THE LANDSCAPE UNITS AS TOLLS PLANNING Interactions between anthropic activity and natural resources as projectual question

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1 THE LANDSCAPE UNITS AS TOLLS PLANNING Interactions between antropic activity and natural resources as projectual question Stefania CAIAZZO, Ines ALBERICO, Immacolata APREDA, Alessandro DAL PIAZ and Massimo FAGNANO University of Napoli Federico II Tis paper presents te results of several studies (in course of elaboration at CIRAM) directed to integrate different data (agronomic, geo-morpological and landscape data) from Naples Province Territorial Plan (PTCP), to define Landscape Units (LU) for te construction of an ecological regional network. Te metodology for te definition of te Landscape Units is based on a complex concept of landscape: te landscape results an multi-integrated interaction between antropic and natural factors. In tis perspective, te Landscape Units are intended as complexes territorial areas to wic te constituent elements, also eterogeneous, confer a specific identity and image as a consequence of te relation systems between tem and tat determine te formation and te evolution of Landscape Units. Te Landscape Units metodology suggests te ypotesis tat different disciplinary analyses can be independently developed, wit tecnical and specific criteria, to construct a multidisciplinary integrated sceme, were complex and integrated appraisals try to recognize te interactions between te various components. EYWORDS Naples province, geological zones, landscape planning, landscape units, territorial complexity INTRODUCTION Te produced studies represent te preliminary elaborations to integrate te Naples Coordinating Territorial Planning (PTCP) contents, concerning te pedological, agronomical, environmental and landscape components, according to: - planning course expressed in te Linee guida per la pianificazione territoriale regionale [ Guide lines for te regional territorial planning ]. - preliminary metodological indications elaborated by te Regione Campania in order to give a landscape importance to te territorial plans for te provincial coordination. - contents of te Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio [ Code of te cultural resources and te landscape ], according to te report of te European Convention on te landscape. Tese integrated and multidisciplinary studies represent te preliminary steps to te reconstruction of te Landscape Units and to constitute te provincial ecological system. Tis researc and te developed elaborations ave been included in a process of progressive integration of necessary knowledge to conform te PTCP to te following objects: - protection and valorization of agricultural and forestal resources; - definition of standards for te constitution of te provincial ecological system, connected wit te regional one and in compliance wit te regulations of te Regional Territorial Plan (PTR) regional trends; - landscape planning, so tat te PTCP can ave te value and efficacy as a landscape plan, in conformity wit te last national and regional legislative provisions. Tese goals include principles and indications according to te Convenzione europea sul paesaggio [ European landscape Convention ] and te law provisions about te landscape planning by wic landscape planning and management are taken back to responsibility for te coices and for te actions of territorial transformation and development. As a consequence it as become a necessity to insert specific components for landscape analysis, interpretation and planning in te creation of territorial and town plans. According to assumed aims, it as been followed a study system to analysis and to interpret te landscape as follow: - te first one is developed in relation to single topics; - te second one, by locating and considering relations between different topics and different territorial components. It syntesizes analytical and interpretative elaborations and gives a proposal for te provincial territorial articulation in areas were Landscape Units are identified. 1

2 It may be given a first analysis and interpretation of constitutive caracters of provincial territory, referring to different territorial and landscape components. Te investigated subjects are about: - geological and geomorpological caracterization; - territorial classification; - caracteristics of agricultural and natural areas; - installation system and landscape. It is important to remember tat studies about caracteristics of agricultural and natural areas ave a particular importance for te plan contents integration. Te uge analysis of a variable dataset makes possible not only to complete knowledge, in te aim of town-planning adjustment and in relation to plan landscape value, but also to form effective strategies for te agricultural production valorization based on a reliable table of resources and of potentiality. Te construction of provincial ecological network based on te regional one is te aim of tis study, too. Tis first stage of tis metodological study is based on te analysis of te single topics to individuate te provincial landscape structural elements. Te second stage uses Landscape Units to explain territory in relation to te landscape qualities tutelage, recovery and valorization. In literature and in planning documents tere are different definitions of Landscape Units, but its main meaning - widely sared - recognizes te Landscape Units as a wole territorial area to wic constitutive components give a specific identity and image, due to te relations among tem wic ave caused its making and development. Tis Landscape Units meaning refers to latest elaborations to te European Union ambient principles and to landscape meaning stated in te European Convention 2000, but also to last two ten-years periods of teoretic elaborations and planning experiences tat reformed territorial interpretation and relations between te territorial dynamics and te local community action. Te combination of analytical and interpretative elaborations, in relation to single topics, produced a first orientation sceme for individuation of Landscape Units and of specific components wic identify and distinguis an area from te oters. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF NAPLES PROVINCE: DEFINITION OF GEOLOGICAL ZONES Te Naples Province area, even if caracterized by a limited extension, as a remarkable litologic and geomorpologic variability, mainly due to te coexistence of bot volcanic (Campi Flegrei and Vesuvio volcanic areas) and sedimentary environments (limestone relief of Capri island, Sorrento Peninsula, Palma Campania and Roccarainola mountains). Tis particular geological framework as made very difficult te identification and te classification of Geological Zones wic caracterize te landscape Units. A step by step approac as been used to define tese Zones: first) collection and analysis of environmental data (geolitology, geomorpology, altimetry, slope, permeability, aquifer vulnerability, slope stability, seismic vulnerability, volcanic azard and subsurface vulnerability); second) data semplification and generation of monotematic maps; tird) creation of partial integrated maps based on te monotematic maps elaborated in te previous steps (Pysiograpic Units map, vulnerability environmental and morpology maps) and fourt) generation of a final integrated map, as a combination of partial integrated maps. In te first step, te collected environmental data ave been organized in a Geograpic Information System to find out a distinctive relation existing between tem troug te use of spatial analysis. Te overlap of part of data as sown te generation of complex map due to te uge quantity of eterogenic data presented in eac of ones. As a consequence, two distinct factors ave been used to simplify te environmental data and to realize monotematic maps wit a reduced number of classes: te map scale (1:25.000) and te reclassification concept. Secondly, data simplification based on te scale concept as been uniformly applied on te spatial elements of all te environmental data troug te union of polygons wit a limited extension to its neigbourood greater extended. On te contrary te simplification of data, based on te reclassification concept, as canged in relation to te environmental data type analysed. Tirdly, geolitological, altimetry and slope data ave been analysed and reclassified to define te Pysiograpic Units, wic can be considered te fundamental elements in te recognition of Geological Zones and teir relationsips. 2

3 In detail, from te Naples Province Geolitological map [4], following te litology reclassification concept, 11 geolitological units as been defined lumped togeter classes wit same litology but related to different time periods. Te altimetry data, classified in 3 classes: plain (0-100 m), ill ( m) and mountain (>600 m), ave allowed us te identification of: - Bot coastal and internal plains; - Campi Flegrei and te Somma-Vesuvio volcanic areas; - Topograpic relief of Capri and Iscia Islands and te different limestone-igs cropping out in te soutern (Massa Lubrense, Sorrento, Piano di Sorrento, S.Agnello, Meta e Parte di Vico Equense) and te nortern sector (Vico Equense, Rimonte, Agevola, Gragnano e Lettere) of te Sorrento Peninsula and also te Palma Campania and Roccarainola mountains bordering te Campanian Plain. Te slope data ave been classified in 4 classes to sow te difference between te flat area (plain zones) and te ig slope caracterizing a lot of limestone and volcanic illsides: <15, 15-30, 30-45, >45. Te Pysiograpic Units ave been generate using te geometric intersection and te prevailing concepts. In particular, te data related to te 11 geolitological units and to te 3 altimetry classes ave been intersected generating 27 Pysiograpic Units (FIG.1, TAB.1), wile te slope data ave been joined to eac Pysiograpic Units as mean slope. Fig. 1 : Naples Province Pysiograpic Units. Pysiograpic Unit PU1 PU2 PU3 PU4 PU5 PU6 PU7 Description Alternation of witis siltstones locally fossiliferous, elevation range 0-100, mean slope Alternation of witis siltstones locally fossiliferous, elevation range , mean slope Alternation of clayey marly sandstone and coarse-grained sandstone, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 Alternation of clayey marly sandstone and coarse-grained sandstone, elevation range , mean slope 15 Limestones and calcarenites of Sorrento Peninsula and Avella Mountains, elevation range 0-100, mean slope =30 Limestones and calcarenites of Sorrento Peninsula and Avella Mountains, elevation range , mean slope =30 Limestones and calcarenites of Sorrento Peninsula and Avella Mountains, elevation range >600, mean slope =30 3

4 PU8 Alluvial, marsy and beac deposits of te coastal zone and intra-crateric planes, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU9 Alluvial, marsy and beac deposits of te coastal zone and intra-crateric planes, elevation range , mean slope 15 PU10 Pediment and fan detrital deposits, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU11 Pediment and fan detrital deposits, elevation range , mean slope 15 PU12 Pediment and fan detrital deposits, elevation range >600, mean slope PU13 Matrix supported pyroclastic deposits mix to fragments of sedimentary deposits wit caotic texture, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU14 PU15 PU16 Matrix supported pyroclastic deposits mix to fragments of sedimentary deposits wit caotic texture, elevation range , mean slope Matrix supported pyroclastic deposits mix to fragments of sedimentary deposits wit caotic texture, elevation range >600, mean slope Pyroclastic deposits, volcanic dome, lava and dykes, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU17 Pyroclastic deposits, volcanic dome, lava and dykes, elevation range , mean slope 15 F18 Pyroclastic deposits, elevation range 0-100, mean slope PU19 Pyroclastic deposits, elevation range , mean slope PU20 Pyroclastic deposits, elevation range >600, mean slope PU21 Lavas, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU22 Lavas, elevation range , mean slope 15 PU23 Lavas, elevation range >600, mean slope PU24 Travertine, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU25 Tuff, elevation range 0-100, mean slope 15 PU26 Tuff, elevation range , mean slope PU27 Tuff, elevation range >600, mean slope Tab. 1: Pysiograpic Units description For eac Pysiograpic Units ave been also recognized and classified te geomorpological elements in te following two main classes: primary and subordinate morpological sapes (FIG.2). Te main types of azard, affecting te study area, ave been also used (aquifer vulnerability, slope stability, seismic vulnerability, volcanic azard and subsurface vulnerability) to indicate te territorial vulnerability for eac Geological Zones. Te aquifer vulnerability data ave been acquired to te Aquifer vulnerability map elaborated in 1998 [3] were te Naples Province area as been subdivided in 4 classes: - Hig vulnerability, - Medium vulnerability, - Low vulnerability, - Not defined vulnerability. Te slope stability data ave been acquired from te Landslide location map [5] were te Province of Naples area as been subdivided in 9 classes, eac ones caracterized by a predominant landslide type andor erosional event. Te seismic vulnerability data ave been record by te new seismic classification defined by decision n of 7 November 2002 of Giunta della Regione Campania. Tis classification subdivided te study area in 2 zones. 4

5 14TH European Colloquium on Teoretical and Quantitative Geograpy September 9-13, 2005 Tomar, Portugal Fig.2: Morpological elements describing te Naples Province landscape wit seismic index equal to 3 and equal to 2 for te Sorrento Peninsula and Capri island and for all te oter Naples Province municipalities, respectively. (Fig.3) Te subsurface vulnerability as been evaluated considering only te presence or te absence of cavities [1, 2, 6]. Tis information as been joined to eac municipality (FIG.3). 5

6 14TH European Colloquium on Teoretical and Quantitative Geograpy September 9-13, 2005 Tomar, Portugal Te volcanic vulnerability data ave been detected by te volcanic vulnerability map [8, 9] were te areas subjected to te Somma-Vesuvio and te Campi Flegrei activity ave been classified in tree classes: Hig volcanic vulnerability, for te area close to te Somma- Vesuvio volcano; Low andor Medium volcanic vulnerability, for te area between te Somma-Vesuvio volcano and te Roccarainola, Palma Campania and Sorrento Peninsula limestone relief; Medium ig volcanic vulnerability for te Campi Flegrei area located inside te caldera zone. Te vulnerability types analysed are different, mainly for te occurrence of considered events as a consequence it as been useful: a) to summarize te slope instability, te aquifer vulnerability and te subsurface vulnerability by te geometric intersection; b) to overlay te previous map to te volcanic and seismic vulnerability map to join tis information to te new zones generated in te previous step. Te Naples Province integrated vulnerability map obtained by tese two steps is caracterized by te following 26 classes (FIG.3; TAB.3): Fig.3: Integrated vulnerability map Code Territorial vulnerability Hig aquifer vulnerability; medium volcanic azard in te Somma-Vesuvio area, seismic index = 2; presence of cavities. Hig aquifer vulnerability; tuff fall; seismic index= 2 except for te Sorrento Peninsula zones caracterized by a seismic index= 3; presence of cavities. Hig aquifer vulnerability; falls along te deepening valleys; seismic index= 2 except for te Sorrento Peninsula zones caracterized by a seismic index= 3; presence of cavities. Hig aquifer vulnerability; ig frequency of debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits and rock fall; medium volcanic azard in te Somma-Vesuvio area and low volcanic azard in Sorrento Peninsula and in Roccarainola municipality; seismic index= 2 except for te Sorrento Peninsula zones caracterized by a seismic index= 3; presence of cavities. 6

7 5 Hig aquifer vulnerability; ig frequency of debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits, rock fall and complex landslide in flysc; seismic index= 3; presence of cavities. 6 Hig aquifer vulnerability; tuff and lava falls; seismic index= 2; presence of cavities. Hig aquifer vulnerability; erosional andor solid transport events; ig volcanic azard; seismic 7 index= 2; presence of cavities Hig aquifer vulnerability; ig frequency of debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits, tuff fall; mediumig volcanic azard in te Campi Flegrei area; seismic index= 2; presence of cavities. 8 Hig aquifer vulnerability; debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits and flysc, rock fall; seismic index= Low aquifer vulnerability; seismic index= 2 Low aquifer vulnerability; ig frequency of debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits and rock fall; 11 seismic index = Low aquifer vulnerability; debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits, rock fall and complex landslide in flysc; seismic index = 3; presence of cavities. Low aquifer vulnerability; erosional andor solid transport events; ig volcanic azard; seismic index = 2. Low aquifer vulnerability; debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits, tuff fall; medium-ig volcanic azard in te Campi Flegrei area; seismic index = 2; presence of cavities. Low aquifer vulnerability; debris flows in te pyroclastic deposits and flysc, rock fall; seismic index = 3. Medium aquifer vulnerability; medium volcanic azard in te Somma-Vesuvio area and medium-ig in te Campi Flegrei area; seismic index = 2; presence of cavities 17 Medium aquifer vulnerability; tuff landslide; seismic index = 3 Medium aquifer vulnerability; falls along te deepening valleys; low volcanic azard in te Roccarainola municipality; seismic index = 2 except for te Sorrento Peninsula zones caracterized 18 by a seismic index= 3; presence of cavities Medium aquifer vulnerability; debris flow in te pyroclastic deposits and rock fall; medium volcanic azard in te Somma-Vesuvio area and low volcanic azard in te Sorrento Peninsula; seismic index = 2 except for te Sorrento Peninsula zones caracterized by a seismic index= 3; presence of 19 cavities Medium aquifer vulnerability; debris flow in te pyroclastic deposits, rock fall and complex landslide in flysc; seismic index = 3 Medium aquifer vulnerability; erosional andor solid transport events, ig volcanic azard; seismic index = 2 Medium aquifer vulnerability; debris flow in te pyroclastic deposits and tuff fall; medium-ig volcanic azard in te Campi Flegrei area; seismic index = 2; presence of cavities. Medium aquifer vulnerability; debris flow in te pyroclastic deposits and flysc, rock fall; seismic index = 3 24 Tuff landslide and lava fall; seismic index = 2; presence of cavities 25 erosional andor solid transport events; seismic index = 2 26 debris flow in te pyroclastic deposits and tuff fall; seismic index = 2; presence of cavities Tab.3 Vulnerability classes description Fourt, data in te Pysiograpic Units map and in te Integrated vulnerability map ave been used to generate te Geological Zones map were te Naples Province area as been subdivide in 22 Geological Zones (FIG. 4). 7

8 14TH European Colloquium on Teoretical and Quantitative Geograpy September 9-13, 2005 Tomar, Portugal Fig. 4: Geological Zones map Te adopted model used to define Geological Zones as ad te main aim to avoid te excessive territorial subdivision. Tis result as been obtained using two different principles: a) Pysiograpic Units as geograpic element wic allowed us to subdivide te landscape and b) te attribute data associated to te integrated vulnerability and in te Geomorpological maps to caracterise te study area. Te information associated to eac Geological Zone is te sum of total data available, for example te GZ15 Geological Zone as been described as follow: te GZ15 correspond to te main part of te soutern sector of te Somma-Vesuvio volcano and it is constituted by lava and pyroclastic deposits covering an elevation range of m. Tis zone is caracterized by a good permeability, in areas were te lava deposits are well exposed, and by a variable permeability in areas were are exposed te pyroclastic deposits. Tis zone is caracterized by solid transport events, medium-ig aquifer vulnerability, ig volcanic vulnerability and te presence of cavities. SETTLEMENT AND LANDSCAPE Te transformation of te Naples province area, in second alf of last century, wit te urban and building increase lumped to te bad quality of te urbanized areas and to alteration and erosion of environment resources caused a critical condition in relation between installing system and landscape, or rater te crisis of relations system among different territorial and landscape components (geomorpological, vegetational and settling). In last ten-year period of last century built areas in different province zones caused suburban settlement saturation and a building increase in an agricultural context. Te Naples province territory is formed by extended built areas and by an intense settling diffusion in extra urban territory; for tis reason it is important an analysis of built areas to estimate elements tat determine te landscape quality and to built cognitive scemes for landscape planning. Tis analysis elps to recognize territorial qualities (integrity, compromission, degradation) and to gain elements for next location of critical and vulnerable conditions. 8

9 14TH European Colloquium on Teoretical and Quantitative Geograpy September 9-13, 2005 Tomar, Portugal So te studies are based on two main topics: te built areas peculiarities and te landscape components articulation. Morpology, density and settlement analysis of built areas produced a cartograpic interpretation of different typologies. Morpology and density analysis (FIG. 5a, 5b) as areas coverage percentage of today built areas, and consequent interpretative elaborations, form a propedeutic study to location and valuation of te landscape nature. Te aim of tis study aim is to distinguis territorial limits in relation to main built areas settling caracters by forming data levels for next studies to integrate te PTCP wit landscape quality subjects and to determine te Landscape Units and pertinent tutelage and requalification doctrine. LEGENDA Confini provinciali Articolazione del territorio in rapporto alle tipologie insediative: AU - Aree urbane e insediamenti minori con tessuto prevalentemente continuo AU 1 - Area urbana centrale e aree urbane periferice di Napoli ance comprensive di zone periferice dei centri limitrofi a cui sono connesse. AU 2 - Aree urbane e insediamenti prevalentemente densi e compatti del Giuglianese, dell area a nord di Napoli, dell area Acerra-Pomigliano-Scisciano, del Nolano, del Vesuviano interno e costiero, dell area stabiese AU3 - Insediamenti urbani dell area flegrea. AU4 - Insediamenti urbani della penisola Sorrentina AE R- Aree di recente edificazione in espansione agli insediamenti urbani cui sono generalmente almeno parzialmente relazionate AER 1 - Aree in prevalenza di recente espansione residenziale con edificatoimpianto parzialmente connesso all area urbana principale AER 2 Aree edificate non sempre fisicamente connesse in espansione ai centri urbani in ambiti fortemente caratterizzati sotto il profilo morfologico AEC - Aree interessate da recente edificazione e di rilevante estensione ce si estendono in modo continuo tra più insediamenti, comprensive di spazi agricoli ance estesi AEC1 - Aree dell area flegrea sud-occidentale in prevalenza di recente edificazione in espansione agli insediamenti urbani, caratterizzate in generale dalla continuità dell edificato e da spazi agricoli interclusi AEC 2 - Aree di recente edificazione in espansione agli insediamenti urbani, prevalentemente di significativa estensione, ce si estendono in modo continuo tra più insediamenti AEC 3 Fasce edificate lungo la viabilità principale di collegamento tra i centri, in contesto non urbanizzato AGG Aggregati edilizi di recente formazione, in prevalenza di edilizia residenziale, presenti in contesto agricolo AGG1 - Aggregati edilizi di recente formazione presenti in contesto agricolo con un estensione ance consistente eo un elevato grado di copertura edilizia AGG2 - Aree edificate adiacenti al Lago Patria e del litorale giuglianese, con caratterizzazione ance turistica AGG3 - Fasce edificate lungo la viabilità territoriale e locale in contesto agricolo AGG4 Aggregati edilizi presenti in ambiti fortemente caratterizzati sotto il profilo morfologico ADI- ED- Aree agricole caratterizzate da dispersione edilizia in prevalenza con elevata densità ADI-ED 1- Aree agricole in prevalenza caratterizzate significativa estensione e di edilizia sparsa. dalla presenza di aggregati ance di ADI-ED 2 - Aree agricole con diffusa presenza di aggregati edilizi e di edilizia sparsa distribuiti prevalentemente lungo la viabilità principale e secondaria. ADI-ED 3 - Aree agricole con accentuata presenza di aggregati edilizi, in generale di contenuta estensione e prevalentemente con morfologia lineare, e di edilizia sparsa. ADI-ED 4 - Zone agricole terrazzate dell ambito collinare nord-orientale della penisola sorrentina con presenza significativa di edilizia sparsa o piccoli aggregati. ADI - BD - Aree agricole caratterizzate da dispersione insediativa in densità prevalenza con bassa ADI-BD 1 - Aree agricole caratterizzate dalla presenza diffusa di aggregati, in prevalenza di contenuta estensione ADI-BD 2 Aree agricole dei rilievi dell area flegrea con presenza di aggregati e edilizia sparsa. ADI-BD 3- Aree agricole con edilizia sparsa e piccoli aggregati nell area a nord di Napoli, nell area Acerra-Pomigliano-Scisciano, nell area nolana, nell area vesuviana interna e nell area boscese. AD-BD 4 - Aree agricole collinari della penisola sorrentina con presenza di contentuti aggregati edilizi e di edilizia diffusa AA- Aree agricole caratterizzate dall assenza o dalla scarsa presenza di edilizia residenziale e di manufatti con altra destinazione. AA1 - Aree agricole in prevalenza del territorio aperto o ad esso connesse caratterizzate dall assenza o da una scarsa presenza di aggregati e di edilizia. AA2 - Aree agricole caratterizzate dall assenza o dalla scarsa presenza di piccoli aggregati e di edilizia sparsa. AA3 Aree agricole caratterizzate dall assenza o da una contenuta presenza edilizia in contesto fortemente caratterizzato sotto il profilo morfologico. AA4 - Aree agricole, ance di significativa estensione, intercluse negli insediamenti urbani e nelle aree di recente espansione urbana. SPIN - Spazi di prevalente interesse naturalistico SPIN 1 - Aree prevalentemente montuose o collinari di elevato interesse naturalistico caratterizzati dall assenza o dalla scarsa presenza di episodi edilizi; spiagge e coste rocciose. SPIN 2 Aree di interesse naturalistico con contenuta presenza edilizia SPIN 3 - Fasce perilacuali caratterizzate da rada presenza di manufatti, con destinazione mista, e spazi agricoli. SPIN 4 - Fasce dei corsi d acqua e dei valloni ed aree agricole adiacenti, a volte intercluse in aree edificate. SPIN 5 Ambiti costieri con specifica caratterizzazione. AS - Aree specialistice IND-1: Insediamenti industriali IND-2 - Area industriale dismessa di cui è programmata la riconversione AP - Aree portuali AEROP Aeroporto SP Aree, edificate o meno, di rilevante e estensione eo in territorio extraurbano, con destinazione specialistica M - Aree militari ARCH- aree arceologice CAVE N.B. Per quanto riguarda i caratteri distintivi si veda la Relazione allegata Fig. 5a: Morpology and density analysis: interpretation of te different territorial typologies Naples continental territory (extract) 9

10 14TH European Colloquium on Teoretical and Quantitative Geograpy September 9-13, 2005 Tomar, Portugal A preliminary study on landscape components to identify its structural elements as been done by considering bot installation system analysis results and environment peculiarity (Fig. 6). Te researc, based on European Convention landscape definition, lays stress on territorial pysics structure, forms peculiarities and nature, recognizes relations between different territorial components and reads ow tese elements are used and received. Te researc is result of combination between main territorial and landscape elements and interpretation of formal aspects and perceptive caracters. Interaction between te two metods of researc allow us to recognize landscape components and relations among tem. LEGENDA ELEMENTI DELLA STRUTTURA GEOMORFOLOGICA 6 8 vette principali. 7 linee di cresta " 4 9 conoide alluvionale " spiaggia falesie 5 5" 4 vegetazione rada aree prevalentemente agricole ELEMENTI DEL SISTEMA INSEDIATIVO aree di recente edificazione VALORI PERCETTIVI tessuti storici 2 " viabilità principale 1 versanti collinari e montuosi prevalentemente boscati 1 ELEMENTI DELLA VEGETAZIONE E DEL PAESAGGIO AGRARIO " 10 6 rilievi vulcanicicupole lavice rete idrografica " orlo di cratere duomo di lava " 10.6 " " 3 " ELEMENTI EMERGENTI ECCEZIONALI DELL'AMBITO NATURALE 1- Monte Rotaro Bosco di Castiglione e Bosco della Maddalena emergenza visiva centro di attenzione 2- Isolotto del Castello emergenza visiva centro di attenzione 3- Punta S. Pietro rocce elevata pendenza 4- Punta della Scrofa fondale lontano sequenza 5- Lacco Ameno Il Fungo scoglio emergenza visiva 6- Punta di Monte Vico fondale lontano sequenza 7- Baia di San Montaro versante ad elevata pendenza rocce 8- Punta Caruso promontorio fondale 9- Punta del Soccorso 10- Punta Imperatore rocce elevata pendenza 11- Punta Ciarito 12- Isolotto di Sant'Angelo 13- Spiaggia dei Maronti e Cava Scura 14- Scogli di S. Anna e spiaggia Cartaromana rocce elevata pendenza 15- Isolotto di Vivara 16- Punta di Socciaro 17- Punta di Pizzico 18- Promontorio di S. Margerita 19- Altura di Terra Murata ELEMENTI EMERGENTI ECCEZIONALI DELL'AMBITO COSTRUITO 1- Castello e ponte aragonese 2- Ciesa di S. Pietro 3- Faro 4- Ciesa di S. Restituta 5- Ciesa di Maria SS. di Montevergine 6- Torrione 7- S. Maria del Soccorso 8- Faro 9- Masseria dell'arbusto museo 10- Ciesa di S. Maria del Monte 11- Faro di Punta Pioppeto 12- Acropoli di Terra Murata. 4 torri e mura di fortificazione ELEMENTI LINEARI DI EMERGENZA PERCETTIVA MARGINI 1- fasce boscate di margine all'edificato 2- margine versante boscato - insediamenti (Monte Epomeo - Monte Rotaro - Lacco Ameno Casamicciola) 3- incisioni idrografice (Barano - Serrara Fontana) 4- versante ad elevata pendenza rocce - mare (scarrupata di Barano) 5- Punta Imperatore - Spiaggia di Citara elementi emergenti caratterizzanti l'insieme centri di attenzione 13 fondali Fig. 5b: Morpology and density analysis: interpretation of te different territorial typologies Iscia LEGENDA ISSPIN SPAZI DI PREVALENTE INTERESSE NATURALISTICO ISSPIN1 monte Solaro - area ad alta naturalità con vegetazione rada e morfologia complessa con vette isolate (Monte Solaro, Monte Cappello, Monte S.Maria), conce di dimensione ridotte (conca dell'alginola), ripidi versanti ce individuano forti margini caratterizzati dall'alternarsi di rocce e cespugliato, aree boscate circoscritte verso le parti terminali a margine delle aree agricole e degli insediamenti ISSPIN2 costa occidentale (Sentiero dei Fortini); costa caratterizzata dall'alternarsi di stretti promontori e baie profonde; carattere prevalentemente naturale con aree cespugliate e boscate nelle zone più vicine alla costa; prevalenza del paesaggio agrario nelle zone più interne con limitate zone boscate; bassa presenza antropica: si individuano case isolate, prevalentemente ville in prossimità della costa, e piccoli aggregati insediativi nelle aree agricole e lungo la viabilità secondaria perpendicolare alla costa. ISSPIN3 costa sud (punta Marmolata, punta Ventroso, scoglio delle Sirene); costa alta e frastagliata caratterizzata da ripide pareti rocciose. Totale assenza antropica ISSPIN4 costa orientale (Monte S.Micele, Salto di Tiberio, Punta Massullo, Faraglioni); costa alta e articolata caratterizzata da baie profonde, dalla presenza di aree cespugliate e boscate. Si caratterizza per la scarsa presenza antropica: sono presenti ville isolate nell'area compresa tra punta Tragara e punta Massullo ISSPIN5 costa nord-ovest (grotta Azzurra, Bagni di Tiberio); area di costa poco articolata caratterizzata da ripide pareti rocciose e, nelle aree più interne, dalla presenza di aree boscate; bassa presenza antropica con ville isolate e un piccolo aggregato in prossimità della grotta Azzurra ISADI AREE AGRICOLE CON PRESENZA DIFFUSA DI EDIFICATO CARATTERIZZATO DA BASSA DENSITA ISADI1 Anacapri-Damecuta - aree di edificazione recente in un contesto prevalentemente agricolo; l'edificato caratterizzato in prevalenza da tipologie di case isolate su lotto segue l'andamento dei rilievi e si relaziona solo a tratti ai tracciati viari di tipo locale. Presenza di aggregati edilizi recenti poco coerenti con il contesto ambientale ISADI2 Anacapri-MigliaraPino - aree di edificazione recente in un contesto prevalentemente agricolo e fortemente caratterizzato dal punto di vista paesaggistico-ambientale; gli insediamenti, legati solo in parte alla coltura agricola e caratterizzati da tipologie di case isolate su lotto, sono articolati su terrazzamenti lungo la viabilità principale ISAU AREE URBANE E INSEDIAMENTI MINORI ISAU1 Anacapri - tessuti storici strutturati per aggregati di piccole dimensioni con caratteri tipo-morfologici complessi e impianto viario estremamente articolato; elevati valori storico-arcitettonici (nuclei di Le Boffe e di Pastena); presenza significativa e caratterizzante di aree agricole intercluse ISAU2 Capri - tessuti storici caratterizzati da un'area centrale compatta e da connessioni diffuse lungo la viabilità principale; dominanza di alcune emergenze storice e monumentali; presenza significativa di aree boscate e agricole intercluse nell'edificato ISAU3 Marina Grande - area caratterizzata da un nucleo di aggregazione compatta lungo la costa (tessuti storici stratificati di Marina Grande) e da addensamenti dell'edificato, prevalentemente di recente costruzione, lungo la viabilità di collegamento tra i centri; presenza diffusa di aree coltivate e boscate intercluse nell'edificato ISAU4 Marina Piccola - area caratterizzata da un piccolo nucleo storico lungo la costa e da insediamenti, prevalentemente di recente edificazione, caratterizzati da tipologie di case isolate su lotto disposti lungo le curve di livello; presenza significativa di aree boscate ISAER AREE DI EDIFICAZIONE RECENTE ISAER Capri - aree in prevalenza di edificazione recente articolate lungo la viabilità di collegamento al nucleo centrale e caratterizzata da edificazione residenziale rada (ville) e dalla presenza di attività ricettive. Presenza significativa di aree boscate e agricole intercluse ISAP AREE PORTUALI ISARCH AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE AREE MARINE VINCOLATE VIABILITA PRINCIPALE Fig. 6: Landscape components articulation Capri 10

11 LEVEL OF BIODIVERSITY OF RURAL AREAS. From te land use map edited by te Regione Campania in 2002 [10], in te Naples Province 5 levels of biodiversity were identified. Very low level (0) was ascribed to te areas covered by greenouses wic are caracterized by te maximum level of exclusion of species (microbia, flora and fauna) different from tat cultivated. Te relationsips of tese areas wit te natural environment (climate, biospere, energy and water fluxes) are minimized and te cemical inputs are maximized. A low level (1) of biodiversity was ascribed to te area used for open field vegetable production, industrial crops (mainly tobacco) and cereals (mainly corn). In tese cropping systems tere is a certain level of presence of extraneous species (i.e. weeds and natural flora, microfauna) also if tey are subjected to cemical and mecanical inputs (soil tillage, mineral fertilizers, pesticides). A medium level (2) of biodiversity was ascribed to te areas caracterized by more ig degree of naturality, mainly represented by land used wit orcards (peaces, apricots, peers, apples, azelnuts). Also if tese cropping systems are intensively managed (i.e. many treatments wit pesticides), te presence of useful insects (i.e. bees), birds and little rodents and cover crops between te rows for allowing te access to te fields during te rainy periods, are very spread. Besides te cropping period of tese species is sufficiently prolonged for allowing a certain equilibrium between te external inputs and te developments of natural species (i.e. natural flora and soil microbia) also tanks to a strong reduction of tillage intensity and frequency. Te cemical and energetic inputs are not applied during all te year, but is limited to te growt periods (usually april-september). A ig level (3) of biodiversity was ascribed to te areas covered by extensive cropping systems wic ave a minimum environmental impact: azelnuts, olive, grape citrus and intercrops and complex cropping systems. Very important are te soil tillage systems and layouts of tese lands wic are often in illy slopes since tey allow to reduce soil degradation and erosion (i.e. terraces of olive and lemons in Sorrento coast, or of grape in Vesuvius slopes). In te complex cropping systems, often many different crops (erbaceous and arboreous) are present at te same time and also natural flora is tolerated. Cemical and mecanical inputs are often limited by te geomorpological conditions. In tis category also natural areas wit recent reforestation or degradated for different reasons (i.e. forest fires, mines, ) were included. Te maximum level (4) of biodiversity was attributed to all te natural areas (woods, srubs, ) and to te cropping systems in wic te farmers are almost exclusively arvesters, since te cemical and mecanical inputs are very exceptional (i.e. permanent meadows, pastures, cestnut woods). From te analysis of te cropping systems in te Naples province (Fig. 7), it rises te areas wit a level 0 of biodiversity are not widespread in te Naples Province, but are concentrated in te Nortern Part (Acerra, Caivano and Afragola), in te sea side of Vesuvian coast (Ercolano, Torre del Greco), in te coastal area of te Sarno river plain (Poggiomarino, Boscoreale, Sant Antonio Abate, Santa Maria la Carità and Pompei). Cropping systems wit a low level (1) of biodiversity, mainly represented by orticultural crops, are concentrated in 2 areas of te Province: te nortern part (Acerra, Marigliano, Nola, San Vitaliano e Pomigliano) and te coastal area of te Sarno river plain. Tere two areas are also caracterized by a wide presence of te aforesaid greenouses, since tey suffer a very strong antropic impact. Te areas wit a medium level (2) of biodiversity, mainly covered by orcards, are concentrated in te Nort-West part (Giugliano in Campania, Qualiano, Villaricca, Quarto, Marano e Sant Antimo) were mainly peaces are cultivated, and in te plain at East of te Vesuvius, were apricots predominated (Sant Anastasia, Poggiomarino and Casamarciano). Tese last areas link oter areas very important from a naturalistic point of view (Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius and te woods of Appennino). Te areas wit a ig level (3) of biodiversity, mainly covered by olive, grape and citrus orcards are spread along te Sorrento Coast, around te Vesuvius (Trecase e Boscotrecase) were apricots and azelnuts predominate, and spread also if not continuous in te Nort-East (Nola), in Campi Flegrei and in te Isles. Te areas wit a very ig level (4) of biodiversity are concentrated in tree large areas: te first link te Isle of Iscia to te Appennino woods (from Sout-West to Nort East), passing troug te coastal dunes, te parks and protected areas of Campi Flegrei and of te Naples City Hills; te second around te Vesuvius Vulcano in te central part of te Province; te tird along te Sorrento Coast, from Capri Isle to te Appennino woods. It is important to notice tat in tese tree areas are concentrated te igest number of protected areas of te Naples Province. 11

12 4. very ig 3. ig 2. medium 1. low 0. very low Fig. 7: Levels of Biodiversity of natural and cropping systems in te Province of Naples. CONCLUSIVE REMARS Te study for location of Landscape Units on provincial scale, is based on an integrated territorial reading wit consideration of specific territorial caracters and relations between antropical and natural components, tat ave been analyzed in previous step. In order to determine Landscape Units, in accordance wit regional and national criteria, a first ypotesis as been done to divide provincial territory in areas recognizable for different caracteristics ydrogeomorpological, vegetational and agrarian, istorical-cultural and settling, perceptive wic produce territorial and landscape scemes as a syntesis of relations between tem. Studies and researces of tis step produced tis territorial articulation wit reference to an interpretation of Landscape Units defined as Ambito caratterizzato da specifici sistemi di relazioni ecologice, percettive, storice, culturali e funzionali tra componenti eterogenee, ce gli conferiscono un immagine ed un identità distinte e riconoscibili [7], [ Spere caracterized by specific systems of ecological, perceptive, istorical, cultural, functional relations between eterogeneous components, wic give it distinct and recognizable imagine and identity ]. A first interpretative syntesis of environmental and landscape caracters as produced provincial territory articulation in 20 areas (17 areas in te continental territory and 3 areas in te islands). Tis syntesis will be examined closely to integrate some cognitive aspects and to value single components roles and teir incidence level in landscape configurations production. Te procedure, based on developed analysis, to individuate areas concerns: - consideration of pysiograpical models as a standard reference; - location of macro-areas recognizable for specific caracters and relation systems concerning every single reading section; - comparison of territorial articulations fixed for eac field tat, on ground of most significant components and relations to confer recognizable identificational caracters, consents areas locations. Reassembling different information and considerations (geological, agronomical, pedological, settling analysis) as produced initial syntetic valuations and a first provincial territory articulation based on territorial peculiarities deriving from different ecological, istorical, settling, perceptive relation systems. 12

13 landscape units limits 18 1 VESUVIO 11 PIANA VESUVIANA 2 PENISOLA SORRENTINA 12 ESI VESUVIO 3 CAMPI FLEGREI 13 AREA STABIESE AREE PEDEMONTANE DELL APPENINO CAMPANO 14 NORD-VESUVIO (ROCCARAINOLA, VISCIANO, CARBONARA DI NOLA, 15 FASCIA VESUVIANA COSTIERA PALMA CAMPANIA) 16 AREA NAPOLETANA 7 CAPODIMONTE 17 COMUNI A NORD DI NAPOLI 8 LITORALE DOMIZIO 18 CAPRI 9 AREA GIUGLIANESE 19 ISCHIA 10 PIANA ACERRANA 20 PROCIDA E VIVARA Fig. 8a: Territorial articulation to locate te landscape units Te map Articolazione del territorio per la individuazione delle unità di paesaggio [ Territorial articulation to locate te landscape unities ] (FIG.8a) is a starting point to locate Landscape Unit; it consists of grapic map (1:75000 scale), in wic provincial territory is subdivided in twenty areas and of an enclosure wit cards tat reports: general area caracters; landscape caracters pertinent to geomorpology, ydrograpical net, vegetation, agrarian territory; settling and istorical resources system; landscape main caracters; location areas ypotesis for landscape models. 13

14 About te islands, a furter landscape division in different areas as presented in figure 8b a 9 8a 9b 9a 1a 1 1b 1a 4a 5 4 6b 6a 6a 6b 6 7 1b 2 3b Fig. 8b: Territorial articulation to locate te landscape units: Capri Island An integrated reading wit researces in different fields is done for eac area, wit description of recurrent environment conditions, of different islands landscape kinds and identification of structural and caracteristic elements wic define its specific identity. Te main landscape kinds are: large naturalistic areas, coast landscapes, urban landscapes, agricultural landscapes; landscape models are defined relating to prevailing of a specific element (natural, geological, settling, agricultural). For example: coast landscapeigly caracterized by geomorpological and settling elements; coast landscapecaracterized by geomorpological, vegetational and agrarian elements; agricultural landscapecaracterized by diffused settlements. REFERENCES [1] Alberico I., Guerra V. & Lirer L. Il riscio sottosuolo nella Provincia di Napoli. IV Conferenza Nazionale ASITA - Informazione Geografica: innovazione e formazione, pp (2000). [2] Alterbitini V.,Baldi A., Collini L., Esposito C., Guerra V., Miraglino P., Sciattarella F. & Vallario A. Le cavità sotterranee del napoletano: pericolosità e possibili utilizzi, Geologia Tecnica N.3 (1998) [3] Corniello A. & de Riso R. Caratterizzazione della circolazione e qualità delle acque sotterranee. In Analisi dell ambiente fisico ed antropizzato, individuazione e definizione dei risci naturali, pp , (1998). [4] de Riso R. & Lirer L., I Caratteri Fisico-Ambientali del Territorio - La carta Geolitologica, della Provincia di Napoli - In Analisi dell ambiente fisico ed antropizzato, individuazione e definizione dei risci naturali, pp. 1-14, (1998). [5] de Riso R., Iaccarino G. & Pellegrino A. Caratterizzazione geomorfologica e fenomeni franosi. In analisi dell ambiente fisico ed antropizzato, individuazione e definizione dei risci naturali, 15-24(1998). [6] Evangelista A. Cavità e dissesti nel sottosuolo dell area napoletana, Atti del Convegno Risci naturali ed impatto antropico nell area metropolitana napoletana (1991) 14

15 [7] Gambino, Roberto et al, Regione autonoma Valle d Aosta, Piano territoriale paesistico. Urbanistica Quaderni 14, 1997 [8] Lirer L. La pericolosità vulcanica nella Provincia di Napoli. In analisi dell ambiente fisico ed antropizzato, individuazione e definizione dei risci naturali, pp (1998) [9] Lirer L, Petrosino P, Alberico I & Postiglione I. Long-term volcanic azard forecasts based on Somma-Vesuvio past eruptive activity. (2001) Bull Volcanol 63:45 60 [10] Regione Campania, Carta di uso del suolo. Settore difesa del suolo, progetto It 2000, AUTHORS INFORMATION CAIAZZO STEFANIA stefania.caiazzo@tin.it, Dipartimento di Urbanistica University of Napoli Federico II ALBERICO INES ialberic@unina.it C.I.R.AM (Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente) University of Napoli Federico II APREDA IMMA immapre@libero.it Dipartimento di Urbanistica University of Napoli Federico II DAL PIAZ ALESSANDRO Alessandro.dalpiaz@unina.it Dipartimento di Urbanistica University of Napoli Federico II FAGNANO MASSIMO fagnano@unina.it Dipartimento di Ingegneria Agraria e Agronomia University of Napoli Federico II University of Napoli Federico II 15