The methodological approach for saving, recovering and reusing of water resources

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1 The methodological approach for saving, recovering and reusing of water resources Prof. Giovanni Zurlini Landscape Ecology Laboratory Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies University of Salento (Lecce)

2 Water: a threaten resource Water is a limited resource, threaten by human activities, so that it needs to be protected: in qualitative sense, to improve the quality of superficial, ground and marine waters in quantitative sense, reducing the overuse of ground water Plan for saving, recover and reuse of water based on a systemic approach

Precipitation Evapotranspiration Systems Ecologist s Abstraction Flowers Goat Solar radiation Soil nutrients Soil water Shepherd Winter food

3 Precipitation Evapotranspiration Systems Ecologist s Abstraction Flowers Goat Solar radiation Soil nutrients Soil water Shepherd Winter food Pigs Grass Feaces Paul Gauguin: Campagna bretone con pastore e maiali al pascolo, 1888, Olio su tela, cm, Los Angeles, Norton Simon Foundation.

4 European DPSIR Scheme (OECD, 1994) Driving forces regulate Responses determine reduce mitigate need Pressures Impacts change State

Nested panarchy of SELs in the Apulia region Provinces 1:4,000,000 Foggia Region 1:7,000,000 Land cover 1:250,000 Counties 1:1,000,000 Bari Brindisi Taranto Lecce Legend Broad-leaved forest Complex

5 Nested panarchy of SELs in the Apulia region Provinces 1:4,000,000 Foggia Region 1:7,000,000 Land cover 1:250,000 Counties 1:1,000,000 Bari Brindisi Taranto Lecce Legend Broad-leaved forest Complex cultivation patterns Coniferous forest Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Natural grassland Non-irrigated arable land Olive groves Sclerophyllous vegetation Vineyards Apulia region

6 Spatial Extent Region Watershed Landscape Ecosystem Time for Change

7 Spatial Extent Broad extents Region Constraints Watershed Slow processes Small Extents Landscape Potentials Ecosystem Rapid processes Time for Change

8 Spatial Extent Region Pressure: Nitrogen fertilisation Watershed Landscape Ecosystem Time for Change

9 Spatial Extent Pressure: Nitrogen fertilisation Watershed Region Nitrate concentration in drinking water Nitrate concentration in water bodies Landscape Nitrate concentration in groundwater Ecosystem Nitrate concentration in soil solution State: Nitrate concentrations Time for Change

10 Spatial Extent Ecological impact Region Watershed Quality of drinking water Eutrophication of water bodies Landscape Nitrate discharge in groundwater Ecosystem Nitrate leaching Time for Change

11 Spatial Extent Ecological impact Economic impact Region Watershed Quality of drinking water Human health Eutrophication of water bodies Landscape Fishing reduction Nitrate discharge in groundwater Ecosystem Nitrate leaching Water treatment costs Fertiliser loss (capital loss) Time for Change

12 Spatial Extent Ecological impact Economic impact Societal perception Decision Process Landscape Watershed Region Quality of drinking water Human health Eutrophication of water bodies Fishing reduction Nitrate discharge in groundwater Ecosystem Nitrate leaching Water treatment costs Fertiliser loss (capital loss) Time for Change

13 Spatial Extent Targets of regional development Regional agricultural policy targets Social state in rural Settlement Economic situation of the farmer Ecosystem Drivers Landscape Watershed Information, consultation and training Region Regional Water Plan Economic programmes for rural areas Water framework directive Local restrictions or nitrogen taxes Response Time for Change

14 Plan for saving, recovering and reusing of water This plan will consider different possibilities for water saving in different sectors: civilian, agricultural and industrial. In addition this plan will consider the possible reduction of overpumping from wells and re-use of waste-waters. The project will develop different scenarios as decision support systems (DSS) This plan will support the traditional infrastructural policies considering that water is scarce for climatic reasons too.

15 Stato dell arte del Piano delle Acque e discussione sulle possibili query del Sistema Informativo Ambientale

16 Precipitazioni medie annue nel periodo

17 Corpi idrici sotterranei significativi

18 Ricarica media annua nel periodo

19 Stato quantitativo Superfici irrigate Fonte: PTA

20 Variazione di superficie irrigata nel periodo intercensuario ( ) rapportata alla superficie comunale (%) Fonte: PTA

21 Fabbisogno irriguo medio annuo

22 Consumi idrici industriali Stima del fabbisogno idrico attuale Fonte: PTA

23 Ubicazione dei punti d acqua censiti

24 Ubicazione dei punti d acqua censiti

25 Quote di attestazione dei pozzi che interessano gli acquiferi carsici (isopieze)

27 Stima dei carichi potenziali medi annui di azoto (N) di origine agricola, veicolati dalle acque di infiltrazione

28 Stima dei carichi potenziali medi annui di fosforo (P) di origine agricola, veicolati dalle acque di infiltrazione

29 Nitrati nelle acque di falda

30 Vulnerabilità intrinseca degli acquiferi carsici rispetto al fattore Precipitazione Analisi comparata con le aree di prevalente ricarica

31 Vulnerabilità intrinseca degli acquiferi carsici analisi comparata con i caratteri del territorio e comprensori estrattivi (emungimento) Zonizzazione dell indice di protezione

32 Zonizzazione delle zone in cui la risorsa sotterranea è sottoposta a stress idrologico per squilibrio tra emungimento e ricarica

33 RETE DI MONITORAGGIO DELLE ACQUE SOTTERRANEE

34 Circulation model of ground waters Realization of circulation model of ground waters using collected data and physical-stratigraphical data. This model allows quantifying the reactions of ground water bodies when they are under stresses (water overpumping from wells, ). In particular this model allows identifying the preferential pathways that pollutants can take (preferential dispersion)

35 we will use MODFLOW a three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model by Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh (US Geological Survey), This is the most widely-used ground-water model in the world. MODFLOW simulates steady and non-steady flow in an irregularly shaped flow system in which aquifer layers can be confined, unconfined, or a combination of confined and unconfined. Flow from external stresses, such as flow to wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, flow to drains, and flow through river beds, can be simulated.

36 Examples Pollutant migration and convergence into the well Temporal migration of a pollutant

37 Brindisi ( N, S) N W E S

39 Industrial Area Chemical site N W E S Axis Cerano

40 Phisical Stratigraphical characterization Superficial watertable + Acquifero Bifalda Deep watertable

41 Hydrological characterization METEORIC INFLOW: Su un estensione estensione di 68.3 Km2 (area di studio A) ) una precipitazione media annua (p)( ) di 578 mm su unità di superficie fornisce un volume d acqua d in ingresso (afflusso meteorico AM) ) di AM= p*a= milioni di m3/anno EVAPOTRASPIRATION: REAL EVAPOTRASPIRATION (colture, uso del suolo) EVAPORATION (da superfici di acqua libera) Area agricola: conoscendo Tmedia e p si è stimato EVT r = milioni di m 3 /anno Rete idrografica: Infiltrazione piccola, Ruscellamento basso EV = 0.24 milioni di m 3 /anno Area Urbanizzata: (15% di aree verdi) Infiltrazione piccola, Ruscellamento elevato EVT r = 1.57 milioni di m 3 /anno WATER RUN OFF: I suoli di Brindisi possono essere globalmente definiti come suoli a moderata potenzialità di sviluppare deflusso. Facendo riferimento alla letteratura, mancando dei dati sperimentali, si può stimare un coefficiente di infiltrazione potenziale pari a circa l 80%, l il che corrisponde a circa 25 mm/anno. SEEPING (INFILTRATION) la componente del bilancio responsabile della ricarica dell acquifero è stata ottenuta per il pareggio contabile dall equazione AM = EVT+ R+ I Area agricola: milioni di m 3 /anno Rete idrografica: milioni di m 3 /anno Area urbana: milioni di m 3 /anno

42 Prevalent direction of speed S vectors to N-O W N E Thickening of isopiezies near the infrastructure. S

Dinamica spaziale mensile dell indice di verde (NDVI)(2001-2005)

44 Dinamica spaziale mensile dell indice di verde (NDVI)( ) 2005) Legenda +1,0 +1,0 (Vegetazione densa e attiva) +0,5 0,0 (Suolo nudol)

45 Land cover types NDVI of land cover types is differently related to climatic variation (temperature and rainfalls) Mean NDVI Jan-2001 Jan-2002 Jan-2003 Jan-2004 Jan-2005 Jan-2006 Grasslands Arable lands Olive groves Forests

46 Circulation model of ground waters Different land uses have different evapotranspiration coefficients and infiltration coefficients in space and time. Also different agricultural practices can have different coefficients. Try to related land use/ land cover with hydrological characterization for a better plan of water management. Two-layers environmental information system. Formulate scenarios to forecast preferential pathways that pollutants can take (preferential dispersion) also in face of potential pollution emergencies.

47 Possible queries to inform the Environmental Information System Finer distribution of different hydrological traits and biophysical and chemical properties of ground water. Spatial distribution of seeping (infiltration) responsible for the charge of water table related to the different land use/ land cover and management practice. Identification of the most critical areas exposed to the risk of hydrological stress. Preferential pathways that pollutants can take (preferential dispersion) in standard conditions (dynamics) or in pollution emergencies

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