Present day Accelerators

Transcript

1 Present day Accelerators Introduction The history of accelerators Need for Accelerators Center of mass v.fixed target Linear accelerators Proton synchrotrons CERN 25 GeV PS SPS Electron synchrotrons HERA LEP Synchrotron colliders TEVATRON LHC Linear Colliders SLC TESLA CLIC Applications of accelerators outside HEP PSI GSI ESRF ISIS Neutrino factory ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 1

2 The history of accelerators ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 2

3 Need for Accelerators Why do we need accelerators? (2) Resolution of "Matter" Microscopes: Wavelength of Particles (Photon, Electron, Proton,...): (de Broglie, 1923) λ = h / p ( = 1.2 fm / p [ GeV/c] ) The higher the momentum, the shorter the wavelength, the better the resolution Energy to Matter: Einstein (1905): E = mc 2 = m o c 2 1 v 2 c 2 = γ m o c 2 Higher energy means we can produce more massive particles When particles approach the speed of light, they get more massive, but not faster 3 ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 3

4 Center of mass v. Fixed target W = Energy available in center-of-mass for making new particles For fixed target : E c.m. 2m T E B... and we rapidly run out of money trying to gain a factor 10 in c.m. energy But a storage ring, colliding two beams, gives: E c.m. 2 E B Problem: Smaller probability that accelerated particles collide... "Luminosity" of a collider L = N 1 N 2 1 A βc 2πR cm 2 s 1 ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 4

5 Linear accelerator Particle gains energy at each gap Lengths of drift tubes follow increasing velocity Spacing becomes regular as v approaches c Wideroe s first linac: ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 5

6 Fermilab linac (400MeV) ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 6

7 Inside the Fermilab linac ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 7

8 Components of a synchroton ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 8

9 CERN 25 GeV PS ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 9

10 CERNS RINGS ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 10

11 SPS ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 11

12 HERA ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 12

13 Inside HERA ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 13

14 Physics of the electron v. protons When we collide Protons we collide complex assemblies of three quarks Only two quarks interact Their available energy is on average only 10% of the total centre of mass energy We do not know which quarks they are Hence in some ways 100 GeV LEP is as good as 1000 GeV TEVATRON HENCE THE RETURN TO LEP AFTER SPS AND THEN LHC AFTER LEP ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 14

15 LEP LEP(small).pct ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 15

16 Inside LEP ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 16

17 Fermilab from the air ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 17

18 Fermilabs rings ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 18

19 Fermilab tunnel ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 19

20 Fermilab control room ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 20

21 Superconducting magnets ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 21

22 LHC Layout ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 22

23 LHC parameters ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 23

24 LHC dipole parameters ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 24

25 LHC STRING UNDER TEST LHCSTRING.jpeg ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 25

26 Acceleration in TESLA ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 26

27 The line of TESLA ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 27

28 TESLA schematic ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 28

29 CLIC SCHEME ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 29

30 Applications of accelerators outside HEP Synchrotron Light (ESRF) 5'-exonuclease from bacteriophage T5. Spallation Neutron diffraction (ISIS) Structure of HighTc Superconductor Heavy ion fusion Laser beam simulation Proton therapy (PSI) Gantry Ion beams (GSI) Etched ion tracks in polymer foil. Surface treatment Sterilisation Polymerisation Etc. etc. ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 30

31 PSI ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 31

32 PSI facility ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 32

33 GSI The SIS RING View along the SIS accelerator ring, which can accelerate the ions coming from the UNILAC to 90% of the speed of light. The red sections are the deflecting magnets; the yellow sections the focusing magnets. The beam is injected into the ring from the left. ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 33 accel.gif

34 ESRF AC9.8.95_16(ESRF).pct ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 34

35 ISIS ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 35

36 Neutrino factory schematic ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 36

37 Academic Training Lecture 1 : Present day Accelerators Introduction The history of accelerators Need for Accelerators Center of mass v.fixed target Linear accelerators Proton synchrotrons CERN 25 GeV PS SPS Electron synchrotrons HERA LEP Synchrotron colliders TEVATRON LHC Linear Colliders SLC TESLA CLIC Applications of accelerators outside HEP PSI GSI ESRF ISIS Neutrino factory ACINST(Accelerator Types).PPT- E. Wilson - 4/12/ Slide 37