pg. 7 Il r dfrmt Odrd Vl SIENZA E FEDE Pg. L prpttv lg Fb prl PAROLA Pg. 3 L v tu dl l Lr hrll TESTIMONI Pg. 38 Ald Mr l Eurp Lu T Pg. 49 Mrt l dmr tr gurr p Rbrt Pp ALLA SORGENTE Pg. 56 I prm gl ultm Frd Agl REENSIONI Pg. 58 trbut d Gupp Gr L, T bh Mrll V. Sut INFORMAMEI - Prd dl Mvmt Ell d Impg ulturl. Prdt l: rl rtt. V prdt: Lug D Adr. Att: tld Zur. Sgrtr l: tt Muth. drttr rpbl: Rt Bldu gl d dr: rl rtt (drttr) Lr ll tld Zur Mr Sgr Lu Rld rdtr d rd: Sm Ept rd: Lug Bld Gupp Bu Sdr M. mp Rbrt pr A vr Dr D Aldr Itl d urt A Gr Frru Mr tt Muth Lur Tmt prgtt grf: Dg Tm Mhl Gtt dr, rd mmtr: V l - 93 ROMA tl fx bbmt: Itl: 3 ur Etr: 5 ur u p: 4 ur - dpp: 8 ur p. 367 Spd. bb.pt. 5% Fll d Rm Rgtr Trbul d Rm. 8 dl 3/4/949 tmp: Tpgrf ttà Nuv, v S. Rm Grfg, 3-48 Rm Ft d tmpr l xxx gt ll pt l xxx At ll U Stmp Prd Itl glr l: Ibll Abb, Grg Bl, Pl Bl, Rr p, Rbrt pr, Amr Dltl, Lug Fu Grrd, Slvtr Lrd, Gupp L, Lur rm Pld, Ptr Prglr, Lu Rmll, Umbrt Rg, Lu Rug, Augut Sbt, Adr Tbr, T Trr, Alm Vtt.

3 Em d Sl u fd pt pt può utr tutt d dr ltr ll vtbl rpgmt u d é u u ggttvtà hu h l uv th d mu, trt l tu plt, l d m, mprt. D qut fd, d u l M è mpr ftt lfr, gg è pù h m bg U gd h è u rrvdr Rt Bldu Vvm u tmp prv d prd d trdd, l qul ll rm dlt dll pbltà d pr dvdul d mu (pm ll umt pl dll pr ull rt l) mpg gul ttà é l rt dll pvl dffu dll frm ull tt d prblm dll vv vl, é l rrpdt dmu dll dffd trprl dll dffltà d dlg tr ultur fr plth l. L dffltà mh, d mlt rm lmt l h ll tà dtl vluppt, trdu frt lmt d ffr, d prrtà d trtrtà (u trtr h um mpr pù rttr dl prmt dl dftv). S tutt ò ggugm, pr l Itl prtlr, l pvl dll dt rt tr gvrt gvrt l rt dl tm plt-ttul gut ll l l dll r fbbr, ttm u qudr d t bbt rlt dll ttul tu. Qul gud prtr u d, prttutt d prt d rdt hmt plrr mpr g d u Oltr h g l tg l prrtà, m h rdu qut? Il gud può r hrur: g ptv h p dr pr mtvr u mpg vv btud mtltà h pprtg u pt u u l gud dll tr ptrà r mpt. Il ul trplg d fd d u umtà mmg d D Lu mglt td dvr mpr pù fumt d l, m rm l prdgm u mmurr lt prl llttv, pd, pr qut ultm, qut mpr mprftt l rrpd tr dttgl prp rttv qut mprtt l ttltur dll ttm («tr v ì»). h fr, llr? L dmd pr u tur rmd d u ggtt d rfrmt. Pr l mutà ll h è Itl qut tmp è dvvr pl. Rur fr prpr, d pplr l prpr tr prprr ll tr l vtà h, ph ttm, l mtr dl uv Vv d Rm (utmt ll glrtà dl pgg d Bdtt Fr ll prfdtà dll dmd dll rfl h h pt) h mut l md tr è dvvr l fd fft h pr, vt d vdt trtt d rvmt lr. Pr l M, p, qut tmp gf r d pù l tmp dll fd pt pt. Sl u fd qut rttrth può utr tutt d dr ltr ll vtbl rpgmt u d é u u ggttvtà hu h l uv th d mu, trt l tu plt, l d m, mprt. D qut fd, d u l M è mpr ftt lfr, gg è pù h m bg. E d qut fd rà rtmt g l tr rvt, h h mpr rt ( l f h qut umr) d tr m l vl l ll, l ultur dll fd l vgl dll ultur. È qut l ugur h m t d fr l mmt u, dp d, l l r d drttr, gut dll m l dputt l Prlmt duqu ll u d u rpbltà dtr u dll prt dll dltt plt. S tt qul h mpr vvrtt, m prdt dp, l fftt l tg d tutt l Mvmt. N ptt m vlutr h dt mlt l M, prò h l Mvmt (l qul turò prr, m dl grupp d Aldr) h mpr dt mlt turà dr m ll m fmgl, d è qud u d grttud prfd l Sgr pr l fgur ll rdtl trt h, l gdrm d drttr dll rvt, rffrm l m pprt l M, m u tmt d fftt vr tutt lttr.

4 l Gudt Mtr El Aurl R 5 f prv l Vt II: ll prm prl d Gv XXIII v r gà l prtur d u h p d pr d fdu l futur Aurl R, prfr trrdr d Flf mrl ll'uvrtà d Prug Qut trr d rfl prd l m dl prp fdmtl pr u l rt flf prtr dll fd. Prò l l gft dll d um ffd l u rd l dupl rttr gmt mtr dll t, m dum l u mt prfd dll prtur ll trd dll pr, u lv p d trvlutr g qut h vt vut dll qutdtà tgt dll vt. D qut put d vt, l prpttv mtdlg ffd l u rd ll prm gt dll ttggmt d f ttrvr u g rt è l tmp prl d mblmt pr l tr tu um. Sul p ll, l rd dl l um Vt II, ll prmulg d tl vt mput d Gv XXIII, ttl l g dll h, llrhé prp d trr l um g d tmp h rttr l prblmttà t ll rttrth dll b trplg, h prm g dmd mrgt dll d tl. Qut mgg è mpr ttul prmtt l rupr, ll fd, d u pr p d uprr g tt h ptrbb fr prptr l um t ll b dll dpr. Ab h, m è t, v pr d lu tr l pù gftv mtfr dll dr pr gtv. S p d mp l tt th dll mrt d D d qull fuult dll mrt dll um. Rfrd tt d dumt lr, qut d rprtrm, l r dll trtt, lu t gftv dut dll ttu Gudum t p. I rfrmt prblm prt rlt h prup l um ll ultur dr, mrg dl dumt lr qut dr: «I vrtà gl qulbr d u ffr l md tmpr llg qul pù prfd qulbr h è rdt l ur dll um» (GS ). Tuttv, ul p dll fd, può r dmtt h tt bbl gà tg l pvl d rh dl gtv h può trvlgr l dvr tr, m d qut tu vd l trvlut dgl vt, p d vrtr l ml b; qud l dpr pr. ì l mdm tt lr dhr: «L Sr Srttur, prò, u è d rd l pr d l, g gl um h l prgr um, h pur è u grd b dll um, prt é u grd tt: ftt, vlt l rd d vlr mld l ml l b, gl dvdu grupp gurd lmt ll prpr, qull dgl ltr; ì l md d r l mp d u gu frtrtà, mtr v l umt dll pt um m d dtruggr rm l t gr um» (GS 37). Nll mdm prpttv, l dr hr ultrrmt ll lu d qut

5 r rfl: «A tr gr, l umtà d mmr pr l u prt l u pt, gt prò p qut ull ttul vlu dl md, ul put ul mpt dll um ll uvr, ul d prpr fr dvdul llttv, d r ul f ultm dll dgl um» (GS 3). Qut dr ur é ul p dll mdt mlth, é ll rt d bu prpmt trdubl rt t-dutv frmtv ul p dll fd rlg; fd puttt u u prm flf ludbl pr l ultur tmpr, vl dr ul tt d prmt dll t, h prm l pvl, vut krkgrdmt d g gl, pr u l vt prl, u vut pf, trdu vr utbgrf ttrvr l qul l um pr l md mpt l u mu trggttv ttrvr l vlgmt d tutt t g ptt dll u pr. Tl trr trdu, ul p flf, ddtt tr trrtt h, m è t, l pr tmpr prttutt ll flf tl, du dll dll r ll r dll. ò mprt, pr drl Rur, l plt dll ggttvtà ttrvr l frgltà dl gt pt, u l ggtt tlg dl pr mdr frtum u mrg dll dm lt dl pr, ll qul l um rh d prdr l d r pr dd ì ll tu prdll dll um m u, u tml, ll dpr h dà lug, d mp Mul, ll dll um qultà. Qut tt dl gtv v ut u p tt, m è qull dl pr dbl, m p ppur r dmtt, phé rpprt dll tt ltt dll tr ultur, ll qul, pr drl Nth, è prt l hlm m pt md qut dl tr tmp. I qut qudr pldr mpl, muqu ltmt trrgtv, u rh d prdr, prlm d drtr, l um dll ultur dl tr tmp, mrg prm p l ggttvtà d u pr rrtv d tur tl, l qul è prm p l trtà m v prvlgt d ll tr. Qut tt pt trm dll qut ffrtt dll ultur umt vr u uv frm d trprt, h mtt qut l trd ldt dl pr dtl. ì, 3

6 4 l mp l pgg dll tr uvrl ll trltà dll vt l qul prm, ll tr dll ptmdrtà, qulft d ltr utr l pr pù ptv d f dll mdrtà, l prp llutrt d J.-E. Ltrd, b l qul l dlgttm dll grd rr pprd prgrvmt ll mrtr t m frtum dl pr rrtv h dlv l dr fvr dll r. I qut pg, vrrà pprfdt l rgmt d u tm upd ll lu dl rvmt mtdlg pr, pur md tt, d qut dr trduttv. L p h tdm prgur è qull d frr lu tgr rmuth, p d rfdr l pr u md h mbr, ll ultur dr, r bbdt ll gtvtà dl dg dll dpr. LA ONSAPEVOLEZZA ESISTENZIALE L ffrm t ll pr fdmtl d Gdmr l prl vrtà mtd, p lu h è l vrtà l mmt prmr d g rr, bì l vrtà t può r rggut ltt ttrvr l mtd pù dgut pr ptrl vdr. D ò drv l mprt dl mtd dll qul l flf tmpr è pvl u rtmt fdmtl. ò, ll flf tl, v pr dl pruppt rtr pr u l t prd l mtr, dl put d vt mtf, mbr trr l rvmt dll mdvl, b ll qul v è l prdr l t. ò d l lt d u v mpltmt dvr d u pr h, lug d prvlgr l tlg l glg, prup d rflttr u vut dll um ttrvr qul pr l md ll mt dl rl. Qut dtt mpl h l tr ttu l prtlr frm dll r dll um l md. Qut è l prblm rlt dll p pr dl d d Hdggr h rm d u dll v bblgt dll l flf dll ultur dr. Iftt, l gl d Krkgrd l d d Hdggr, mbt m, prmtt d dvdulr l ggttvtà dl gt, u uprmt dll trtt uvrl dl tt mtf d pr, t qul dtrm uvrl dll d dll um rptt gl ltr r vvt. Qut, ll mbt d u tm upd, prt prm p l dvdul dll um, dd mprt l rt ll u dm prl d tl d u pr flf h, m qull pt, prmtt l mpltmt dll v prr dl pr pft, mdt tttv d prtlr rlv ttrvr qul l mbl, l mtfr l lgugg lluv t, l lr frm prv, d vvturr l pr ll rt dl -dbl, mdt u dtt h vlr l pt mt dll prl t l l. Qut dr fug d prm dll tu dll um m tr tl dll rr tr. ò gf h l tr mft m tr pr m h l dt, l lbrtà, l gr l prvvd dvg, lr vlt, dll tgr l u mt ur ul p uvrl dll tlg dll tr, dll td dll flf dll tr, m vlr l mmt u rrptbl d u rt dvdult dll vd d u dpd l t dl gl, tutt dg, tutt l pr, tutt prgtt tutt gl ptt trrgtv h rttr gl dmt, l d prl dll vt. Qut dtt mprt l trltà d u dvdul, tlmt prt ll vt, h è ltt u mt d rggugr, m è h, prttutt, u rltà h rggug, h vd h trg vlgr l tr rt tr prpmt. I qut, l tr vlg l trtà l tmp l tmprltà; ò u tu pr mlt b dll dvrtà qulttv dl tmp r, b dll mur mput dl ldr dll rlg, rptt l tmp kr, t rlgmt m tmp d gr pltmt m tmp pprtu, l qul ttl l utà rrptbl dll ffrt ll um h, umdl, dvt prtgt, ldl rrr, l prd, vlt, ppur rgr.

7 r LA ONSAPEVOLEZZA STORIA Dt qut prm prgrf prdt, l tr l u gft trdl d htr mgtr vt d htr rtrum mxm, hé l u mt d rr ggttvt, t qul tr, d l p l mmt tl dll tr. I mrg l trltà dll pr d prl dgl vt h mu, ll u mt prfd, l bgrf ll tr, pr dr u glr p fdt ll utbgrf dft ll pg lttrrmt uh dl dr. I qut hv trprttv, può r dmtt l b trplg d g dr, p d trprtr md pprfdt l rfl rrtv. Al rgurd, trvm l tt lr l gut dhr: «L umtà vv gg u prd uv dll u tr, rttrt d prfd rpd mutmt, h prgrvmt td ll tr uvr. Prvt dll tllg dll ttvtà rtv dll um, u d rprut, u u gud ddr dvdul llttv, ul u md d pr gr frt dll h dgl um» (GS 4). L tr, qud, vh, è tr dll um pr l um, l u tt l lbrtà rtv l rpbltà t g u rul d prm rd. L ultur tmpr prò upr l dt rttl tr pr pft pr mt pr dvdur, ll p ll rr du mdltà pfh dl pr dll um. ì trvm h l rr ttu u frm d pr tutt l u pr l qul, d Rur, mprd tt l tr prprmt dtt qut l ddtt rr d f. I prtlr, rr ttlr h l rt, d pr d pr mplmt u mdltà mutv, prdu ul p dl pr u tu u rtr ll ltr è rtr t. ò mpl u rfrmt mpl dl pr, h vlg l ll u dmh trr, l rl trggttv m t dlg dll tr. Su qut ultm p, r gg, l htr lt tr l pd gr, pr rlr u fmlg t-dutv, ttrvr l qul l prp l dll htr mgtr vt rggug l tr tmp mdt l rt prtul dll umtà, h fgur ll dltt dll mdt dvdul dl frt trprl. I qut rt flf, ll l uprmt d f tr l tr l tr, l rr d vd mpl l rr d vt ll lr glrtà pf. Iftt, trvm h l utbgrf p m fdmt dll rr trh prt ll dll tr uvrl. ò mpl h l dm dl rtr um vr frm dvr vrtà mptv m prm, g, l u mdltà dl pr ll u fu d pr d d u pt, d tdr qul put d rfrmt qul pr d u mmr p d rtr l um vr u futur pbl. LA OSIENZA DEL SOGGETTO FINITO E LA FENOMENOLOGIA DELL EVENTO L b trplg d u dr tl ull tr vlg l rt, m dm gftv dl pr. I tl trm, ftt, l tt rrtv df l pr u dpp tu: qull trggttv, b ll qul rtr gf mur d ltr l prpr pr prpr vut d rrd rltv d vt pt, qull prl, ll qul l rtr dtrm u pr d dvdul rvlt t drtt fr l put ull tu vut. I tl dltt rrtv, mrg l ggttvtà dl gl tgrt dl uprmt dl lpm, ttrvr l prtur dlg l md dll trggttvtà. ò prm ll lg tl dl ggtt ft, h pr tlmt l prpr d r l md, u v ludblmt prptt dl rl. Iftt, l d là l d fur d g v mprtt d u vtul rltvm tt, l prpttvtà rd rt l prtur l md u dm vrttv, ll qul l t vl d ult, ll t tmp, l pr dl rl, l mmt u l tl plr l tt dll prpr pr ptd dmmt dvr ptt h f prt dll mpltà pldr dl rl ll u ttltà. Dl rt, v dmtt h qut ultm mft m u ttltà mltpl. Qut dtt prlud ll flf d mtr frm u tlg trplg, 5

8 6 l h t l t um, md tl d prr rlv l d h rttr l uprrtà dll um t rptt gl ltr r vvt. Iftt: «L um, prò, bgl rr uprr ll rprl pù h ltt u prtll dll tur u lmt m dll ttà um. Iftt, ll u trrtà, gl trd l uvr: qut prfd trrtà gl tr, qud vlg l ur, là dv l ptt D, h rut ur, là dv tt l gurd d D gl dd dl u dt. Prò, rd d vr u m prtul mmrtl, l lludr d fll f h flu umt dll d fh l, m v v tr prfd l vrtà t dll» (GS 4). Gutmt qut tt lr prmtt d ruprr l trdl b trplg-flf, pr llrl u tu fmlg-tl d rmut, frmult ll lu dgl dr pù rt dl pr flf tmpr. Dl rt, l ultur l u m l flf ll u pftà p grr l dmtà vlutv dl pr tr, l qul r l prgr dll pvl ttut dll um ttrvr l mpg dll rr, dtt d u pr trfrm mmr u tt dr d dgumt ll vrtà, h mft mpr uv ptt dl rl. I qut hv d lttur, l tt lr rv: «S hr tutt h l vt dll um l mpt d trmttrl lmtt qut tmp p mmurr pr qut md ltt, m rgurd l dt tr dgl um» (GS 54). I qut tt trprttv, mrg tutt l u rh ptvtà l rt prptt dl ggtt ft, l qul m rfrt ll d qut prgrf. ò è prtlrmt mprtt pr uprr vr rh dl rltvm flf, dmtr l rltvtà ll qul l um l md è ludblmt mmr. Dl rt, h l dr pprd ptmtf, llrhé tr l flfr, prtr dl frmmt, um l u ptvtà qulr l frmmt t, ttrtt dll d d dlu d frtum, vg ut v m fdmt d g rfl dl ggtt ft, l qul gug l rupr dll ultrrtà

9 r dll trd ltt vdd l frmmt m u d rgg l rl, ll tu pf d u vut mrgt d lmt d f d prmtr tl, d qull f dll p dl tmp, d qull ulturl dll tr dll prv. Qut dtt vl pftmt h pr l rt tr h rl mpr m pvl prtr dl frmmt. ì, pm ltr ffrmr h l tr rl u tu llt tr gm mtr, m v trdt dl ggtt ft. Prtt, tl tt prptt, rl l mprt d quttr prmtr tl ll utmpr fdtv dl ggtt ft. Prdtmt, llutrd l dm tl dl pr rrtv, bbm dtrmt l pgg dll tt l pr tr ll u uvrltà, ll plr dll pr d ull vt l u vlgr l ggtt ft ttrvr u vut pf. ò mprt l vlr dl rfrmt ll, m h d qull ll glrtà rrptbl d g ggtt ft. Qut ll l um l prmt rt, gà rrdt prd, dll t rptt ll, pr u l t mft m u r pr é h fur dll r é, plrd ull dvr mft dl rl m d u ggtt mpr rmt rlt u ggtt. I qut dr, l tl, fmlgmt prt mpr m d u ggtt ft p d rpprtr l md u pr prptt dtrmt, ll qul l pr dll ft l l rl ftgrmm uv qul l mmg rhud lmt f dl frmmt rpprtt ll tr d u pf vut tl. I qut, l vt v d umr, l tt rrtv, u prtlr frm d prmt rptt ll tr, pr u g gl può ltr dhrr h l vt t p d mftr u p d ddtt tr pr m, ll qul mrg l t l vut dll ggttvtà. I qut, pm ltr dvdr l d b ll qul l è prt ll mpr dll vt, mgl, ul p rrtv, l t è prt l rl ttrvr l pftà dll prtur ll vt. Qut ultm, qut vt dl rrd, v ttrtt ll bl. I qut dr, pm rr h, l rt, tbl u rrpd dl tutt glr tr fm d vt. Il prm, t m mmt dll mft vrttv, l d, m vlgmt dll dm prt-rtv dll gr um. I qut prpttv fmlg, pm tr h trvm d frt d u rr dll, m ultrrtà dll ggttv. Iftt, l mmt dt d ll ppr uprfl dll ggttv mmr ll tg dl tmp h l rd trtr prvvr. ì gl vt vut f pr ttur dll rvltv d tu pù prfd, t ll pvl d gl, qud l mtr l grt dl md prvt d u dvdultà um. I trm tt, pm qud dr h rl u tlg fmlg dll vt, ll p mt d u trr pt-mtf. UN RAONTO APERTO ALLA TRASENDENZA L mdltà rrtv prm, m bbm vt, u mdltà prtlr d frmul dl pr. Qut dtt pr l flf tmpr prmtt l uprmt dll dt rttl tr pr pft pr mt, l h l flf td l d là dll prm frm dl pr, mprdd h l d ludd, ltr l rrr, l ptr. S lmtm ll rr, rgm h qut ultm um l rt qul mdltà prv d u put d vt frml dll df lgut. M, d u put d vt tl, l rt f mrgr l lmt tl h tbl l dupl v dll mm dll trd ttrvr l u l tmp mdt u lgm l ggtt ft ll u glrtà, hé l umtà l u fr llttv d dr lug frm mpr uv d vltà. Tl lu p, tt ll bgrf qut ll tr, u prblm d d gft dll vt h, d u lt, rd utufft l rr tr dll ltr, tbl u dpd dll tr t dll 7

10 8 l mttr. Qut ultm p f mrgr, dll mt dl tt rrtv, l t ultrr dll trd l qul, d u put d vt flf, trdu, ul p d vlr ul p d gft, u ultrrtà dtt, md gt, rdurr l tmp ll tr l um l dv. I tl, l md dgl um mft m u rl lu é mdm, bì prt ll trd, h dl m l rt pf dl mtr, l qul l um bt ll u prgtt, dtt qud uprr l tg dll d rv rrv dl tmp, d l trprt d Umu. Qut è l tu ll qul llud tt lr u, rfrmt l pr rt, v prt md lr h: «L um ltr, ppld ll tud dll vr dpl, qul l flf, l tr, l mtmt, l turl, upd d rt, può trbur mltm d lvr l um fmgl pù lt tt dl vr, dl b dl bll d u gud d uvrl vlr; tl md qut rà pù vvmt llumt d qull mrbl Sp, h dll trtà r D, dpd Lu g, rrd ll rb trrtr trvd l u dl ll tr fgl dgl um» (GS 57). Tl tt p lu l qut ll truttur dll rd ptmlg dll ultur um, ll qul è prt u grrh dl pr tr l um, l flf l tlg; rd grrh p d prr vd u tllg tlg, ll qul pr l v dl md dll vt prt pput l mtr dll trd. I qut hv d lttur, è bbt vdt h, tt l bgrf qut l tr uvrl dl l prtur ll trd. Iftt, tl, l prtur ll trd lmt d r ltt u qut tlg pr l flf, d fd pr l tlg, phé ul p pultv vd h u t tllg dl pr, h rt l t dll um ttrvr l mpul ll lbrtà ll rt dll lv. ò mprt l rupr, ll trd t, d u dm d gft, p d fr mrgr u ultrrtà qulttv h dà fr l mprtmt dgl um, ll prtur l b ll ffr gut ll dut l rh dl ml dll prd. Qut è u ultrr mpl dll rdtà gt dll rl tr tmp d trtà. Ovvmt, trm pltt gtv dl pr br-rt, ò mprt h f dl rt dtrm l p tv dll rgmt ffrtt m, l tmp, g u rfrmt mttr h prd l gu l f. Il rt, m è t, ll rmut d Rur, um l vlr d u vr prpr mdltà pf dl pr, qut, fr l ltr, m bbm vt, l rt t um u dupl vldtà mt phé, mtr rvlg ll rt dll trggttvtà, l tmp fvr l pr d ggttv d hrf d prpr vut prl. ò mpl h l rt, ll u dvr frm d tr d f, rl u v pr llutrr l md dl dbl, l mmt u l dmtr lg l tt mpr r frl. ì l rr d u v dl tutt prtlr ttrvr l qul l vrtà vl, m h ult, ll pvl dll um m r ft. È vdt h l rt mdm, qut tt prptt, r frr dll pr, pr prr l l md dl mtr h, gr prt, l rm prlu. S trtt d prdr dll mprt d u trumt pruv h vlr l ttm prl, lug d u dmtr h, trm glg trdl, rbb mpbl. Qut dtt, rd vdt l mprt dl pr rrtv l lgm tr flf tlg. ò è bbt t ll trd br-rt ll qul, d u lt, mdrh utlt d rbb, dll ltr, l prbl prt vgl, r d prr l um l mtr, ll dpp mt dll v dll v. D ltr prt, m rrd tt lr, h l lbr bbl dll G utl, pr drvr l r dl md dl-

11 r l um, du rt qul trvm pruppt pr qut t trplg, dtt ttur l b dl pr rt. Iftt: «L Sr Srttur g h l um è tt rt d mmg d D, p d r d mr l prpr rtr, h fu ttut d lu pr tutt l rtur trr qul gr d, pr gvrrl rvr glr d D» (GS ). Sd l mdm rmut, v h pft l rg dll tr um l pr dl ml l md. ì: «ttut d D u tt d gut, l um prò, ttt dl Mlg, f dgl dll tr buò dll lbrtà u, rgd tr D brmd d gur l u f l d fur d D» (GS 3). Dl rt, pm dmtr h vgl llutr, ttrvr prbl prtlrmt gftv, l mpr dl b dl ml l md l tmp dll tr, h Agt rttr l pr tt, d tp ttul, dl prd pprtt l gà l r dll lv fl, ruprt dl rf d rt bf d tutt l umtà. Nl mdm rt, l prm rrtv, m rrd r tt lr, gug f drvr l t mdltà mtdlg l tu pltt ttrvr qut prl: «Igrm l tmp u vr f l trr l umtà, ppm l md u rà trfrmt l uvr. P rtmt l ptt d qut md, dfrmt dl pt. Sppm, prò, dll rvl h D prpr u uv bt u trr uv, u bt l gut, l u fltà rà vrbbdtmt tutt ddr d p h lg l ur dgl um» (GS 39). ò vd l fdltà dll tlg bblvgl ll utl dll rmut rrtv, pr mprdr prblm hv mblmtmt rtt rpprtr ll rg, ll vlupp ll f l tr, ll mttr l vd dll um, mmr l tmp, l dt dll lv mmr ll trtà. Qut dtt ttu l lmt tt dll tlg v ruprt, ll tr ultur tmpr ltt dll flf ttrvr l g l vlupp dll rmut h vd, ll rr, u gudg pf dl pr pultv, p l mmt u l mtf mtr l u rttr prblmt d l p l pt-mtf m mmt d r d dttà dl pr flf, rptt ll prdt trd dl pr dtl. È vdt h, l tr tmp, dtrm l d prvlgt pr rvdr l p d u vr prpr mplmtrtà tr flf tlg. I qut hv trprttv, mft rllr pultv dl tt d tr pruppt bbl d tr mtm mdtrr. Tl rllr d, ll tr dl pr rlg, l lgm dlubl tr tmp tr, hé l tà pr mprdr l mt t dl dupl p dll tr dll mttr, qut l prm rpprt l md dgl um l fth, l ffr, prgtt, l pr gl rrr h l mpg, mtr l d ttu, ll rt dll fd, l v l v d u mtr lvf p d dr mpmt ll ll, h lg l umtà D m u rtr. I qut l trprttv, ll l prm pr frr u lttur tl d tr mdll rpprtt d Rt dll r lu ll G, dl Sd lbr d Dl dll Apl gv. ò è mblmtmt rpprtt dl tt krkgrd d pprd dll tr ll trtà, p tr rpr rpt, l pr u l prm rpprt l rupr dll utttà dll um ll u vt prl, rlt ll rt tr bgrf. L d, v, d l rttu dll g ll lv h vrf ul p mttr dll trtà (fr. L Rpr d Krkgrd). ONLUSIONE Il lug trr d qut pg prmtt d rpprtr, md prtlrmt gftv pr l pr rt, du tp d rr h d lt vg tut prt l ul p mtdlg, m h qull mt. ò gf h l tr trv, ll utbgrf, l mt prfd d u pr rrtv, h rvd l mmt gt dll tr ll vt dl rt prl rptt l rt llttv. ì, tlmt l tr è mpr tr pr m l rfl ugl vt ggttv- 9

12 l t l md l, hé llt ll u tbltà dl tmp rlg, trv ll utpvl dll bgrf l mmt ludbl h ppg l pvl dl ggtt. Qut d u tu ll qul, rtd gl ltr gl vt dut, mft l prpr l prpr pr l prdr dgl dmt t. Qut pr d rl, ll trr dll vt, l dffl ub tr l md prvt trr d vut prl l md pubbl llttv tt dl mm dll um l r dll vltà. I qut qudr d rfrmt, può r dmtt l lgm h mft l prfd rl tr l um l rt. I tl, prdu u trr l qul l dm dll prl, mmr l tt l, rl u trprt h plt l qut pr u, ll b dll trplg flf, ldt l pr d mtm, trv l u lgm dlubl prpr ll dvdultà prl d u um ll tu vut dll tr fmgl um ll rt dll tr. Al rgurd, l utà dll um v trprtt trurr l t h l trd rlv l prlllm tr m rp, prt mtr. Pm r rfrr d u gftv p d tt lr u v rrdt h: «Utà d m d rp, l um tt é, pr l t u d rprl, gl lmt dl md mtrl, ì h qut ttrvr d lu t l lr vrt prd v pr ldr lbrtà l rtr» (GS 4). Dl rt, l lgm tr tr mttr, tr tmp d trtà, trv l u gm l u mtr l mmt qutt dll mrt h, ll dpr, v l f, ll pr, v l pgg. A tl prpt, prtlrmt gftv qut prl: «S qul mmg v m d frt ll mrt, l h v, trut dll Rvl dv, ffrm h l um è tt rt d D pr u f d fltà ltr f dll mr trr» (GS 8). L qut, l tmp tlgh m h d tur tlg r rrdt, trv muqu, ul p dll rpbltà t, l lr gft pù prfd l lr ggttv l dt tr dll um h, ll lu dll fd rlg, pr l prm pr l lv pr l prd. ò d ll tu d frtr u l rltà prmt dll pt tlg trpll vlr t mtt du lmt l pbltà dll lbrtà um. Il tt lr d, r u vlt, u dffl v ttrvr l qul l lbrtà rpbl dll um può trvr l lu ll ppll dll fd. Iftt: «E m d g r d r, qut trfrm r é lv dffltà. ì, mtr l um tt lrgmt td l u pt, mpr r prò prl u rv. S fr d ptrr l pù tm dl u m, m p ppr pù rt d t. Spr m m pù hrmt l lgg dll vt l, m rt p tt ull dr d mprmrv» (GS 5). Su qut l trprttv ll rfrm l prp b l qul g rt rpd l rtr tl h vd l mt d u ddtt tr pr m. È qu vdt l trtt lgm tr l df dll rr h pprd, ul p uvrl, l dr ull tr. S p l dr, ll utbgrf ll bgrf. I g, h qud trfr l tr tt ddtt rt d f, qul tt ttrl, rt brv rm, v m m l rfrmt ll fr ggttv dl rrtr h, g, pur mlt vlt lvll mplt ltt, fug d prtgt dll pvl tl h l pr rrtv mprt, d l t prp, l qul bbm ftt pù vlt rfrmt, pr u l rt è mpr rvlt gl ltr t dpdtmt dll frm lttrr h v d umr. D u put d vt mtdlg, rr r rrdr qut ppl prptt dll rmut rrtv. Iftt, g rt bgrf tr rpd l prp pr u l rr è uttbl d mpr uv frmul. ò ttu ull ltr h l ppl dl prp pr u g tr rv m-

13 r pr d p, qut l pvl trgrf h u f ll dlgmt u tt u l prgrvtà l prvvrtà tr fd ll dm vvt d g prdu ulturl. Dl put d vt rlg, qut prm, l tmp tl trgrf, qut u rlv dl tutt prtlr h, fr l ltr md mblmt, è pt rlv h d Agt, llrhé ll f trvlut l rt dll u vt prl md d frr l rr mplr d u vr dtt vlgr g um h vg hmt d drr l mgg rt d lv. ò, t, mprt h flfr prtr dll fd gf, ll rt rrtv, trvr l rd dl rt l dll utmpr dgl vt d prt d u um. Qut dtt, prm u vrtà d fd mpr prt qull tlm pr, h mpg lvll pl tutt l tr dl pr dtl h p trv u glr plt flf flf dll t, tr qul pm rrdr, ttl d mp: Krkgrd, Hdggr Jpr. I lu, v dmtt h, ll pr rt, l tu dll um, gtmt llt l tt dl gà dl -r, fd ull vlmt dl mtr lvf u è mmr l pruppt tl d g r vvt l lvll dll utpvl. È qud vdt h, ll tr dll pul flf prpt dl pr rt, l mgg tl, tt ll rfl tr, ttu u lmt mprtt dll ultur tmpr, ll lu dl qul l l um Vt II, gà l u mgg d prtur, h t ttlr, l gftv prl d Gv XXIII, l prtur p d pr dll h frt d qull vrtà h, prdpd ll fdu l futur, ttg l u rd ll pvl tr rtt hrfr l ft dgl um l lug r d vlupp dll vltà.

14 ul Rlg: h r è? Gud mp L r d rlg, ì m è prtt gg, fu pù. E dvt u r d rlg? Gud mp, drgt lt Il (p fl) trvt dl mtr Prfum ull gmt dll rlg ttl (IR) ll ul pubblh, prut ltrtutt d frt d u mbl d u prtt plt d mpr trr l ll r d rlg m ll rlg tut-urt, h ltr vut l mrt d fr rflttr l pubbl p u u rgmt h rgurd luvmt l ul, m t tmth lgt drtt d ttd, ll gl dll ultur d ttd mgrt, l prp d ltà. L qut, m è t, h rd rm mlt th, vd rg l pr d uf plt dll pl l trt dl plt fr l St Sd l h ttl d u lt, l Stt l gvr bud prm, tl p dll ltr. L lu dll gmt rlg dll ul l huur dll fltà tlgh ll uvrtà ttl tt ltr h u rllr qu bblgt d frt trt dl tmp. Srà, m è t, l rdt dl 99 rprtr l gmt dll rlg tutt gl rd d ul (ll ul lmtr l vv gà rprtt Gtl l 93). l Rpubbl, l ttu dl 948, l pr d dutrl d lr, l l Vt II, ph t dll rt ttul (mblmt l vd rltv ll trdu dl dvr vl l 97), l rdt pprv mpr d pù m rt tt h, dp d trtttv, rrvò, l 8 fbbr 984, frmr l fm Trttt d rv dl rdt. Prpr qugl, prm dll lu dll trtttv, r prt h ll h tl ll pubbl p (ttl ) u vv dbttt ul rul d gr ll rlg dll ul. L rvt Rlg ul, pubblt dll Qur, dt l dr p v d u prpt, dtt dl dpp br, lbrt dl prfr Lu Pgl ftt prpr, tr gl ltr, dl prfr tr Ptr Sppl. Il rdt dl 99 rv l rlg m mtr rdr bblgtr dl urrulum dgl tud, ppur rttrth pulr: l dt d rlg r mt dl prd u d dll rdr d, l vlut r pr u gud u vt, rrv ll vlut mplv prm btur dll tudt, l fmgl ptv hdr l r (m può vdr, d ftt l tu mbr l t d gg, lv l ftt h gg rr glr ptvmt d drr ll IR). Nll ul lmtr, v, ltr ll gmt rlg vr prpr, mprtt dl mtr, tr-

15 mp vv h l prr dl trrtr, h vlgv vt r ll d dttr qut rm è tt brgt dl uv rdt. M trm ll prpt dtt dl dpp br. E tv ll rr l qudr dll dpl dll ul pubbl u dpp r d rlg: u r fl, flttv, d rlg ttl, dt lt dll h; d u d rlg tuturt (d fmlg dll rlg, ptrbb dr), ffdt prl lt dll Stt d bblgtr. m dr: tutt dv r l fm rlg, h vul può pprfdr ulturlmt l rlg ttl. L du (llr m gg) vrtv, vrt, u lu qut: l fm rlg è dg d r ggtt d pf tud ll tr d urrul lt, l ggtt trvrl d ltr dpl? E è dg, dv r ffrt tutt, prdr dll prl d qut qul rd rlg? E prtt, m tl, dv r dplt dll mdm rmtv tt pr l ltr dpl? D ltr prt, l h ttl h mpr df l drtt h, ll ul, lug d du d frm dll d gv, gl tudt trr pfmt l mgg rt, ppur dl put d vt ulturl; d h mpr tut h l l h ttl può tblr l l tut d u dtrmt gmt rrpd m ll fd ttl, m h h l ggtt hmt d gr rlg ttl, ulturlmt prlmt, dg d tl gmt m vv ll fltà tlgh gl ttut d rlg. L prpt dl dpp br rv d lr du p lbl. h t ftt h l gmt dl fm rlg ( dl ftt rlg, m lu m dr) dbb r mprtt tutt gl tudt, prdr dll prpr d fl, t d gu h prgrmm ( l l-gud, m d gg) d luv mpt dll Stt dll ul, h l dt hmt d mprtr tl gmt dv r d m ttl, m l dt d flf d mtmt. L h ttl, v, rvdd l ftt h dbb trttr d gr gmt rlg, m d gmt dll rlg rt ll frm ttl, (d gu) l ftt h l l h ttl può tblr tut glr dt ( prr l d pr l lt d dt), ptv, d gu, tr l bblgtrtà pr tutt dll IR, d pù l Itl u tt ttl, m l fur, d mp, l Impr burg l Rg d Spg d u tmp. Imm, d frt l dlmm: gmt bblgtr, m fl gt dll utrtà lt, vru gmt fl ggt ll utrtà lt, m bblgtr, l prpt dl dpp br rv d ttr tutt. S mprd bm, prò, h tl prpt (llr) ptv trvr p. Iftt, pr u prt dll pubbl p, l rlg rbb dvut muqu rmr fur dll ul, d u ftt mrmt prvt: prvdr ddrttur du r d rlg, u bblgtr u flttv, r dvvr trpp. M h pr l h l prpt prtv mlt rh: h grtv ftt h gl tudt l fmgl, trvd gà ll prpt frmtv dll ul u r d rlg, ppur fl, ptr h pr u d r (flttv) d rlg ttl h ltrtutt rbb tt flmt mrglt, d mp rgurd ll u ll rr? S du h d u lu trmd: prprr tmprmt, ll t r, u gmt fl u gmt fl m h qut vrrbbr l mdm b d u pr ( gg ggugrbbr b u t dl prl ) Il uv rdt hu l qut: l IR dvtv bblgtr pr l Stt h dv urr l pr tutt l ul d g rd grd flttv pr tudt fmgl ( pl : l lt d u dpl ltrtv ll IR è ltrttt flttv). L It frmt, uvmt ll rtf dll Ard gu d qut Ard, fr l Stt l fr ppl tl l 4 dmbr 985, tblv h l 3

16 4 ul m d dt d IR ptt ì ll utrtà lt, m d t u prpt dll rdr d. L dvr rv d qull It h m mdft qut prp, h d ft l ll utrtà lt l mpt d prprr d g gl ul dt d IR. L It trv h u prgrmm dll IR, u lbr d tt u ttl r pr grl: l ultm rv dll It fr MIUR EI è dll r 8 gug. Il lm dl tmp r prò tvlmt dvr d qull dr. S r r u f plt ulturl gt dll pr d grd dlg prtt d m; r l trmt dl l dll dlg, m r dtr d ; u rt mmt fr rlg plt, Itl, h vt dp l l, r r b vbl. M qurt p d qul 8 fbbr 98, fr rr rprdr m l rgmt, prhé l Itl (d l md, fr l t h) pù gl t. L rt. 9, mm, dll Ard d rv dl rdt d lmt h l Rpubbl r «l vlr dll ultur rlg» t t dl ftt h prp dl ttlm f prt dl ptrm tr dl ppl tl»; d qut dpp rmt (u gr ll rlg qut tl, u pf l ttlm: u rfrmt pvl prpr ll prpt dl dpp l?) drv l mpg h l Rpubbl um l tur d urr l IR ll ul tl. può hdr, gg, prò, qul, pr qut tl, «prp dl ttlm f prt dl ptrm tr». V ul l prmr, dr u ltr l 5% dgl tudt prv d fmgl mmgrt, è t ll tr. tu dvrm dl put d vt rlg: fmgl prvt d p lm, pr l qul rtmt h u grd vlr l ultur, l prt, rlg; fmgl prvt d p dll Eurp rtl, pr l qul l fm rlg, dp d d rgm mut, è p dl tutt ut; fmgl prvt d p t, dv l rlg h rttr dvrm d qull mtt; fmgl d rlg rt ttl, p lgt tt l; fmgl prvt d p ttl (Flpp, Amr lt), pr qul, fr ( prm!), l fd rlg può r d ut pr u mglr tgr l tr P.

17 mp S è vr h l Rpubbl r «l vlr dll ultur rlg», m rdr ffttv qut prp frt dll fmgl dgl tudt h, d d fd ttl, vd d ultur trd dll qul f prt prp dl ttlm, lg d vvlr dll IR ll ul? E d ltr prt è vr (m è vr) h può r vr tgr u utt mb ulturl fr h gl h rv, m fr md h uv tl mpr h rr d pprr, pr l m mprdr, l ptrm ulturl tl (d dtl), dl qul lmt fdmtl è (h) l rlg ttl? Qurt dp, l prpt d Lu Pgl qut uvmt ttultà: rbb pprtu, rbb r urr tutt gl tudt (fgl d tl fgl d tl, rdt ttl, rdt d ltr f, rdt, dffrt ) l dl ptrm rlg prt Itl duqu, tlmt, dll rlg ttl d m h dl ptrm rlg mdl, prtr dll trd dll fd rlg prt u dtrmt l, ul, trrtr? N rbb è pprtu r u r d rlg? U r ttml ( 33 r u) vdtmt bblgtr, urrulr, vlut utm tutt gl fftt. Ah prhé è vr, m t d mlt utrvl v d mp lt, h muqu l fm rlg l tr ll ul h u dpl pf. E vr h d mp ll tud dll lttrtur tl, dll tr, dll flf, dll rt, tr l fm rlg, pm l rlg ttl: m tt l tr pr é, m pr ltr (pr ur u lgugg hgl); d d lug, l tr prttutt l; gl ttut t prfl, pr vv rg, l tr l lgugg rlg, l lgugg mbl frt, è mlt lmtt, ppm h prpr qut l tplg d ul frqutt mggr d tudt trr ( d rg trr). Tuttv, r dvvr u gmt dll rlg fl, rmrrbb rrlt l prblm d fr dll IR vr prpr. Pr l rg pr dtt, l prpt d Pgl, dl dpp l, è d u dpp gmt d rlg, è gg lutmt mprpbl, h drd l lt ftt dgl ultm gvr d rdurr, d umtr, l umr dll dpl l umr d r dll gl dpl. Ah l ltrtv, prltr m prpt m mr pt d ul, d u plurltà d r d rlg (l tudt dvrbb è glr fr u r d ttlm, d glm, u r d lm, d dum,.), ltr prbblmt vr d ftt u, ( vvlt rbbr l mggr) d ltr llvr ph prblm u ttl r pr gr, vrbb muqu l (ft) gu d dvdr gl tudt d u l pr pprt rlg. A prr d h rv, rrrbb h l h ttl v l rgg d rur ll IR ì m è t prtt gg, mb dll rmt l urrl bblgtr d g gmt dll ul d u r d rlg ( m l vgl hmr: m d tr dll rlg, prhé l trm gtl h ftt l u tmp ll ul tl...). U ru ultrl: u uv frmul dll rt. 9, mm, dl rdt, dl gut prtll ddl, l qul f rtt h l Rpubbl mpg d rr l qudr dll dpl lth u dpl hmt ultur rlg, vvr dll rlg ; l qul f rtt h lr h gg h gt IR h ttl pr gr l uv dpl, ì m lr h qur l ttl ququl rlt dgl Ittut uprr d rlg rut dll EI vr ttl pr gr qut uv dpl h rà pù r l dtà rlt dll rdr d. I tt d u mdf dl rdt, h r m r ppr ltm, l utm lt (t l 984) può fvrr prmt ddtth trt, mpr l rptt dll rm dll lt dll fmgl, m h l tt d prprr tutt u lfbt rlg mbl d u lug d tr frt fr ultur. Prhé prmtr, m t vvd 5

18 6 ul qulh ul prfl dl tr P, l pbltà pr gl tudt h vvlg dll IR d u r d rlg pù v, u r d rpr dll trd dll tlg rlg? Prhé prvr mdfr dl b, dll ul, l lttr dl uv rdt, ll fdltà ll prt d? Rrdml r, qul mm dll rt. 9: l Rpubbl r «l vlr dll ultur rlg» t t dl ftt h «prp dl ttlm f prt dl ptrm tr dl ppl tl»; d gg ultur rlg gf h ultur dll dvr rlg prt Itl, h d ftt f gà prt dl ptrm tr dl ppl tl. Duqu, pù u r d (u l) rlg qull ttl ; mm u r d r d rlg (u r pr u f rlg, rr fr lr); m u r d rlg, l plurl, u gl tudt p ffrtr, u mtdlg m tr fmlg, l ftt rlg tutt l dvr mpt mdltà, m rd tuttv, dl put d vt dll tr dll ultur dl tr P, ll rlg rt ttl l prmt d l rul h l ptt.

19 Il r dfrmt Odrd Vl L prvv dm ulturl dll lr t flud u dffu r d u dprv prtul ttrvr u prm prd dll mdrtà dl prgr. Qut ultm, l u turbl fug vt, vlg l prfd u mvmt l d gumt rttv dl Sr. A qut fm f rfrmt vr dm, qul Th rtur f th rd ; Rvh d Du ; rmr dl rm ). S t ì d u f rt dft dl Sr, l qul trv u prtultà vt, tr dft truttur ttul. L ttul ml prtpt trprt dl Sr p r qudrt ll mbt d tr tplg fdmtl. ) L u rrt ll m rgt prmr dll rlgtà, mtr, l trr, l u rrtt p è ll d fr Num rgr Rlg ttut (ò pg m l Sr, ffr d u vulrbltà ttul, vd p vtt d prprtà h, trtt rgr, pprtg ll ltr du uddtt mft dll rlgtà). b) L u rrt trprt mplr frt dll u rrtt tur ttutv m t du-plr d gl dm. ) L flu d fr dvt rgurd dl Sr, mprm d ltr l lr vlu, tr dvdul, dll fmlg rlg. Il rtr dl rlg rrv h tt frm d u r dfrmt dll f, bl d -g ptm 7 UNA USURPANTE ONEZIONE DEL SARO A prtr dll rg dll p, l Sr rpprt l prm f d vlupp dll fmlg rlg. E ftt prm gà u td d l ggttv d qull frm, -rl gt tmt (v l p um) l qul Rudlf Ott h gt l dm d Num. L ggttv dl Sr prm rt, ll mg ll tru d mt; prvdd l ltà, l t l tt. L vlr dl Num prt d Rudlf Ott, pur ttt, prvvv rt d pù d 9. L dffltà d p dl Num (lgm h Ott h drvt d Num) è tr ll u rttrth d bltà dbltà, h rd ptlmt dultrt g tttv d ttul (è prò h l p d Ott d u u ttl rl, pd Odrd Vl, prfr mrt d rdlg, llbrtr dl Dprtmt d Stud plt l dll Uvrtà d Prm

20 rlg 8 d u lt ll r, dll ltr ll mpr). F d prmrd dll tr p, l Num, rvd u fr h ttr l pr trtt, p rd bkgrud d u rlgtà, t m tu tmt, Ahuug ud Gfuhl ( ò Ott gu l rm d Shlrmhr). Il Num rg d tmt, m l v, pur frm r mtv, bul ubt, dvd muqu r prmtt pr r mpr. L rg v pf dl Num l p um trv rtr lvll rhlg: prtlr R rt h l prtultà gà pr ll prm tr dll ptà ttul prpr dll tr p. Ar prm d trdur frm l pfh, l Rlg rg dll dmd dl ggtt d dtfr tllttulmt l md, pr fdr u prpr dttà d u prpr ut-df ll p l. L bul mtv dl Num f p u tmt d dpd rturl, h rtrv tutt l pr d vlupp dll rlgtà h mprd l f d frt l mtr dl dv, m h l trrr l rpul vr l dm; ì m lud l ttr rvrl l d ulltà d frt ll mttà mmtà dll r pt. Qut, vt lvll dvdul, td, pr prpr tr tur, d r dv lvll llttv. È ì h l Num trv d r ll rgt l dll ttut llttv dl Sr, m, pù grl, d pr d rpr ggttv prpr dll tà um. Num l r prò, ll tr p, l t pf ubtrt bulturl. LA STRUTTURA ORIGINARIA DEL NUMINOSO A tr f, l mplpbl ttu dl Num può r mgl tpt m truttur tgrl dll Orgr, ì m l prt l v p d Eml Br, d u «Fr l lug pù prm dv l rgr v mft, è l pr rlg» ll qul «l mtr prd gu l pr». L Orgr prt umr prfd rttr d lg l Num, rbd prtlr l tur d prr. Sgud l prtt Autr, rplghm prò qu d gut lu trtt dll Orgr: - «è qul» «è ull»; «è r» «è pù»; - prt ll frm dll ff dll dtrm. Pd dll ff ll tt trt, è m mpltmt ppgt (ò h t vgl l tl); - è trumt pr l trd, m m qut può r dlmtt d lu prdt; - l tt d trvr u rpt, hd l pr rl llt d r bbdt dmd l pr pltv d r p, fvr d u pr tutv, vtv rvltv, vlt «ò h è dt ltt»; - bt u «lug»: è prò utp, m l lug pù prm dv v ltt è, pput, l pr rlg. ì pt, l Orgr t, tt qul tlg vrtul, qut qul vrtultà tlg. L ERRATA INTERPRETAZIONE MONOPOLA- RE DEL SARO L p d d fr l ltr du mpt prpl dl Rlg, fr l Num l Rlg ttut, m prttutt l dpp vlt ttutv (gl dm) h rv dll u rg trl, g l Sr rttr d rdl, dm mbvl d tr trpp, tt dltt, qut plr.

21 vl Fr l pp plr ttutv dl Sr, v tt: «v ppgt d trtà qutt»; «ttul r»; «dvdul llttv»; «mrvl vlt»; «pur mpur»; «lp»; «gl dm»; «b ml»; «lv prd»; «pr g»; «tmp d trtà». Ed ì pt, pr ttu, frtdmt dftr trprttv, l Sr è tt p hmt prtpr, md prtt, ll pù vr df dll Rlgtà. I prtlr, l trprt l mt dl Sr rt ll trprtrl m lmt d truttur l ttrvr u u pr vlt, rpprtt dll fgur dll vttm rfl. L uddtt lmt, tuttv, ull, pur dfrmdl, l ttut dpbl fu dl Sr, l rgurd dll truttur dll Rlgtà, m pù tmt h d qull (d turt v) dl Sl. LE PATOLOGIE DEL SARO Pr l u p l rv fr l pul vtl dtrmt l md dtrmt dll Rlg ttut, l Sr trv gg pt l mp d t pr d du pp plr: ) «-gtm/gtm» b) «ptm/tm». L dmt dl mp d fr qudr-plr d grt, rt ul Sr bt, dfrmt dultrt, rlvt rfl ull mtr um, h ull Rlg ptv ) I prtlr, l tm l gtm, dd vt fr btr blqu vr l b, td dprvr l Sr dll u pt dt, grd qul pt 9

22 rlg ttr ulturl, t m lr. Etrmb l du uddtt ptlg dl Sr ( md pù d l gtm pù ggrv l tm prlmt), trpd dtrd l mprmbl td tllg dll tr p là dv prm m pr mu, gr fm rttv, mptr vrt. (Ad f rfrmt l dm, tt ll prm). L f dl Sr prv d u trbut vtl l u fu, mtr u rgurgt rd rturl l u mft. b) Al trr dll du pr lt ptlg bt dl Sr, l gtm l ptm (fr lr pr mlt ptt ff) l pr d u mprtmt prtrft dll mpt um, h, mt d u mtm l, vt l Sr td trh ddrttur dmh. All f f, prò, trmb l dlg uddtt flu u g mltt dll Rlg trutturt. I prtlr, l gtm mbr gg rmrgr, m frm tmt mu, dll u rth plmrf rd dttrl plrt, rtmt ttult d Mm Brgh (l qul m rfrt pr l prt l, ltr h d H J, rtut l pù tmt mptt ul tm dll g). Brgh è prt d u v ffrm d Lug Gu: «N l gtm, m l gtm, è l prl pr l fd rt». U tt vrppbl r tt ut d Mrt Bubr: «L g, l tm h ull D, è l vr tgt dll rltà dll fd». Nll u rr d rg mh, l tt d g h mblt, bddl, mlt d gft, h trddtr, h h rttrt l u prr tr. Prdd ì g fm dft pf, l gtm è dt rlvd l u vl plm u rtm gr, l qul è pprprt ttrbur l v dm d -gtm, t d Gdm Mu, pr l qul «gg l ultur dmt è mpgt turr u uprrlg trvrl, u umm t prtult, h ull l ultur, rt, l grrh, pr rr pr mprr u vrtà gr, u uprr gg. È l -g». Il -gtm f ì pr rlr u «trl d vlr», vtd é t bbttv lrt, f d ut-gr (prdlmt) qull rt rlg ddrttur mtf, vr u r rgrmt m. I b ll uddtt l rfrmt ll tr tmt, pm rdurr l -gtm d u prtrf dvt dll pul um. N u fr d rl, qut pul, trt ull prfd, ppd ll rlg ptv, trl p mmt, rd mulr md dl Sr (qul l t-; l m l prgr llmtt). ) U vlupp u r d gu, dml d qull dl -gtm, prt l ptm, dfbl, ll mbt dl tr tt, m ll ml dl Sr, qut qut trfr l pul tllg dl Num dll trd l md, t m mm m h rb l dv. Sull b d qut trprt, mprd m F. Shlrmhr, lfr dll mpt tmtl dl Sr, è pur l l ptm, ull u m u tm rm l uvr, flu umr ptr, prtr, v fumtur d Mr Eld, K. Jpr.G. Jug ( l u tt d rtm); f ll t Hdggr, mmu d l trh (vd A. put R. Shffr). U tl, mmtt u gud d vldtà dll Rlg trutturt, m trp l pt rgr l Sr, pt h v d lu rprtt m

23 vl tlg dl pr, m u mvmt prtul h, gd u rhé, prp u tl, l qul (vrtd l pt gv) vd l Lg m trgurd d u vlu m dll qul vvt dvd l dt. È ì h l ptm l -gtm, trvd ll pt-mdrtà ttv mdtr, hd d fr prt, l rul d prtr, dll rt d mvmt rlg, h u ft gmm d fumtur, frppg fr l Sr l Rlg ttut. ONLUSIONI L dvr prpttv pr rhmt, prm u mu t fr l (pprmbl) gt mtr rlg turl qull pgt tr-vlutv. Apprtmt rm d pr d lr, l Rlg td rmrgr tt l vt d u ut ggttv d u dfrmt ft dl Sr. ò pg l prtlr tur dll prtultà rgr, h d prt tm d gmt dll um, prt, m plt, m m rdlmt trrgt. tr l mprmbl pul rgr, l rg tf-llumt (rfrt d rrv trprt d prt dll blg, dll ur-gtv dll mlg) td fr l Rlg ll fr dll t-l, prmuvr l dlu dll Rlg ttut l pth rlt d u ut -gtm d u dft ptm. Orr duqu rmrr l tt t ll ttul dl Sr, ttrbudgl l prtt rttrt d ll trmd fr l pul rgr dll p um vr l Alut, l Rlg ttut. All qul ultm ( u prgrv vlupp tr d mplt ft h f ll rlg mtt, fr qut prtlr qull rt) mpt l mpt d utr l um rlr tt l prpr r, m l prpr ttul turbl mput, frdgl u tt dttrl trutturl h l ut d vvr D.

24 fd L lg è dll rl h rt vr u vlupp tbl. I qut prpttv fd p gttr m l b pr u vltà dll mr Fb prl, gà dt d Elg ll Uvrtà d P ll Uvrtà dll Tu L prpttv lg Fb prl Tr fd è u r d ttt? Pr rpdr qut dmd è r lr l vlu dl pr dll h l vlu dl pr tf trm d Wlthug rpprt dl md u vvm dll vt. I qut trbut l l v dtt rpttvmt ttrvr l m dll lh l dll h prtr dll Rrum vrum (89) ttrvr l m d tt prtt dll lg prtr dll u df m dll rl tr gl rgm d l lr mbt d vt (Hkl, 866). L b dl frt è gutft d u p ptmlg h vd fd m dtt lgugg tt rpprtr trprtr l md u vvm prtt ggtt d u l mprtv mrt rrr vtul vrg d mtd, tut v. Iltr, qut l h dhr «prt d umtà» (Ppulrum Prgr, 967), l mpr ppr ful ll ttul g dgl lg d rpprtr l tm md m tm lg (tm d vlu um-tur) d rtr vr l tbltà (Rdm t l., 4). OMPRENSIONE EOLOGIA E ORIZZONTE SAPIENZIALE Pr qut r l mtd pr r (ptmlg), l rdum dplr h è ttulmt ll b dl tr pr è rtut pù ufft rpprtr u qudr vrtr dll rltà (Jth, 97; Akff, 999; Mr, ). L prpttv lg è fdt u u prdgm tm h gutf l mpr l tgr tr dvr mp dplr lgugg h rr drvr l b mu dll pr um (Pkt t l., 994). I pgg ulturl h mrg d lgugg dplr ttu muqu u rpprt dll rltà l u p è qull d hrr l gft t ll m d g h l ttu (Fgur ). Il pgg ulturl è mpr u rl h lg ggtt d ggtt d è qud vtblmt l rultt d u pr l l rrv d frm. I rpprt dffrt lgugg utlt pr dfr l rl ( flf, rt rlg), qud dffrt pgg ulturl prdtt, p ttr tuttv mpr pr vrfr r d vrg d gft. Qut tttv d rttr rmut rtmt d ut ll rr dll vrtà, t m mggr rpd tr l rltà l mmg d, ì m rl pgg ulturl. Il vtgg dll mpr t l vrfr dffrt lgugg rrbr vd, prdud pt tr -

25 prl lgh. I tl, l ffrm frmult qu mggr vrdtà. Ultrr pprfdmt ull tr, df gft lg dl trm pgg rprtt fd qut trbut. Nll El Fd t rt (FR) dl 998, Gv Pl II dvdu ll «rt pl» l mtd ptmlg pù ff pr gugr d u «rvmt dll umtà» vr «qull t vr m pltr d u gg l umtà h bg». D frt ll frmmtrtà dl pr h prt ll prdt d, Gv Pl II prm «fr l v h l um è p d gugr u v utr rg dl pr» d ffrm h l «dm pl d rr dl ultm glbl dll vt ( ) prrà h m t ultm d uf dl pr dll gr um». Prtt ppll gl t «vlr pr u l umtà tt dv dl u prt vlupp» pr «rtrl prgur lr fr rtd mpr qull rt pl, u ll qu tfh tlgh ff vlr flf d t, h mft rttrt mprdbl dll pr um». mpr lg rt pl dvdu l mtd dll trdplrtà u mu r d dg pr rdr pù ff l rr d vrtà. IL ONTRIBUTO DELLE ENILIHE SOIALI PER IL «RINNOVAMENTO DELL UMANITÀ» L Rrum vrum (RN) pr l du dll t l prdtt dll vlupp dl ptlm tr, dtft d L XIII l trm qut pr rttrt d «prtt prgr dll rt uv mtd dll dutr; l mutt rl tr pdr pr; l r ph m umult l rh, lrgmt t l pvrtà; l tmt dll prpr fr dvut ll l pù vv, l u pù tm; qut m d pggrt tum h ftt ppr l fltt ( ). I gu h gg v h qut h mggrmt tr l md». L p dll RN è qull dll rr d «prp, u, d gut d qutà, rlvr l qut». Pr l prpttv lg è trt rlvr put u qul v rtlt l rrtt rpprt um-tur l uv qudr dll «m l»:. «b d tur gr ptrm dl gr um»;. t u «rd prvvdl h gvr l md»; 3. «l trr pr ltr bb dv tr prvt, rt dm rvg bf d tutt»; 4. «bg dll um h ( ) u vd d prptu rtr»; 5. «dv prtt l tur vr dt ll um l drtt b tbl pr, prprt ll prtà dl r d gl bbg; b h può mmtrr lmt l trr l u urbl fdtà»; 6. «l um ( ) è prvvd t ( ). Egl dv lggr m h gud pù prpr l mtmt dll u vt, l pl mmt h p, m pl tmp futur». 7. «l rd f l bll l rd dll ( ) l bu fftt è l prdtt dll rm pr d tutt l u». U lttur d qut put ttrvr l lt dll lg f rlvr l pr d u fl duttr pr rtr l mprtmt um h d dll trprt dll tur vt m tm rgr rgt pr prdurr rv upprt dll vt um pr gugr ll rpbltà um ll gt dll tur h f trgrl. L tur è u b h prd l um, mplv, llttv rdt, h rhd ur d u trtg d mtmt bt ull pr ull rd. Il tm dll rd qul fl duttr pr rggugr l p dl b mu rhm l grd trd tr mdvl tl ull rgmt, ì m rult ddlmt llutrt d Ambrg Lrtt (34) grd ffrh dll Sl d Nv l Pl mul d S, L Allgr dl Bu Gvr Gl Efftt dl Bu Gvr. Nll l Qudrgm (QA) dl 93, P XI tr d ftr l prd dll tur ugl fr dl lvr um phé «qu mm fr rbbr rut dl tutt utl D rtr v prm lrgt, pr u btà, l rh l ptl turl, ud l fr dll tur. Prtt, «rv l rtt rd ll pplr gl u um l ptl turl». L rv d qut rgl, h ptrmm qulfr gg m prp lg fdmtl, du P XI d ffrmr h 3

26 4 fd «tt l prt df d u tà h hm m mmtt l pggr gut frd» h t «rdd updg d l tr prpr, h è l bbrbr l grd pt dl tr l», pr u «dbbm lttr u md rdut gr prt l pgm». «Il rtt rd dll m può r bbdt ll lbr rr phé l m h u u rttr l, m h mrl». «Qull h fr gl h è l umulr ltrì d u pt rm, d u dpt pdr dll m m d ph, qut vt mm prprtr, m l dptr mmtrtr dl ptl, d u prò dpg pmt. Qut ptr dv pù h m dpt qull h, td pug l dr, dm l rdt pdrgg prtt; d qulh md dtrbutr dl gu t, d u vv l rgm m, h m, pr ì dr, l m dll m; hé u, tr l lr vltà, ptrbb mm rprr». «Nll rd p dll rl trl d u t ft grg u dpp rrt: d u prt, l lm h l mprlm m dll ltr, m fut d rbl, l trlm br mprlm trl dl dr». I trm dl trgl um-tur-m tu d r l tr dll trtt h ll uv lh l. Nll Mtr t Mgtr (MM) dl 96 dl gftv ttttl Gl vlupp dll qut l ll lu dll dttr rt Gv XXIII ffrm h l h dv r «llt dll g dl vvr qutd dgl um, l qut l ttmt ll d d vt, m h qut ll prprtà ll vltà u mltpl ptt d l vr ph». Pr fr frt qut m, rr rmptr l du d qut mprtv: «l du rt dv r tgrl, è tdr g r d dvr, h l dl dvr d vlgr rtmt h l ttvtà tut m l». Il mtd uggrt pr prgur l f dll du- Fgur : Il pgg ulturl m rl dft d u lgugg (vvr u tm d g prtt gft)

27 prl tgrl dv r bt u tr mmt dl vdr, dl gudr dll gr, h rhm l tà d pr gugr l tr l prt. l lttr lh d Pl VI, Elm Sum (ES) dl 964 Ppulrum Prgr (PP) dl 967, l h prp m tmprt, gl um d h ll tur. Nll ES, l prl hv è dlg. «L h dv vr dlg l md u trv vvr. L h f prl; l h f mgg; l h f llqu». «Tutt ò h è um rgurd. N bbm mu tutt l umtà l tur, è l vt, tutt u d, tutt u prblm. Sm prt dvdr qut prm uvrltà». Nll PP, l prl hv è vlupp, pr u lv u «ppll l d u rtt pr l vlupp tgrl dll um l vlupp ldl dll umtà». «L vlupp rdu ll mpl rt m. Pr r vlupp utt, dv r tgrl, l h vul dr vlt ll prm d g um d tutt l um». L vlupp dv qud tdr d u «mutà um vrmt uvrl» d u «ldrtà uvrl». l lttr lh d Gv Pl II, Slltud R Sl (SRS) dl 987 tmu u (A) dl 99, l v glbl d prblm tpt ll ultm lh l v ultrrmt ftt prt mr pù plt. Nll SRS, l dfu dll gt m dll tà glblt vg dtft : ) l brm d prftt; ) l t d ptr. Ambdu lft l trm truttur d pt, d l lr tt rm prmt ll tr dll tà d um tut d dltr ffrmt m qull dl dr. Nll A, l prblm dl umm v prmt llgt qull dll qut lg ffrmd h «l um um l rr dl pt l u prpr vt md v drdt». «All rd dll dtru t dll mbt turl t u rrr trplg : l um dmt h l md è mpr bt ul d rgr dll h». D qu tur «l l», «l prdt d gft dll vt». «L l rtr pur l lvr, l qul l um è drt l u m u f». l ultm l l rt Vrtt (V) dl 9, Bdtt XVI trdu l tm dll mr m lmt uft rtt l vlupp d ppl vr l b mu. «Il fr è l pr l pr è trl l mr Qut gf h l vlut mrl l rr tf dv rr m h l rtà dv mrl u tutt rm trdplr, ftt d utà d dt L dttr l dll h t ll fd, ll tlg, ll mtf ll d trvr l lr pt tr u llbr rv dll um». L mr è u rttrt tlg dll rltà qut «l tur è pr d u dg d mr d vrtà. E prd è dt d D m mbt d vt L tur è tr dp m u d dl rtr h h dgt gl rdmt tr, ffhé l um trgg gl rtmt dvr pr utdrl ltvrl». L lu h Bdtt XVI uggr è qull d «dltr l rg d rdrl p d r d rtr» ll prpttv dll «vltà dll mr», l qul ppl h ll m. Iftt, «l fr m pprt ll ttvtà dll um, prhé um, dv r trutturt d ttult tmt N l trdl prp dll t l, qul l trpr, l tà, l rpbltà p vr trurt ttut, m h rpprt mrtl l prp d grtutà l lg dl d m pr dll frtrtà p dv trvr pt tr l rml ttvtà m». Nll lttr lh l è tupft l tutà d tm pt m f tt u u utr trttrl m l mrg d uv ptt h rrh d tut qull prdt. Nl mpl, prt u qudr utv dll vlu dl pr dll h tm d vlupp dll mutà um d v dl md gl ultm tvt d tr. IL ONTRIBUTO DELL EOLOGIA PER IL RIN- NOVAMENTO DELLA VISIONE DEL MONDO Pr ttr l vlu dl pr lg è utl dr u r d tt hv Il trm lg è tt trdtt dl blg td Ert Hkl (866) pr dtf- 5

28 fd 6 r l dll rl h rgurd lgm d g rgm l prpr mbt. Il trm Umwlt è tt t dl blg t Jkb v Uxkull (99) pr prmr l mbt prpt rpprtt trmt d g rgm. I trm bfr fr tt du mr pprfdt tr gl 9 94 dl bghm ru Vldmr Vrdkj (99) (Tglgmb, 994), pr pgr l vlu h l tr pt trrtr h ubt l pgg d bfr (dv l fr dtrmt l pgg qull turl) fr (dv l fr mdft l pgg l pr tf l u ppl tlgh). Il trm tm è tt t d Tly (935) pr vdr l mdll d rg dll truttur dl fumt dll tr bfr-fr, m d g u prt. L tr - du dl tt d vlupp tbl rl l 987, qud l mm Brutld dll ONU (WED, 987) l dfì pr l mutà trl m vlupp durvl h mprmtt l tt d lut dl pt l u dll u rr h d prt dll gr futur. Gr qut tt, l lg è llumt pr dfr u uv v dl md prt d u mpr fruttu l vlu dl pr dll h. S l lg è dll rl è prm lug tt pgr l fm dll vt h è l vt pù rprdt ll rltà dl pt Trr m vt trttv. Mlt lttrtur trl r d Alfrd Ltk (95) d vr rtt l prm lbr d lg, gr l u lvr ttlt Elmt f phyl blgy. I qut lbr, l vt è pgt m u fm trttv, è m u pr put/utput u ò h tr ò h tr l truttur utr utpt h mft l fm vtl è u flu d mtr, rg d frm. L truttur utr può r dtft, d l v grrh dll rltà prpr dll lg, tr dffrt lvll d rg: ) u llul rgm ullulr pù l u tt mbtl; b) u rgm plurllulr (l d llul) pù l u tt mbtl; ) u tm (mutà d rgm) pù l u tt mbtl. Il tt mbtl pù prml dl pt trr (bfr-fr) è l tm lr, qull trmd è l gl V ltt qull ttl è l tr uvr. Qut v lg rrpd dftv d u rpprt dll vt m vt m. L mtr d u ttut rp h rg dl mtblm tllr h h dftv frt l p hmh (lmt); l rg h muv l mtblm tm d rg l bdvrtà (prduttr, umtr, dmptr) h rg lr l frm «u dffr h f l dffr», d Bt (979) è t ll t truttur p-tmprl h rg grdt l mr mrm. L rg dll llul dll rgm plurllulr, m qull tm (fg. ), uggr ltr h l fr dmt l vlu tt mpttv bì rgh, è l pr tr mpt d u tm (r tr) l rm d u tm l u tt mbtl (rrpd tr dttmt). L vvt dll f d dutrl dll umtà, l rt dmgrf, l u rt dll lmtt rr turl l qumt mbtl h dtrmt tuttv l ffrmr d u r glg uv dmt Atrp (rut, 5), dv l umtà, ttrvr l v lu dll u ppd xtrmth (hv m d frmt) d uv tl d vt, h mbt l pgg trrtr d bfr fr, rdd è l ptl turl bf dl ptl trpt mdfd gtvmt l mtblm trrtr. D qu l gut rfl, d prt dll h d prt dll h, ull u dl um dll tur d prt dll ultur, ugl qulbr l d m d u m vtt l prd d u rt llmtt u mbt f lmtt m qull trrtr ull pbl ltrtv ll ttul tl d vt umt (rupr dll vlupp tbl

29 prl b mu, m bl ttml tr ptl turl ptl trpt). U pul d rttr flf trptr può ggugr u ultrr p d rpbltà pr l mprtmt dll umtà. Iftt, phé l vlu dl m è u pgg ulturl prdtt dl lgugg tf, d u put d vt m-tr ptrmm frr h l m h vluppt u mt pvl ll umtà. L umtà rultrbb l trumt ttrvr l qul l m qut d t. I dftv, d l um l utput ulmt dll vlu dl mpl mtr-rg-frm h rg frm mpr pù mpl t ptrmm ludr h l um è m h prt tt l trpl ptt d, rpbl trd (ptà d pr D). Rd qut tr rttr dll um l rttrt dll trdpd, l d d D ppr r prtv l dvr dl m ttrvr l um. t t l. (99) ffrm h «l umtà h u rul pl l tm prhé è rpbl pr l mpr dl prpr rul l tm llrgt pr l u gt vr l tbltà». U d r pr l tbltà è h pr fu dl ptl turl upprtt, puttt h dtrutt, d rtr dll tà (Brk Flk, 99). ONLUSIONI Stblr lg tr v lg v rt dl md è u tttv h h ll v trdplr dll lg pl dll h. Pr qut rgurd l f dll dll, d Bdtt XVI (V) «Il lbr dll tur è u dvbl, ul vrt dll mbt m ul vrt dll vt, dll ultà,dl mtrm, dll fmgl, dll rl l, u prl dll vlupp um tgrl. I dvr h bbm vr l mbt llg dvr h bbm vr l pr drt t rl gl ltr». L lg m dll rl h rt vr u vlupp tbl tt dr d b mu, tr trgrl è p rd qut lttur tm dll rltà d mprtmt h drv. Pr qut r l mtd (ptmlg), Gv Pl II (FR) ffrm h «pù l u- 7

30 fd 8 m l rltà l md pù t ll u utà» h «qut v pr m ggtt dll tr dvt pr ò t prt dll tr vt». Qut «mmdmr» (Efuhlug d Mx Shlr, 9) dl ggtt ll ggtt dll, dvt u t h rffr l d pprt d u md utr m, dv l d frtll è ptt v h rpr. Sull b d qut fdmt tlg d ptmlg, fd p trvr u mu r d ttt ll prpttv lg gttr m l b pr u vltà dll mr. APPENDIE / STORIA E DEFINIZIONE DEL TERMINE PAESAGGIO L rg dl trm pgg rl l XVI l d è lgt ll d qut dl trrtr d prt dll mutà ll ld mpgt ttrvr u pr p d ggr rurl tdr trr l mr (Shrm, 995). L rgr trm ldhp, m qull uv d rg grm ldhft, t d dr pput u utà trrtrl d up um; u trrtr lgt ll qut. Il d pprt h l uff hft prm lgu td rgurd tuttv u rl rpr. Il trrtr pprt rg ll um h l qut m, pr l uv gr d frutr, è l um h pprt l trrtr h l tt ttrvr l fu lgh dl tg f, dll prduttvtà, dll rgl dll frm. L dffrt vl um h mpr rut ll trr l mdr utr, l ft prmr d prvvv. l vlupp dll mdr dll lg, l lgm d vtbl dpd dll um m d g ltr rtur dl u mbt d vt, ll pltr, rult frmt r mgl mpr. D gu l trm pgg, t d l tmlg dll lgu td, rprp u trt rfl ul gft dl rpprt d rl tr l um d l u mbt d vt. Il ugur dll lgg ttm l td um d rdr l vlupp vl rpprt qull h è l pr dl prpr mbt d vt, h drv dll vlu tr tur ultur. Nll ttul v urp dl pgg, h dtt rm ftt d plt dl pgg prtr dll pr pr fr ll pf, è trt mr l gft ttrbut d trmb qut du ultm trm. L pr dl pgg è dft md ggttul, m rmdt ll ggttvtà dll ppl, ll. Qut p vd l rttà dll qut ptmlg, dl md u l rltà u vvm, phé qut md flu l tp d gft h vg ttrbut ll rltà rpprtt u mdll. Imprtt qud dvt l trumt ptmlg u rpprtm l rltà, dll qul lmt ffr frm d rdr u qudr lg. Ugulmt mprtt rult u rfl ul trm pf dl pgg, phé l ttvtà pftr è u ttvtà prgttul h rgurd drttmt l rg d u pr dl h dtrm u rultt fl, pput l mdf dl pgg. Il mbmt d pgg m utput dl pr dl è u uv bttv mp lgltv, qut f d gg l pgg è tt rpt m u fftt ll drtt, è drttmt prgrmmt, rultt d mrt prgrmmt d ltr lvll d rg grrh, tttt vrtt qull dl pgg. APPENDIE / IL SIGNIFIATO EOLOGI- O DEL TERMINE PAESAGGIO L mdr dll lg, d lg tm, ffr l tt d tm (fgur ) u trumt ptmlg pr l trprt dll rltà rrbrt tfmt flfmt (prl t l 8). Gl hl dll lg, ttut dl mdll d rpprt dll tur d l tt d tm, ffr u gr ptmlg d rrtt trprt dll rltà d gut mpl pr l

31 prl u gt. Dl tt d tm ddu prp lg d -vlupp vlupp tbl, h rumbl m gu : ) u tgrl dll rd lr; b) rl tgrl dll mtr; ) vlr tgrl dll bdvrtà. Qut prp rv m rtr d rtmt d tm d ttvtà um (grltur, dutr, tr) d l dr dll tbltà d u gt frm d u m d tp lg mprtt l mtmt dl ptl turl dll tgrtà lg (ptà d rgr rv lg pr l rvmt dll vt dll d h l tg). Il mdll d tm, qut rpprt mbl dv rh trt d trdpd d mpt l fr trt (put) d ut (utput) l mb l tt d pprt - tt l tur prul dll rltà ll p l tmp, l u rd tr, l dttbltà l tt tr, l tttud l mbmt l tttud durr (tbltà). U vlupp tbl dll ttvtà um rhd u rmt d u dr qut prp d utrg turl. Il pgg rult mblmt llt m put trl d r d mpt pr, dft m dvr dll tm. I rfrmt qull h tt prm trbut frmtr dll lg dl pgg (Zvld, 989), p dtgur du ultrr dm dll rltà pggt, qull rlg qull tplg (fg. b-). L prm dm prm m l frm utr d pgg (pth tp frm d u dl ul) dpt lug l p rtl frmr u m, mtr l d vd m dbb r drt llmt h l prfl dl pgg, l dm vrtl h mprd l ttul (pdlg glg) l f d rtrur tgrlmt l fumt dll tr tm. Nll r tm ll h l mpt um (flgmt, umtr, tlgmt, dmptr) h, vrtù dll u rt dmgrf tlg (vlu xtr-mt), trg ptmt gl ltr mpt tm, prvd l pgg rul dgl tm d turl d trpt. I qut Fgur : Dffrt md d rpprt dl pgg 9