Solare a concentrazione: ottenere energia dalla luce solare in modo sostenibile e rinnovabile

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1 Solare a concentrazione: ottenere energia dalla luce solare in modo sostenibile e rinnovabile La radiazione solare che irraggia la Terra è una straordinaria fonte di energia sostenibile e rinnovabile. Nel solare a concentrazione, mediante specchi, la luce solare è focalizzata in un area ridotta ove è posto un ricevitore per la conversione dell energia luminosa in energia termica accumulabile. L ENEA ha sviluppato la tecnologia Italiana per sistemi parabolici-lineari e si è dotata delle apparecchiature necessarie alla caratterizzazione dei componenti. L articolo ne descrive alcune di natura prettamente ottica DOI /EAI M. Montecchi Contact person: Marco Montecchi marco.montecchi@enea.it Introduzione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

2 FIGURA 1 Tipologie impianti CSP: dish (in alto a sinistra), torre (in alto a destra), parabolico-lineare (in basso a sinistra), Fresnellineare (in basso a destra) Il Grande Progetto Solare Termodinamico, pietra miliare per l Italia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uce per caratterizzare 7)"9.*"+=4)22G1+31"4%10+&')""+()""&2&-)'&(1 4%+(;51+')()"">)')%,1&)4)%O;)=-+=6+",);' %;+"+(14%10&%1&104+%-&'5&F! "!

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pettro di emissione solare secondo la normativa ASTM G Fonte: elaborazione ENEA su dati ASTM Misurare la riflettanza solare: SMQ *)% 2&"2+"&%) "& %1Q")--&'5& =+"&%) 3 ')2)==&%1+ 01=;%&%) "+ =4)--%+ (1 %1Q")--&'5& ')"">1'-)%6&""+ (1 )01==1+')=+"&%)L21%2&WDDSCEDD'0<6)(1Z1,;%&CN 4)%4+10)(1&%"+=;""+=4)--%+(1)01==1+')=-)==+F.)88)')O;)= ==&&44&%1%)=)04"12)<& -;-->+,,1 '+' 3 2+(1Q12&-+ (& ;'& '+%0&-16& 1'-)%'&51+'&")F 7)"">&081-+ ()" /&=^!!! (1.+"&%*@9?.;',%;44+(1)=4)%-1L-%&2;1?7?@N=-& =2%16)'(+")"1')),;1(&_W`<2+&(1;6&-+(&"">&--161-P =4)%10)'-&") =6+"-& (& &"2;'1 ()1 41] 104+%-&'-1 "&8+%&-+%1 L9?@< 9?7?:< 9!?J@/<?7?@< \R:<!.?N =; ;',%;44+ (1 2&041+'1 %&44%)=)'-&-161 ()""& 4%+(;51+')1'(;=-%1&")F R& (1QQ12+"-P 0&,,1+%) 4%+61)') (&""& 4)2;"1&%1-P ()""& %1Q")--&'5& (1 1'-)%)==) 4)% 1" 9.*I 2+0) 0+=-%&-+1'Z1,;%&W<"&=+%,)'-)L1".+")N3)=-)=&< =122GH "& %&(1&51+') 1'21()'-) 3 (16)%,)'-) LCa. b B<M0%&(1'2+'(151+'1(121)"+=)%)'+NU"+=4)22G1+ 4;[ &;0)'-&%) ;"-)%1+%0)'-) "& (16)%,)'5& ()""& %&(1&51+') %1Q")==& 4)% =2&--)%1', (1 =;4)%Q121)U 1' +,'1 2&=+ 1" %12)61-+%) 4;[ 2&--;%&%) =+"+ "& %&(1&51+')%1Q")==&&"">1'-)%'+()"">&',+"+(161=;&") =+--)=+(&"4;'-+(1%1Q")==1+')LCa '+' )=1=-+'+ =-%;0)' )%21&"1 2&4&21 (1 =1QQ&--& 01=;%&< 4)%-&'-+ 1 "&8+%&-+%1 =-&''+&44%+'-&'(+(),"1&44&%&-1=4)%10)'-&"1&( G+2U "& Z1,;%& X 0+=-%& "+ =2G)0& ()".Jc _X` 4%+4+=-+(&?7?@<2&4&2)(101=;%&%)"&%1Q")--&'5& )01=Q)%12&<O;&=1S=4)2;"&%)2+'a :-%&W)CD0%&(< ) (1QQ;=& +"-%) CD 0%&( & -%) ";',G)55& (>+'(& ')" 61=181")F d%)6)0)'-)< 1" Q&=21+ "&=)% L(16)%,)'5& 01'+%) (1 A 0%&(N (1 ;'+ ()1 -%) (1+(1S"&=)% 3 1'61&-+=;"2&041+')F 7)""& 2+'Q1,;%&51+') =;4)%1+%) 1" %1Q")==+ 3 &'&"155&-+ 0)(1&'-) "& =Q)%& 1'-),%&-%12)!.A 4)% (16)%=1 6&"+%1 ()" =)01S&',+"+ (1 &22)--&51+') a : L-%& WSCD 0%&(NU ')" 2+'-)04+ 0)(1&'-)!.C 3 01=;%&-&"&%&(1&51+')(1QQ;=&+"-%)CD0%&(F FIGURA 3 Nelle applicazioni CSP lo specchio è utilizzato per riflettere la radiazione solare sul ricevitore. La frazione intercettata dipende dagli angoli di divergenza solare e di visuale del ricevitore che è sotteso dal 2!S 2!R punto di riflessione 7)""& 2+'Q1,;%&51+') 1'Q)%1+%)< & 4&%1-P (1 2+'(151+'1<=101=;%&"&%1Q")--&'5&)01=Q)%12&F.;""& 8&=) ()1 6&"+%1 2+=Y 01=;%&-1 ) ()""+ =4)--%+ ()""& %1Q")--&'5& )01=Q)%12& L01=;%&-+ 2+' ;'+ =4)--%+Q+-+0)-%+ 2+00)%21&") )O;14&,,1&-+ 2+' =Q)%&1'-),%&-%12)N<34+==181")=-10&%)">&'(&0)'-+ ()""& %1Q")--&'5& =+"&%) 1' Q;'51+') ()"">&',+"+ (1 1'21()'5& ) ()"">&',+"+ (1 &22)--&51+') ()" %12)61-+%)F! "$!

4 FIGURA 4 Schema del Solar Mirror Qualification set-up sviluppato da ENEA FIGURA 5 Schema ottico del VISprofile, lo strumento per misurare la forma dei pannelli parabolici-lineari in laboratorio/ambiente di produzione sviluppato da ENEA Misurare la forma: VISprofile.)88)')1'"1')&(14%1'2141+"&Q+%0&(1;'4&'')""+ %1Q")--)'-) 4+==& )==)%) 01=;%&-& 2+' ;' -&=-&-+%) 0)22&'12+<')""&%)&"-P<4)%2+'6)'1)'5&)2+'+012& ) (1 -)04+ (1 01=;%&< =1 ;-1"155&'+ =)04%) 0)-+( < O;&"1 Q+-+,%&00)-%1&< =2&'=1+') "&=)%< ) ()Q")--+0)-%1&F :)2)'-)0)'-)?7?@ G& 1'-%+(+--+ 1".1=-)0& (1!=4)51+')V1=16&LV!.N_E`<=61";44&'(+;'&Q&01,"1& 2+04+=1-&(1=-%;0)'-1FR&0)-+(+"+,1&V!.=18&=& =;"">1()&(1+==)%6&%)(&;'++41]4;'-1')"2& '+< ;'+ + 41] =+%,)'-1 ";01'+=) 4+=-) ')1 (1'-+%'1 ()" Q;+2+ '+01'&") ()""+ =4)22G1+F R& Z1,;%& E 0+=-%& "+ =2G)0& ()" V!.4%+Q1") _e`< =-%;0)'-+ 4)% "& 01=;%& ()""& Q+%0& 1' "&8+%&-+%1+f&081)'-)g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hS-%&21',N 34+==181")=-10&%)">)QQ121)'5&(12+'2)'-%&51+')()" 4&'')""+F R& 8+'-P ()" 4&'')""+ 3 )=4%)==& (& ;'& =)%1) (1 4&%&0)-%1< -%& 2;1 "+ =2+=-&0)'-+ (&""& Q+%0& 4&%&8+"12& (1 %1Q)%10)'-+ 1' -)%01'1 (1 O;+-& ) &%2+-&',)'-)()""&=;4)%Q121)<'+'2GH(&"Q&--+%)(1 1'-)%2)--&51+')< +==1& "& Q%&51+') ()1 %&,,1 %1Q")==1 1'-)%2)--&-&,)+0)-%12&0)'-)(&"%12)61-+%)F?7?@G&Q1%0&-+;'&22+%(+(12+""&8+%&51+')2+' "& J@:*i.. &" Q1') (1 2+00)%21&"155&%),"1 =-%;0)'-1 V!.F!' O;)=-1 0)=1 3 1' 2+%=+ (1 ;"-10&51+') 1" 4%10+ 4% '(;=-%1&") (1 V!.4%+Q1") 4%)==+ "& =)() J@:*i.. (1 d)'-16+,"1+ Ld+"+,'&NF* * Misurare l allineamento in campo: VISfield e VISfly!",1;=-+ 4%+8")0& (& 4+%=1 1' 2&04+< (1 Q%+'-) &( ;' 2+"")--+%) 4&%&8+"12+S"1')&%)< '+' 3 O;&") =1& "& Q+%0&(1+,'1=1',+"+4&'')""+<8)'=YO;&"3"+=-&-+ ()" 0;-;+ &""1')&0)'-+ (1 4&%&8+"&S"1')&%) ) -;8+ %12)61-+%)F!" 2+'2)'-%&-+%) "1')&%) 3 2+=-1-;1-+ (& 2+"")--+%1&"+%+6+"-&2+04+=-1(&0+(;"1"&%,G1AC 0< 2+' &4)%-;%& ()""& 4&%&8+"& (1 e 0 21%2&F!' 2&04+ "& 0)-+(+"+,1& V!. 3 &44"12&-& ;-1"155&'(+ 2+0)j=+%,)'-)k"+=-)==+-;8+%12)61-+%)U"+=2G)0& ()"V!.Q1)"(_M`30+=-%&-+1'Z1,;%&eF!' =+=-&'5&< 1" Q&--+%) (1 1'-)%2)--&51+') 3 ()=;'-+ (&""& =+6%&44+=151+') -%& ">100&,1') ()" -;8+ %12)61-+%))"&5+'&&--)=&()""+=4+-=+"&%)LZ1,;%& MNF! "%!

5 FIGURA 6 Schema ottico del VISfield, lo strumento per la verifica in campo dello stato di mutuo allineamento di parabola-lineare e ricevitore R&Z1,;%&l0+=-%&1"2&%%)""+V!.Q1)"(2+00)%21&"15S 5&-+ (&""& J@:*i..I 1" 2&%%)""+ 6& 4+=151+'&-+ 2)'-%&"0)'-) &" 0+(;"+ 1' )=&0)< & 21%2& M 0 (1 (1=-&'5&U O;1'(1 =1 &88&==&'+,"1 =-&81"155&-+%1 ) =1 2&0)%& 3 &881'&-& ;'& "16)""& "&=)% 2G) 2+'=)'-) (1 4+%-&%) 2+' 4%)21=1+') "& 2&0)%& &""& O;+-&()"">&==)(1%+-&51+')()"0+(;"+F i%1)'-&'(+ 1" 0+(;"+ 6)%=+ ">+%155+'-) 3 4+==181") 6)%1Q12&%) "& 2+%%)--)55& ()"">&',+"+ (1 +QQ=)- )( )6)'-;&"0)'-) 2+%%),,)%"+F c;1'(1 =1 =2&'=1+'& 1" 0+(;"+ +--)')'(+ =1& "& 0&44& ()" Q&--+%) (1 1'-)%2)--&51+') LZ1,;%& BN 2G) 1'(12&51+'1 4;'-;&"1 =; 2+0) 01,"1+%&%) ">&""1')&0)'-+ (1 +,'1 =1',+"+ 4&'')""+F!'Q1')<=)'+'21=+'+0&%,1'1(101,"1+%&0)'-+<"& 0&44&()"Q&--+%)(11'-)%2)--&51+')%&44%)=)'-&1" 2+'-%+""+ Q1'&") ()""& 8+'-P ()""& Q+%0& (1 +,'1 =1',+"+ 4&'')""+ 1' -)%01'1 (1 Q;'51+'&"1-PF! 4&'')""1 (1Q)--+=1 (+6%&''+ )==)%) =+=-1-;1-1 2+' &"-%141]2+'Q+%01&"")=4)21Q12G)F FIGURA 8 Locandina pubblicitaria del VISfield commercializzato da MARPOSS su licenza ENEA Fonte: MARPOSS FIGURA 7 Valutazione del fattore di intercettazione in una delle immagini acquisite con il VISfield! "&!

6 FIGURA 9 Mappa del fattore di intercettazione ottenuta con il VISfield di un semi-modulo dell impianto Prova Collettori Solari, installato presso il Centro Ricerche Casaccia dell ENEA FIGURA 10 Valutazione del fattore di intercettazione per una immagine aerea ripresa dal VISfly!""101-)4%1'214&")()"V!.Q1)"(31"-)04+(101=;%& 2+04")==16+I -%& 4+=151+'&0)'-+< &""1')&0)'-+ ) 01=;%&< +22+%%+'+ 21%2& WD 01';-1f0+(;"+ L=)'5& &44+%-&%)0+(1Q12G)&"0+(;"+NF*)%-&'-+1"V!.Q1)"( 3 ;'+ =-%;0)'-+ &==&1 ;-1") (;%&'-) ">1'=-&""&51+') ()"">1041&'-+<0&'+'&(&--+&""&6)%1Q12&4)%1+(12& ()""+ =-)==+< 4+12GH ;' 2&04+ =+"&%) (1 '+%0& =-+(&01,"1&1&(10+(;"1F *)%+661&%)&O;)=-+"101-)<1'2+""&8+%&51+')2+';' +4)%&-+%) )=4)%-+ (1 (%+'1 L9"+;(S9&0 8h 7;+61.1=-)01N ) ()""& J@:*i..< =1 =-& =4)%10)'-&'(+ "& 6)%=1+')6+"&'-)()'+01'&-&V!.Q"h<+==1&;'(%+') )O;14&,,1&-+ 2+' ;'& 2&0)%& ')" 61=181") 4)% "& 6)%1Q12&(1&""1')&0)'-+=+4%&()=2%1--&F!'+"-%)<4)% 0&==10155&%) 1" %&44+%-+ 8)')Q121f2+=-1 1" (%+') 3 &'2G)0;'1-+(1-)%0+S2&0)%&4)%1"2+'-%+""+()""& =-&-+ (1 6;+-+ ()1 -;81 %12)61-+%1 L1 -;81 2G) G&''+ 4)%=+ 1" 6;+-+ &44&1+'+ 41] 2&"(1 (),"1 &"-%1NF!" V!.Q"h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llineare e caratterizzare un dish: VISdish 9+0)()--+')"">1'-%+(;51+')<">?7?@2+'1"$*./G& =-;(1&-+ "& -14+"+,1& 9.* 4&%&8+"12+S"1')&%)F *)%-&'-+"&0&,,1+%4&%-)(),"1=-%;0)'-1(101=;%& Q1'+%& =61";44&-1 =+'+ &(&--1 & O;)=-& -14+"+,1& (1 1041&'-+U -;--&61& "& 0)-+(+"+,1& V!. 4;[ )==)%) &44"12&-&&'2G)&"")&"-%)Fm')=)041+')31"V!.(1=G 1' 2+%=+ (1 =4)%10)'-&51+') =;" (1=G %)2)'-)0)'-) 1'=-&""&-+1'?7?@9&=&221&')"">&081-+()"4%+,)--+?;%+4)+ ij.+* _l`f!" Q1') ()" 4%+,)--+ 3 (1 =4)%10)'-&%)">;-1"155+(1;'&012%+S-;%81'&&,&=&" 4+=-+ ()"">;=;&") 0+-+%).-1%"1',< 4+=151+'&-+ &==1)0)&"%12)61-+%)')"Q;+2+()"(1=GF 9+0) 0+=-%&-+ 1' Z1,;%& AA ')" V!.(1=G "& j=+%,)'-)k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

7 FIGURA 11 Schema ottico del VISdish, lo strumento per la caratterizzazione ottico-geometrica in campo di un dish Concentrating solar power: a sustainable and renewable way to get energy from solar light Solar light irradiating the Earth is a great sustainable and renewable power source. In concentrating solar power plants, mirrors are used to redirect the solar light toward a small area where a receiver captures and converts it into thermal-energy which can be stored. ENEA has been developing the parabolic-trough Italian technology, as well as several facilities for the component characterization. The paper reports on some of those which are purely optical instruments. m'&6+"-&2g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c;1'(1 2+' ;' =+Q-n&%) (1 =10;"&51+') &44+=1-&0)'-) =61";44&-+ L.!JmR\!.oN =&%P 4+==181") 6&";-&%) =1& "& 4+=151+') +--10&") ()""& Q1')=-%& ()" %12)61-+%) 2G) "& (1=-%18;51+') ()"">1'-)'=1-P ()""& %&(1&51+') =+"&%) 2+'2)'-%&-& 1'21()'-)F c;)=-& 6&";-&51+') =&%P 2+'Q%+'-&-& 2+' 1 %1=;"-&-1 =4)%10)'-&"1 ()""& 01=;%& ()" Q";==+ +--)';-& 01=;%&'(+ 1" 8&,"1+%) ()""& %&(1&51+') =+"&%) 2+'2)'-%&-& (1QQ;=& (& ;'& "&=-%& (1 %&0) %&QQ%)((&-&<%16)=-1-&(1&"";01'&<4+=-&')"Q;+2+F Marco Montecchi ENEA, Dipartimento Tecnologie Energetiche, Divisione Solare Termico e Termodinamico Bibliografia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`*?>?AEF)MF"M)"MF'M$FM F%A)&<>MC126-?6:7CM:10P7-70:7ME)ME$MC7?<79^7-MEF)FM?7-?./060MP-60:7!! (*!5.<1!?-1/7<<1!_U51I3! ><<?C@AA19C1?*C7-T7-H6<6*07<AI6/7CAa197*6C?`!!! "(!