Francesco Iarrera Giorgio Pilotti Geografia del mondo d oggi

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1 Fcsc Gg P Ggf d md d gg

2 csc g s ffgu cp? ch ppz g s s qu, qud dv ssv fm d fgu. T csgm d csu f d ppu u g. P u, cu cs s s s z c ppu s c cu s v s ffgu. fgu s 9 p sup d mmg cp qu f p u d 3 sps. C sps s pugg csgu z d cp.. U U T (fc) (up) (up) (s) (fc) T (fc) (fc) (up) (up) (fc) 6. Y... (s) (s) (up) 7. U... (s) C... (s) (mc) 23. T... (s) (mc) 9. Q... (s) (fc) (s) (up) (s) uz pugg d quz z pg d cp

3 Fcsc Gg P Ggf d md d gg

4 Cpygh 28 Zch d.p.., Bg [6634] d d z quss fm p, d mmzzz ch dg su supp d quss p (cus mgc c), d pduz d dm pz c quss mzz (cmps mcfm cp fsch), d d gg, d ps d duz s sv p u ps. cqus d ps cp d p mpc sfm d sudd d é susc. P pduz d us ps (d smp: pfss, cmc cmmc) d pà ccd pgm uzzz pdu u um d pg sup % d pg d ps vum. chs p p d pduz v sscz p D d pduz d p d gg (D) Cs d P m, m sg@d.g s w d, p qu d pp spz, csd p fu d pp cg d. pduz mzz fcp dg smp ss ch d p è cs, ssd ccz p. pss csds p d cu ss, cg d d, u succssv dz, p ps cgh d d p gch. c d css è scus, p ch, su d suz, mus d chv, fcà d cu. 7 - gg d d u. gg fmz su s s: zzz d: dz cc cgfc: Um Tmu, gup md s..., Pg gfc: Bpp Ch (Ch, Bg) mpgz, usz schmch gfc: m B Gcm d (Ch, Bg) Dsg: Cud c, Fz; ud gu, Cgf: ud gu, Cu: u d s c d d: Bgh Cp: Pg gfc: gu & C., Bg Fgf d cp: wk gu & C., Bg Pm dz: mz 28 d m dspsz dg sud vd, pvd, ds m c dsu spcfc d ppdm f pdf cu s mmzz pg d qus. fm d f pm gdm d c d s u md sfw sc d. fmz su cm f s su s zz u è u pz cmpss, ch chd ums c: su s, su mmg su z ch s ssc ss. spz suggsc ch è pcm mpss puc u pv d. m qud g ch v sgc. P sgz suggm v qus scv sgu dzz dcd m ug d scu: Zch d.p.. pzz Cs 4 22 fx m: dvsz@zch. s w: Zch d.p.. p c ssm quà cfc CCGf Q T - 63 scd m U 9:2

5 dc z 2z 3z BC d ggf pg. 2 cs d p T pg. 6 Ppz sdm pg. 72 U G sum d s d ggf pg. 4 Ch cs è ggf c ggfch Pu d vs dvs: psf 8 4 d vs : gfc ssvupp: cm s dfsc s msu...2 Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 2 p T pg. 8 gssm mvm d T ms d p m vuc cqu d p Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U Cm m pg. 3 cm g m d T G m d fsc cd: fs puv gug G m d fsc cd: sv G m d fsc pc: ds cd G m d fsc mp G m fdd Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 4 csum d ss è cu um....pg. 44 ss d p csum csc d f gch f gch v 48 4 scsà d cqu cqu: u Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U U fg qu......pg. 6 pss d um su ssm T qum msfc cs d cm dgd d su d cqu duz d dvsà pduz csc d fu svupp ss Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 6 csc d ppz pg. 74 spc um Qu sm qu sm Pch, cch z; ums, pv gv fmg ccd v d sfmz dsuz d ppz md mvm mg mgz vs mg: cs Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 7 ccz d ppz cà....pg. 92 sps u cà dffus mgp mp d ps svupp mp ps v d svupp dvs psgg u ps v d svupp mp m d cà Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf , P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

6 4z z Quà d v ggf d cuu pg. 8 Gzzz cmc ggf d svupp......pg. 44 U 8 dv quà d v dv cch pv pm d mz su, ccss u dv suz Um d: u pà dffc fz g: schvù v m Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 9 Um cuu mvm Um, spz cuu gzzz d cuu ccd d csum gu dm gu v d sz g md gd spz d cvà: fc gd spz d cvà: g sm gd spz d cvà: C gd spz d cvà: d gd spz d cvà: cuu pcm Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U ssm cmc md gzzz d cm gzzz s U uv ggf d svupp Ch gud gzzz d cm sps d muz Csc dsugugz v pc d gzzz G squ d cmmc g d schcc ps pv G u svupp cpz z cm sd Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U g d dffz svupp F m f um d svupp cmuà um cmc dffzs Pché g up s sps g c csm sfum d g xup vupp m d gzzz Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 2 Ggf d và pduv s pm md s pm ps m svupp s pm ps duszz Bcg gcu gc và dus cm md s d pduz dus cc scfc svupp dus zzzz d cm G scm fz cmucz usm z Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf V, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

7 6z c g s d md pg. 26 ggfc U md gg D gu fdd md u cf sm z d, sgc d ssm md csc d dmcz md uv cs g mm 26 6 U Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 4 up su fmz..222 T s U c p up c d gc d m up mdv up md: scp ggfch csm up cmp: d supmz cs fmz d uà up Cm fuz U up pch cmu d U Qu fuu p U? U up c dvs du 242 Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U c xup s dpd m pù z Pz g, g mcs gzzz pc dg s T s d s T s d fc T s d mch 26 7 T s d c Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 6 Du gd s d mc: g U Bs U g: u gd ps m vg Ppz: csc dmgfc cmpsz c G sdm cà scà s dm 7 d s mgg pz cmc d md Bs ppz scà cm Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf U 7 gd s d us: d, C, Gpp, uss..286 d ppz cà scà cuu s dm cm d svupp pvà C ppz cà scà cs s dm d s cm Gpp ppz cà s cm uss ppz cà cà, s d cm Vfch Ch cs h sud ms d ggf Tv. Tv up Tv. uss s c Tv. V d Tv. V g d Tv V g cs Tv. V s sud Tv. V c Tv. X Cd Tv. X Us Tv. X mc c Tv. X mc md Tv. X fc cs Tv. XV fc cmd Tv. XV Psf Tv. XV d Tv. XV d dc d ugh fz cgfch P Csp 7 g d Cc P c U BG BKU UZBKT TUKT 4 6 T KZKT ys 7 g Bhs Üümq my BKK Pcc Pdy KGHZT T 3 d d 2 9 d pv h Bssp U cc. kug Cjsk ˇ G C T C d K msk Ps d Tjmy p d Jsj vssk s d uv j kusk D s U G, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22 V

8 m , dvs d/ud d md dd p dvs dd d/ud d md ps dd pù p cch svupp dd md ps pz pù cch mg svupp dd ss md pz mg dd ssssm ss d dd ssssm dsp d dsp d UZB. (Bmy) s ccdv (d) g W DH cf cs g Gdv c D 2633 d Dv 786 h G P Tpc d Cc (ds) Gg (Ccu) BHUT s dm (d) 9 2 chm s c (d) (B) d dm D ss s Cm è f z v BC d ggf c c, gfc mmg. ssv c mmg.. zz gfc. c. p cm sugg.. u c d dvs d/ud d md cc, uzzd f, C, g, uss, Bs uv Zd. qu gupp ppg qus ps cm è dd? 2. Cmm d pps d gfc. 3. Cg c u fcc cscu mmg fgfc ps qu s fsc. 3,7% 7,2% 3,7% 2,%,9% fc sush qus sz sud ch s md cs è ggf, sm m d dfc md d v g ch s Pcfc sum us d ggf. fqu 2% up pc ppd ch scu 43% mc C pm ggf gg s dscv, m md (%) spu sud pp u m um cf v d. sud pz md fdm cu s c v Tzzm s d s d ggf, p d ssvz d B, ds. d psgg. mp p v sum d ggf: qus pcp s c, d, mmg gfc. P qu gud c mp ch, z 6 Uà 7 z s fm d pps, gd s d us: ss pss ss d v p ppu cm s pu d vs Uà dff. d U d è m Gh s ( d s ssz p g scp ch và ss ps md p ss u d du gg d- u p cs. Tu - m v sc spz TGKT s pfgg ggf spss vg v c c mmg pps, p us c 77 mgfc d p, f p um d s pc, è pp d-. C qu ps cf d, s vs d? FGHT C g, dm d u m- spd dmd. fm, m gfc. Qus ppz pss ss m dvs, m h ppz d ps d d d md Vdu d d 2. u qu m gf è ffcc? Kshm pmc d ppà d vsuzz d ud d C. u s md sp d s vgz v d gug u gcu f; p 9 md d Gu, 3. d d qu gd cà d ds pss mmdm c ffcc u 8 d J, su Ggf Tpc d Cc? d T pù m d u d. 7 qu s g gd s d c d mp c mus, s (> uà 3) pù umd cs ccd, sv, spp. 4. Dv sc Gg, qu gd cà g? gc P d ud f pm gd 6 d ffcc su c d ccup u supfc v qu, sdds p d? PKT Zucch. d us: cuu. Qu s 3 cpgh pp U udh dvs d md d gg, qu ps cch d d z d md qu 4 ppz d Dh cc 3 km ss d ud d m su msf s, 36 8 p d, ps è, d? Qu zz ggug? P 6. Qu è pù v d Hmy 3 ppz d ps d d d md pv d ud d md. c U 2 g è gg u d mgg gud. Ds g z 2 Uà 3 z pu gà f u d d qus dvs, G sum ps d md p vm d G m s dvs, m gd p d Dcc, d pc. cm su qud gm Kpu 7. Dv s v Kshm? D qu gd fum è Jpu d Th U Pdsh v, ch v fu d dg V Gd Gud sud vs? jsh vdz d u ch sp du d s d up. f, md psc Dm, T può ss dvs, d d sud, 3 Qu s dms d cm g m d T 8. Qu p d Bhmpu pp d: sm d ps. ggf g d Chc. dg. ps? mp z: mg hmy, v cd ch mus s, dv 4 m s v v p- Guj Bhp cm d u g s è csu s u Vs BGDH Uà, md ss cs? qu ps ppg sz d fum? Y (Bs) Qu s qu d Gg, p d Dcc. csch h 3, m d Dcc spu ds d Th, cv c Pks, s- mmg. u D p mp ch s pcpm m d sm, hmdd Kk d sm d fm mgc ch s s p 9. czz su c sgg us d mgg m u? d s s sd mp c d Hmy d Kkm, czz d u cm d. Qu csch h gpu 73 du: mpu pcpz. qus s pss ggug pss msf- mpu md. gug u pu cm? Ch cs s pù mss d p. d g è dm d psz d um ms? mg gv d g z ch, pu ms (d musm, sg), v pdc ch dm s d sg- Pu Vshkhpm c, v, umdà, sz uvsà. Qus fm s dm d u- cmps du ss s: z c ccupd u fsc s d ps, s Hydd Ggf u g d s d s pgg d v fdd pv d d; qu- ms v, qud sp ms fsc d dspsz d v, vcz - Tpc Cc P m cuu scu d qu umd. pm ss Cm ms f cm ud, ud us, Gf d s du c cu v sup 7 m. d ds ( ms d ) pv d Bg z d m, psz d c m Cc P Bg Zm Ch mg, cp d fs d cf sch d fg, ps u mfg m- d m ( ms d sudvs), ch gug d- T, m d s uu ms cd fdd (> uà 2), spsz s p d cf v. Qus gd z T gd cà Ccu 3 g d pgg 62 mm d pcpz um 72 g d pgpv vvs cdz m, ch d dffc g sdm svupp d gd quà d pgg. Kch Ch cs è cm? Qu s ud, cè dsz d u pu d g- ms m c d d c, pp K Tm du Gud sud pù mp u è sz du m và cm g 8 mm s pù pvs m pv 77 g p u và um. gm msc scdsc m d v pcp f cmc? d qu ch, cus d cuvu s d dvs cz d gg s- suz d v cssv), cscu c d 48 mm, m Dh pv pd d c s sd, d d u ps d ss dpd spvvvz d m d d. D dcm f- C D cmch s dvd T?, cdz mm mpu, d pssà d sf K qu gd z 66 mm u, c 4 g d pgg c-s,vspu d Gg, p d pù mp pu d-gg-mz ms scu d cm m ch (78 mm 2 g d pgg). Qu s cm g dmuz pcdd vs P. qu gg s qus ppdc, p cu m. ms v s qu mg c, ssp d g uv ss ch ps vc (Pks Bgdsh): d 24 C um, 2 C Ccu 4 C Kshm. qu fdd? cc g su u fsc s- z d m gdv, c mpu md g- Psgg m d z pc? hmy d z mp d p vs d qu cu ps uc d mss d vd d g g, cu ums pg ch s c ugh sc. d dps d mss fum ch p- z d gug mpu s f smp ssp s è csu c pp d Dh. D mz p v css f g, scdd mssm; z, vc, h u cz mgg qud s u cm cd d fs ds d Th. c: d, Gg Bhmpu. pù v: mgg, ms pù cd d, md ms ggug 3 C um- z su dm. ud cdz ch qu dì h ggug u pù vs scdd pù md v Gg, ug 27 km c ums ffu ( cu Ymu), è uc d v 34 C Dh, spgds C d ch ug u pcpz: f fsc pc, ) ss s d cs supfc km 2 s u d U d; d m cà d ps. qus cc d cqu d dv mpu fvsc vpz d cqu m, pgg s pù - v, m pgg sps vs Tpc K. ppz 36 sg hmy s dg vs Gf d pd msc cm è d msf sffc: và gc s - m uffc puc f d Bg, dv sfc c u m d ( d ch g. m cd 2 sg dsà 34./km 2 g p d Bgdsh) dp sss cgu c gd fum d gzmp psgg pp s, pv d v- ud dm u dmuz d pgg: qu s s,6 C d mpu m m ch c s z d m. spsz m gd - cu, v msc. ppz u 28% pu g, Bhmpu. T gug ug v d ms umd csusc qud u m v p u spz d v d Gg pss Gss msch/fmm 63 - F 6 v d Gg è d pù c ppm d ps c z pù f - ps cu 7% d cv d- Ps ch msf sc su g s d v m cch d umdà, ché d, ch dm c d cqu dm pgg d cu- p qus d u Ccu. pss msfc gu hd, gs, g, Cvz mh, m, udu pu d supfc s. d u d. d c-md cc f ssssm Dcc, u - d ppz vv vgg u. m- d cà d u sg. ss p cu f cm d z pd d gm d pgg cu g p mpu pù m m scz dsc. d è d d pss s dc ccch, qu d ss pss g dù, sm, skh p d cc chssm d fm g d d z. Qus um um Dh s d 27 3 C. pgg, pu s ss gs md d u, md, ps m up d ccch. pm s mss d scc p mp s c, cm c mus cs dsps s md dm d s md d mpd ffuss d v umd (sup C), c d Tm du. ; qu ccch, pù cch d puc fd ccd c Gh («sc»), v p du cs, md 6 m. m: pv pù v g p quch s vm, s cc gug s- umdà, p pcpz sà mgc. c cus, ch pss fuz csch cmch d u g. ss uv s d cp w Dh U psz md Gh ccd ggug mssm vz ffccds m c pd pd, p, spd s., m è d u m ch, dp g m- m: d qu c,6/26 ud pù v pus cd P d z 6 Uà 7 z c m umd. ch g m fs d cf gd s d us: md, s z fdd s d d m p ds gg s qu d ud. z d qu dz s, c P P, c d ch cd pù qus pp- m u. z cf c dcm supfc s, C. P s dspd su u P ud fddssm m supfc mgg, ms, succd u scdd m. d u mpu Uà Gud sud 3 d U 77 Gss md d ps dvs ps d d d ud d md dd p m > z s è suddvs sz. du pg z d g sz v u psz d cu d uà ch cmpg u gd c cd d mmg, d d scz v u d pcp gm d sz. Ggf gd s d d us: cuu d > Uà g sz è cmps d u pù uà. uà ff u gm suddvs pù z ds. Zm ss ps s u d mgfc d p um C. u d s d c ffcc su fc v cc 3 km gud > z z, smp d du pg f, s suddvs pgf, sg d u g zzu. g pgf spg u pù cc cg. p fs pù mp s vdz gss. T gd cà Ccu d pgg 62 pz um 7 g 8 mm s m pv 77 g d 48 mm, m 66 mm u, c 4 g > Gud sud fc d s d g z v d dmd zzu: s cg pgf cu è suddvs z. Qus dmd sv cm gud sud cmps d cc pcp spg z. < Zm qus uc pu v fmz, d cusà g ggf. Qu s dm ps? Qu s qu csch h mgg m Qu csch cm? Ch cs s ms? d G h d c c d md K H Gg c k Ymu m m Bhmpu y Bhmpu pss m Ps ch ms pu d sup d pss cch, qu d ccch p > Gss gss c spgz d m s s. V, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

9 u d Cp Gudfu dy. Vc g 33 w m Chdu G f c Fc d'wddy B g c s Cc s dm Ch d D 6 8 C B 6 P B C 7 d C Dc Gd Cm mud 269 du Cy s c y Dyk d Gzp K Pduug D Q K s Ds c z B hv GD Wd um P h -uh -md d -jf d-dw P - Bdh -Jwf q fh. d q 37 Tuk f u d G. Dgh hd 23 Wjh Tym H hmm > ggfc f vum c u c d, u c d up, c d md u psf. gu u dc d m d cà ch csà d dvdu fcm ugh cà ps su v. V, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22 p DC K u Km Tg Pm su Y > ms d ggf d u và4 cmpss ch chud g uà ch, vs s d s, c, mà pv u cmpz d ggf. Dy z-zw u D p cm dc dp v s, zz d d d c.. C d d csusc u gfc cmm, dvdud qu pd ppz sus è um mggm z G -W U d mc Bs 3 K 8 9 V Cd F z B vv g s. pp Hms D -J Tp BUT 8 Hmh 66 s pù d 4 và pc d s, u cu ch s v d s z mp. «g ss, qud vv d, Pks d, ssu cdv ch qus v m pu ss pduv», cd Bug, gm mc pm p su ppcc vv m d pduz gc, cò g è vs p d g d Cd è dv pv d pd d vuz- 49 k d Bs, uv g d md 33 6 uf skdu cm c umd s fsc g Gd c km 8 7 (d) C : D 7 dm Pk d Jff Gf d Cp Dd Ts 8 6 (d) (ds) JYWDPU KTT Bg (G) d m Tuc 2 Pm YG Vshkhpm jhmudy Cm DV g. Ym w B v h u K Th d s P D m Jmu um T d c cm md cm pc sg scc umd cm c umd s cd g Y 4 DHChgg ( B ) d G d 68 Guu ys Cp Cm C Gd Ky cm spp smd cm c umd s cd cm supc umd cm c umd s fsc cm cc d. «G m su d cm gc s scu spu d sszs ugm vsm cc d vgud gcu qu mp è pm». gz dv u p su puz và psc cd qu, cd, vs sv ch s sd p pù d 7 km cu d Bs. P sc pu s, qus g è dv c d u gz cu d g, gz fzzz d c fsf cc. scp mzzz d pcdm s dv cc d mp. Du d h cvu scs Wd Fd Pz p cu f «u d mgg succss scss d scz g d XX sc». mp h ch sfd pgudz c pmuv u cvz g, qus h f md pu zw DCC Kk > Ch cs h sud f d z d g uà c è u pg c scz gdu ch sv vfc cscz d cqus dp v cmp sud d uà. yky 2 f u 2 cqus ssc s gg s d uà sc sgfc d sgu m Bhmpu 3 m pu cqus csc spd dmd g z p fss c cp d uà. By Tvdum CH C H TUDT Wg 49 cm p s vu scp cm s usc Bs sfms u suppz gc, p sup g U vc d spz md d g m, sg z d d fz d gv P. D s, c d cc d spmz gs d gz d cc gzcc mp s gà u pp g p d d Tz md vs ps. c d 3 mp s è mps v md cc su gcu pc, cmp ch v d cg g. «mp pps u md s p md csdd v d svupp, m ch p md» dc k Cck, vcd d Dpm p svupp gc u d Bc hg s s Cuck cm cc d d: y h, w Yk Tms - puc, 3//27. y (Ccu) Fc cm md cm dsc s Bhmpu gh h s D 33 T D GGF 284 H 6 (Ym) Bss Bhushw Gdv Bg (Cch) C : 6 g G u Hgys C pu gpu Kch 6 -Ghydh d H mjgw Fg BG- ss H Jmshdpu Khgpu hd h Ks (d) km B Ddu 4 w u f G GBUT Gy (Bs) P d s P c h u Dugh Guwh Qmd Bhmpu gpu Gg Vs Bspu Hydd g Hdu c d Jpu hpu s ccdv -uk 36 d s u G h yq Tuw GBUT D s d ds c d K h P s q G. d Bc - m u hd dy ppz ,22, z T P B cm supc umd Y T zz B Dssè DD BB cm spp smd H d Xgzê Dhug pu y 8872 P vs kkm BHUT k ku 8462 KTDU THPHU w Kpu d dd H > Pm p Pm p pps u pcc vgg d spz scp d u cs d u pm pc. vs s mmg p csc mg sp pc cscu d md cu vvm (pvs) y hs m h h d w k s sc ps qud pss um g d v, ch s pss d cc df ccch. U d mc cè 6 c 2 g w dffz d pss mss d d u pu cd pù gg qud Cmm mmg Cmm du mmg pg. 28 ds pg. 283 ss uc d qu h sud. p uckw u Tp Dvg 4 sh h 376 u kg md v cc. g c u cc 4 cmpm c (C) qu sg (). Bs può ss csd u c p:. v vsà dg C m ggfc. 2. uv cp Bs, csu d u. C 3. u msc c vg. C 4. pp d cuu dvs: C pghs, d fc.. squ dsuz d cchzz. C 6. scsà d ss C u. zz g Pm p. pm pz cmc md czz d gd ss vs mc u pz 3 m. 2. s pù pp md u sm d g dvs d pv cuu gsss. 3. s pù vs v md ps cc vz- cchzz dsu md qu Bgum Pj 463 h Jz hu'y. Km -Hudydh T D f-md-m: CT um Bhp hd f Z u G sh-hm. Fs. Dhk Pu Ym p 77 uus: g c c, wy ws us f spd c Pcfc: qus um pc pduc mc dmd dm: d csfc z ss d pssgg.. D ch cs v cs s qu ch s muv smp d f: s pd sss dz. G s, p smp, sp cc 2 v? pkm/h d d pss (ccch) su WP: cpz d ud d m g msf vs qu. mpd s è dv vs ccd cus d m d ñs u: z s. cvgz dg s vs qu-? 2. Dv s.. vcsu: g cm qu, vv z pv d v. fc cc v pdc s qu ch mu dz scd d sg. ms ch ss s, p 3 chcmpd cs z gsmp, d v s sps d c vs c pvc? d, m d s sp d m vs pdu- ch, cu qu d cus-ff cd d pcpz msch.. g c u cc cmpvc v v qu pv d dz pdcà m c. g, cm föh d g p, ms, sc-g U s: cc cc. 4 Csc g sum cgfc (sp czz). cv su c mu sgu m ggfc. Cf, Fd, sk, Txs, w Yk (cà), Chcg, s gs, Gd gh, Gd Pu, sssspp, g ccs, Fcsc, ppch, Hw, Wshg (cà), c c, c Pcfc, Gf d ssc.. czz su c mu sgu m ggfc. d J, P (cà), c c, c Pcfc, mzz, p d Bs, Gss, Bs, vd d Bh, sscc d Gu, d mzz, Pá (fum). - k 298 m sv d: B ss pss g p: Kss Wd d F Chdpu 24 h q d g (Bmy) Du md u um Gf d m Jhs d c c pss h Khum KHTU c u 7723 G U D mdum p cm dc dp v s, zz d d d c.. C d d csusc u gfc cmm, dvdud qu pd ppz sus è um mggm pcu. pg qud mv. 2. Cf c su cm c qu su gcu dvdu z cm cvz. 3. Csusc su ucd u c mc c u pcs usc d vsm cs cs (d cs cs) dg U, sgd cà ch vu vs (m ) mv d vs. T può sv gg z 2 p cd g m ugh pù csc. 4. p sss md p Bs.. gg dcum uc d qu h sud su Bs z scà z 8 m vdz mpz d qu s vvd cmp cmc scfc ps sudmc. cc d V s d 2 ud-s cqus ssc spcfc gg s d uà scv B sgu m. Vsgfc cc d d 2 k Ps hmdd G h s u G u j Jmg Khw V 696 Pdsh H Ch K Udpu s d ud-s z cmc-m dg U c d sd-s U d mc Bs Jpu Jdhpu 722 d ' d K u c h Gf d Kuch Cc 4 gqu Dh By Bk W DH Gg U g Guu kh u K T H j s Hydd F c H -s 2 csch ch ccmu. 2. c 2 csch ch dffz Us d qu up. 3. c 2 csch ch dffz g Us d Bs 2 csch ch ccmu. s d s d ud- s 7. fuz d muz sus d up. C 8. p dffz g s su. C c. p cm dc.. c 3 csch ch dffz scà Us d qu up s d s cqus cscz d s spd dmd z d g z p fss cc pcp d uà. Tpc d 3 j u Bhwpu - d s d- s h C Zhxgg ms Jsm uh T B UT - K u D Ghz Kh ukku wshh Ch Jmmu h 342 Ps H Chh BU DHB U D T -T f P ud 2 Kch 247 Jsk Du DH YDH d 67 Pshw BH s c QT k 32 s u c B Qu Khuzd k Kdh Zhd. Chg P 3277 Kh- m Z Km d s Bd- s f P. Khy H 9 H K Gg Dhd P u Fsd j udh Chdgh Dv 786 Zghu Dd d s cc Gdd u 2462 Chg Hs Pjgu P K T G hq 26 Gshk Bjd Tg 4 T D GGF u zz 6 Uà Du gd s d mc m Gh gs B u c s h Bd d u Buydh B d Vfch d cscz cmpz Pm p dffz d pss dm spsm d mss d d u pu d p; df cd pù gg qud c è ss pss d s sc ps pù fdd, ch ps d pù qud pss um. Qus mvm d s g d v, ch s sps smp d d pss d ccch qu d ss pss, df ccch. ccch s scch p mp s, m qu ccch, pù cch d umdà, c c mss d fdd p pcpz sà mgc. g pc sc mss d c v dffz d pss fm spss d vc d ss pcs: pù pcc s chm m d, m pù ss v ch pss ggug 3 km/h pd m d cc c d, u- 6 CH C H TUDT B B v g v cc z ug C, ch 2 h cp cs sus d us. g d 3 FGHT d-dmmm Uyzh và B Psp hz Bd- Bushh Tpc d Cc v c c ssv c, ch pps v d ms d g dvdu su c, c u d f, ps ss d ms d ds. Ku wpd 393 Zhd 394 Ppms KBU Kdh Hm H Z 2 shhd D s h - Fud 26 G 9 hch 7282 K2867 k Chgm g d kh BD m Wujg G. d hvz Khmshh d 394 H F G H T Gshk zv Ydz us uf H Tdz Khs P m h Kduz u s Tch u k 769 d H h Bd Chh Bjk F 8 Tm Fyzd ug U g ss 8 ˆ Tg 2 p h GBT D g Ds d Kv Ksh sfh Ghu 2 g d uzg ug Kug-Tju z--hf Ppms h 8 Ksh DUB Kkc Kkc z--hf 64Dmvd 4 mcd Buh -KUWT hmm g ud Ugc j TH KUWT Bss Tym U Z Bm K T Dshvuz Gg Qzv y Hmd Qm c 23 z g 6 U fh f u d H 9 -syh Bdh 3 K k u m y K p 2248 z u Zj s s-uymyh d -Jwf Tuk 2 G. Dgh 8 P j T U K T dg sh ghh d FC P UT ( c m f d d ) C GD q -Wjh ssu C c d g d Um Kkuk Y FC TPT UT (cm mp) Cc P Tz Q 2637 uz sm md ms pù fdd (g msf / ug msf us) u su u Km Wd um G. d 2 C G. Kh hm hkh Hughd GTT Tpc d Cpc Pm D uz syu 2 C K Dy z-zw Hms V Um -W C B d uz hv C -y 3 pp Hmh Tp BUT g d V 2 C uf skdu Tpc d Cc qu Ts CP m B DC Bujd -uh -md B'quh 4328 d BGHDD T vv ssd sh B K -mh Ds c GU -jf Gz m P d PT d-dwyh FC TPC TD (cm cd) C k d z u J Ky d d Tsd d vs H Kys zg y Dyk d Gzp - FC TPT B (cm mp) 2 C C s C g Tuz f u 6 U Tdz ymk TKT ukus D 7 KGHZT TG K T d 8 c T 34 k Dg T T msu Kkk fy Dz d gh 2 Cc P g d' ku C 7 T 'j ud m 9 K s sksh fs c B 6 UZB K T K s GG Gf d TB 4466 KBzdjuzju Bgz-G BKU Tukms P zuum V ZBG 23 p Zgudk zm Bus Bks m Gzy u us TU Kzy-d y gh 6 C 642 Bsf d m d D T C vp vssjsk 6 4 s p F 64 sk Ksd sp V Tc su B K Z K T 6 yu C V g 6 FC P B ( c m f d d ) D 48 Vggd D sv--du U sh' d zv d Ds. spd dmd.. qu c s pù dffus cm fdd qu mp? 2. Qu c s czz pvm d cm cdd? 9 Tgg up mfp Kch F BUG d Pvdv p 2 C 4 Ds k Dp BUCT 2 B 32 G dss Ps 6 v pd s m dvs: d d fg, mcch pp p. p pù czz d qu d g z p, su C cm è fdd g p mpu, ch mp, sup sg s 2: u vmd 3 C, ch du v pmv, czzu mssm d C. 8 C. ssv c, ch pps z cmch d T. DV Dppvsk Chsu U C g mp, pù dffus d mpu g m pgg dsu u d 4 sg. mssm pg d c fdd pc d, qu md d, qu cc, v- và v c c 24 V vc, pcpz scm s h u cm pc fmz d m. spd dmd.. qu c s pù dffus cm fdd qu mp? 2 Qu c s c pc, ch ss qu puv, p-umd c u mpud pcpz: cc sss du (2 sg. m ch c s c mpu mg dmusc s h u c, u scu u d d sv fs. ssv c, ch pps z cmch d T. d pc, pc; 2 z mp, gss md cmps ; 2 z fdd, su P, ch ccup ch f. ff ch d csguz uu m (> z suczz d u dvs dgz, dg m fum d p d u- v c c C pz ud è pss dvdu gd z cmch, d, mmg ch c ggfc v sss và < và pg ds d g z v và c g sum d ggf p mp fcd. vd c c, gfc p csì vd md c cch d ggf. và v d zz s d gm ggfc.

10 z v c c, gfc, mmg spd dmd. u c d dvs d/ud d md cc, uzzd f, C, g, uss, Bs uv Zd. qu gupp ppg qus ps cm è dd? 2. Cmm d pps d gfc. 3. Cg c u fcc cscu mmg fgfc ps qu s fsc. dvs ps d d d ud d md dd p BC d ggf 3,7% 7,2% 3,7% qus sz sud ch cs è ggf, sm md d v g sum us d ggf. pc ppd ch ggf gg s dscv, m spu sud pp m um cf v. sud pz fdm cu s c v d ggf, p d ssvz d psgg. mp p v sum d ggf: qus pcp s c, d, mmg gfc. P qu gud c mp ch, s fm d pps, ss pss ss d v p ppu cm s pu d vs dff. d s ssz p g scp ch s pfgg ggf spss vg pps, p us c fm, m gfc. Qus pss ss m dvs, m h ppà d vsuzz mmdm c ffcc u pù m d u d. ud f pm gd dvs d md d gg, qu ps cch d d d md qu pv d ud d md. c pu gà f u d d qus dvs, vdz d u ch sp du sm d ps. 2 U G sum d s d ggf 2,%,9% m ch fqu scu pm md (%) m md d ps , P GGF D D D GG Zch 22 2% 43% fc sush s md d dfc s Pcfc up mc C u d md , ppz ppz d d d ps d d d md d ud d md ppz ppz d ps d d d md

11 dvs d/ud d md dd p dvs dd d/ud d md ps dd pù p cch svupp dd md pz ps pù mg cch svupp dd ss md pz mg dd ssssm ss d dd ssssm dsp d dsp Tzzm s d s d B, ds. Vdu pmc d d Gu, d J, su qu s g gc P d Zucch. g è gg u d mgg ps d md p vm d v, ch v fu d dg up. f, md psc g d Chc., P GGF D D D GG Zch 22 V Gd Dm, T dg. 3

12 z Uà z Uà 7 Ggf G sum d d s cuu d ggf Gud sud Ch cs sudv ggf pss? gg? Qu s 3 pz fdm d md ggfc? Cm s gg mmg d u psgg? Ch cs è ggf ggf è u scz d g chssm cu m dv d p gch g () gf (dscz). P sc, f, h vu cm scp pcp sud d fm d dms d T, spu, dscz d dvs m s, d csch fsch d pp ch v. dscz d uv, pcs, sd sc u spss fu d sc d vgg d m, mc, mss d sp; sss cscz ggfch mv p pù d gv spdz m và cmmc. gg, vc, ggf h cm v fdm pz d : s m pù dscv ugh, m sud pp csch d u dm m u và, fm d sdm cuu svupp dg um ch. C spg, p smp, ch s d h cs h p pché dv f scv cqu d scs pcpz, s csu d fu dg mgg pmz p spc pzs cv. sss md c dc ch p z dz s csu p g pché qu m s ps dz ch cu vs mus s zz p cv su d cv. c: vgg scdv fs mp pv d chusu sv cu uc c s u z d cm fdd, m gd ps d su d cs d m vgg d mg cd sffc d ug. ggf d,, dms cm z d um dm sfmz ch pfd g m u cs d mp ch qud um m s fuz cpcm. z và um m u. m u và um m u fusc su mdfc cdz sfm và um m u và um P dscv dvs m ch p p cmpd z um m ggf p md csu, m sgu u pcs md d v ch chmm, ppu, md ggfc: qus scp ss s sv d sum spcfc cm mmg, c, fmz d c sc cuu d ssc css p dscz cmps d sud. md ggfc s c pz fdm:. ssvz d psgg;. cc d z d d; c. pz spgz d z um m. ssvz d u psgg può vv md d, cè vs s spz ps d vgg d d u dm ug, ppu md d, vs s d mmg d c. fgf mmg ch u ggf può uzz s d dvs p s dsgu s p ss d z pd ch p gu d ps cc uzz. ss s m dvs pss d d qu d pc c u fgf d s. P cp u psgg u fgf u dp s u ssvz csu ff. Bsg, f, mp csc cmp fdm. p, cc dsgu g m ch cmpg cssfc 3 cg pcp:. g m ggfc: v mus, pu, cs d cqu, m, cè suu d ;. g m m d f d fu: vgz u g m svc d u ; c. g m um: cvz, v d cmucz, vgg, cà, dus, fsuu d (cm cqud, dgh, d). su d ssvz, d d, dv p ss g d cc d d fmz v s d ch sm sudd, su cm, su dz, su csch m. m d qus fs d v sà pss p, cè cp z um m. 4, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

13 và v c mmg cc g m d psgg vs mmg dvdu. m ggfc: cs d cqu, c, pu. m m: sc. m um: cà, sd, cmp cv, p, p. Vdu d cà d -m-h, vzz. Pm p mmg d s mmg d s è u f d fmz c pm d ssv vsssm d dvdu fm v d supfc d T, cm p smp sps d u mcch d p fuusc d u p m; ppu mpu d z dc u vuc fs d uz v d u puz mgc., vs cch d vm ( vm dsz) ch cs d ssv msu dsz supfc s s pss mmg ch d z ccss, cm p smp fs qu g p. C us d pc pgmm fmc uscm d sfm c ggfch gz spc smp ch. s ssv pd m sv sm cum d cc sz cv su T. Cò h pmss ssm d czzz cm GP (G Psg ysm), cu cv c f sp dv c s v u dm mm: cg è sss us p vg s. mmg d s è d Fc d p d cs. spd dmd. Ch cs pm mmg d s? 2. Ch cs è vm? 3. Ch cs è GP? và B v c mmg ssv pg d mmg gg ddsc ch ccmpg.. upp d dv dcum c m fgfc csch, s cusà d ug cu vv. 2. P cscu d qus sp qu p d mmg scgs? 3. v u sc. mmg d u dg pm d cg cu m spcfc d u psgg, d p u ppu d d um. qus f d d vdm sgh d cmuà sch, c gz gs d cs. U vcch fgf u dp d pc pduc u psgg d pss cs d vu, cfd c mmg c, cmm vvu mp. Qu, p smp, vdm fgf d ffc umsc v Ch p 96 dp Vsuv c v, s c., P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

14 z Uà G sum d s d ggf Gud sud Pché c s sum pcp d ggf? Pché pps md ppssm T? Pché ffgu md smc à? Ch cs è sc d duz? Qud u c è pcc sc? gd sc? Qu s v pg d c? pp su p d s ffgu vgg d ù d Qupw mc d d, s mà d c. sc umc sc : sc gfc km z 2 c ggfch c s sum d v pù mp d ggf. ss pps u p pù m gd d cc u fg d dms m u gd quà d fmz. P mzz d ss è pss dscv u g d g, su dsg g su psz. c h ccmpg s d um: g cvà h f pp mdà d ppsz d spz, v v pù pcs mg cspd à. ch gg, pò, s gd pgss cmpu d cgf, ss s smp ppssm: f, d ch supfc s h fm sfc, è mpss p md pcs su supfc p d u c. c pps s cu u fm ps u. P csu c pù pss d à cgf h d cmpss ssm gmc mmc, d pz. ssu d qus ssm è, cmuqu, fd à gu d ss f u pu d vs u cuu pc. c ggfch pduc md smc spz: uzz f u gugg spcfc csu d m sm cm cch, qud,, c, musc dsg gu d qu f fm m pcs ps. g c è qud cd d u gd ch spg sgfc d sg cvz uzz: p smp v s pps d s p mzz d gdz dvs d c m; c g s dc c c vd pu. dvs pfdà d fd m s pps v c dvs à d c zzu: pù s scd pù c scusc. ppsz su u c ch d u pcc p d T chd u duz ch vv scd u pp pcs, d sc d duz. Qus um, ch dc qu v supfc s è s mpcc ppsz su c, v spss d pp umc, cè d dvs cm :; : ; : (ch s gg u c, u dcm csì v). sc d duz dc qu v msu d spz pps (spss d ) è s d su c (,, v). m, psz d u sc :, uà su c ( cm ) pps à u dsz v pù gd ( qus cs cm, cè km). m sc d duz v dc su c s fm umc (sc umc) ch fm gfc (sc gfc), cè c u sgm cu g cm cspd u dm um d m chm à. c ggfch s pss dsgu s p d sc d. dc pcc sc c ch pps u ss md pc dg; sc umc h u dm m gd (d : su). c gd sc, vc, pps pcc pz d md pcgg; dm è pcc (f : ) qu duz d à è pù m. P cfds ps ch u sc è gd qud dm è pcc, vcvs s cd ch fz, sud mmc, /2 è pù gd d /. c ggfch s dffz ch p cu, cè p fm pps: p smp sp fsc, gzzz mmsv, và cmch, sd d u dm. Qud pssm dsgu sgu pg d c.. c fsch pps fm fsc fdm: m, m, fum, gh, pu.. c pch p cf dg s d g, cà, sd fv, smm u g m fdm d gzzz mmsv pc d u. spss c s fscpch, cè cmpd s m fsc (m, fum, pu) ch pc (cà, cf, s). c. c sd d v d cmucz pps c pc cu pcs sd, fv, c vg, d vgz. d. c mch pps su c dsuz ggfc d u pc fm d p fsc, dmgfc (ch gud cè ppz), cmc, sc (ch g dc dvs pch d pss). P smp, v s c mch ch us pg d su d vgz d u, dsà d ppz, dsuz d cà, v d dd cmc csì v. 6, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

15 và 9 CHU C T U P s V V V. DZ VG C. D. C T T P.- 66 m 2 P V Cmpg Cm V Vp Gg F C C s C D u g P C F C C T TTT dg 2 c : 3 c Cvs P Bd v T s v ghd us D UB Pécs v ZGB P TVCH Vz CZ v Bg BUCT Bu B GD ZGV D 73 T UGH V D TT À C D V G Pds Pd Vès Cuj-pc Cg 34 Gy C cgfch g pps g, qud ss d vdz sd. sc v d : :. DV BUDPT d P Cz s P Z Tsc D P Gz C BTV Du UT CHT. VCCH V D V TT D V 6 P C duu v v Vsvch 8 Chd KV U C P d V TÀ C T D V. T T V V D V 34 hêms êmshêms-d -Dm -Dm 27 4 Chmp Chmpch 9 Vs. 63.-Vc 24 B Fés P. mus 24 Vgsch 24 g --Té y Gssy.-dé -.-J Châ D 8 7. C sc D c C VC. PD. G P.C. VC VC C T P V C. V P TT D V Chmpuc Vuv g d Bugd us 27 s P. CC 288 T P P DC p D T d Pc u 68 Vp 2 4 gx cugg. s Ccv TU P.TT. FCH U Vuch.-Jcqus 3 C v V F V B PG Du v Bsv T s V c : D D C. V 2 Cumyu 224. du Chv Dsd C TT Gg 26 ps C. Bz 4 46 Fcf s.. D 2 chè Vud T2 u 4. C sc G P.G Zm 66 Cv BuCv èvs Bug- 28.-uc C pgfch v p pps pcc pz d md m dg. c pgfch cp u s zz d su Ggfc. sc v d : :. È uvz Pé.-Dd Thu C d Pcc Bd 32 V. P.T D uvs Gd.Cm C d G. Bd C 2 G DUP Bug-.-P 27 T 487. Bc 84 2 Fuy 37 B U D T VT Z C T P Chmx s Huchs U G PZZ D CT 8 T V C. gg d Pp P U D V. V D G D C P T c : 8 P GG TT V D Pzz Pccm D T V C C d Cmp Qusu P. Chg PZZ Pzz c s D DU Gduc V. D VC pd C V. D. T D Pfu. d.. d. c V gè c : 2 D. CH. G B P.Z J. D. QUC P.Z D. V B D V Pzz Puc V C V Uvsà gg P. d c T U Dum 3. C sc P V B CH V ZZ V. D. P P mpp us p pdu c, cs, qu cà. sc v d : f :. md 2. C sc gfc FU C. pccssm D gdssm C. pcc V gd D P V PZZ CP CH. D. BB V. P.Z. GV Pzz d. V. G C F. VC P. B D T. VC T P. F G. VC. D. VC VC. D. B P. sd T TT C C B V D C. D. CH CZ V. D V. BCH D P P.Z DPDZ Z D V T UZ G Fd C VC. D. D V V C VC. D. F D V T. Cmp d c scvd pps spz p d sc d. T D. D. ssv v p d c ggfch ch dffsc p sc u CT Td.. C V Dmc VC. D. C sc v c c C D Cs c : 3 JV C ggfch g pduc supfc m ss (s c) md pc dg. sc v d : :3. Psf mppmd pps u T ffgud s csch ggfch ssz. sc è :3. 7, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

16 z Uà G sum d s d ggf z 3 Pu d vs dvs: psf Gud sud Qu m fuz csuz d c? Ch cs è ucsm? scsm? Qu csch h pz d c? qu d Ps? Pché ch mmg f u pu d vs? Zm uss è u sum m c ch c u g mgc dc smp d, quss ug d supfc s c s v. fgu pps pz cgfch zz 923 d ggf mc Gd. Cm vd, fgu s dscu: d qu m d pz. vgg d qus pz è qu d pdu fdm ppz d v g d md. c s pps c, qu ss vsà dg c. mc c d c ggfch s duqu mp sum p p gg à. ppm ch ch è mpss pps sz su u p ch à s v su u supfc sfc: pc, mgg è s ch s vu pps, pù gd s dfmz d dsz d supfc sp à. P psf ( mppmd), cè c ch pps supfc s, s v dfmz. cò s ggug f ch g pz, cè md p pps su c supfc s, è u scd pu d vs d md ch h cgf, cè cu ch csusc c, spcch qud sg ss d su md cuu d su m sc. P smp, cu c v dsg pp g c d psf ps fm pù c, m s pù fqu mpcs dfmz p pù vs qu ss è scs. spg csì ucsm d c pd up scsm d qu zz C: pm cs è up c d psf, scd C. g up s v c gg m spss pz d c (69) ch ps pc z vcch c (> pg f), scp d. c d c, pm v pps- mc d up fc c Pcfc s c c c z scfc d T, cc qu s mà d ppsz gfc gdsc qud ps ps fsc mp d msf d; mp sss ggsc g sm d p, cm Gd d. D c duc ps d msf ud, pc qu su z pc d qu: p qus up pp gd cm fc pù ss d udmc. à c up ccup u supfc gss md ugu mà d mc md /3 d qu d c fc. c d c, ch scsm c d ppz f supfc d, h cmuqu pg d dsg md pcs fm d d cs: f su scp pp qu d fc vgz. g um dc s è vv sgz d u ppsz cgfc ch m vdz ss d c xup, ch csusc mggz d ms d ppz md. pz d Ps (> pg f), mss pu 977, è u sps qus chs pché ssc gus ppz supfc. Pssm csì vd ch udmc fc cqus dms ss pù gd, m up è mpcc u cò sp d dms d. Qus c ps pò dg cv: è f m mpcs p qu gud fm dsz. Cò s dv f ch ss qu su c d ppsz, c csguz d u ugm vc d z qu pc u ppm d vc P. c d Ps, dd gusz mpz ps d ps d ud d md (> z ), è m us d sscz ch s mpg u ps ssvupp. Qu d p c v ch p mmg. ch ss, f, f spss pu d vs d fgf ( d gs d p), qu v p à scudd sp p u sgfc, m ch pss su mp p ch cc d sud u psgg. U mmg d cà s d d J può, p smp, msc spgg ff d g scd ccp s; ppu u f d u ps d mg può msc ss z dz, scudd d vsu usd ch v c cc. 8, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

17 và và B v c c. ssv dvs c ggfch. Cm vd s c up s v c d ppsz. v c c Gd. ssv c d c ().. Dscv pu d vs su pcz d md s d g ppsz spd dmd.. u c c g U s v vs s d C? su c? 2. u c up s v vs s d C? su c c? up c P c f c c c c P c f c c d. zz d d, ch p supfc d g dsc s d z.. Cmm dffz dms d g ppsz cgfc. 2. Dv s v d qu sp su psz? C TTT U c c c d c C FC qu C D C Cp d Tus c Pcfc s s U P C CT c. ssv c d Ps () Cmm md cu s pps dsz Cp d (dsz 39 km) Tus udfc (dsz 8 km). u Cà d Cp g C c P c f c c c c d supfc ( m d km2) fc 3 C 9, up Gd 2, uss 7 mc md 7,8 Pm p Cm s czz u pu su supfc s u c ggfch s, cè s smp p cvz c d, T sud ss, s ds vs ss. P czz sm u pu su supfc s, ggf h mmg d cc su supfc d T u c ggfc fm d cuv: p md. p s ccfz quds f dsps zz su supfc s: pù ug d ss, d qu, dvd T du msf: ( s) d us ( md) sud. p s 9 g msf; m m ch s d qu ughzz dmusc, f dus u s pu du P. md s smccfz dsps ss vc, ppdcm p, h p sm du P. 36 u d gu dms; p cvz è s sc cm md fdm qu ch pss p ssv d Gwch gh. md d Gwch sp 8 md ps s dg 8 su vs. P dvdu c szz psz d u pu cc cc gd cd ggfch, cè dsz d qu pu d qu, chm ud, qu d md fdm, chm gud. P ud, cc v gd sg dc d ud; p gud s vs, s su psz sp qu Gwch. spd dmd. Ch cs s p? 2. Ch cs s md? 3. Ch cs s cd ggfch? 9, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

18 uss up Gm Fc g U Uc z Uà G sum d s d ggf z 4 d vs : gfc Gud sud Cm s pps d vs d u psgg? Cm s spss d? Ch cs è ssc d ch cs s ccup? Qu s gfc pù dffus? Qu csch h pmd d à? Ch cs ffgu dgmm cmc? Zm g TT ffu csm, cc d d gud ppz và cmch d u pz ug cmpss: u fmg u mps dv cmp u mdu, cu d vg p puc s dp quch. P qus mv csm h u cdz dc; pm csm d u fu ffu 86 um 2. cu pd cm du um gu md qus cdz è s sp. pz d gmm pu 23% c 42% mg 3% (m) P csc u s sp gg su d vs, vv g m u um ss ps. Dvs sp m mp, f, s pss vd md fc mmd: è cs, p smp, d gd d svupp cmc, d um dg, d v d mpu d pvsà, d sss zz d mg. Bu p d qus fm s pps s fm d d umc, ch g vg cc d uzz d ggf p zz u g m d u cf c qu d. d csusc csì sm c, mmg fmz d c sc cuu u sum ssz d v d ggf. d pss gud supfc, mpu, ppz um dg, dsà cm pduz, um d ccup spss vg spss v ssu, cè cf. suz d s csu d pp, cm cs d dsà d ppz, ch s cv dvdd g p km 2. c s ps s fm d md cm p mpu ppu d pcu ( p m), p smp qud dm spm à pz d u mg, c pu. d s g f d puc ch s ccup d ssc, dscp ch sud md p ccg md ssmc gzz. qus cmp è sv d TT, su C d sc, ch puc c gà, su c, ssch d v g. D ssc sgmm ppz up (m) dgmm * *pvs up s ccup UTT, su d U up ch fsc mssm d su ps d c. v z s pss ssch d v p d ums suz gzzz, cm U Bc d, m ch d vs spczz. v, p d c pù mmd cmps, d umc vg vsuzz md gfc, sum mp p ggf. pù dffus smpc s g sgmm, dgmm g gmm. G sgmm sv cf sss d p smp um d f dvs g cà. gfc dgmm s uzz p ms dm d u fm u cs d mp: p smp csc d ppz up pd d dus. G gmm, cmum d dgmm, sv pps suddvs p d u fm, p smp suddvs dg dd gcu, dus svz d u ps. pmd d à dgmm cmc s u p pù cmpss. pmd d à, pc sgmm ch pps suu d u ps vm à sss d su, qus vg suddvs vc msch d u p fmm d, m zz s v fsc d à, cmpd cscu sss um d ( g ): ss s v pù gv, pù z. D fm ch ssum sgmm s può ddu suz dmgfc d u ps. U s g u vc pus s, ch dà ug u fm ppm pmd, c dc ch ppz è m gv ps ps u à: qus suz è pc dg s pù pv, qu d ud d md. U fm pù uv, vc, dc u ssgm d ppz, s gvssm s g z, fgf u ps ch s vcchd: qus à è cmu ps pù vz, cm s. dgmm cmc pps sss gfc csch d mpu d pgg 2 ms d u c cà. ss m vdz pcpz mm d pgg mpu md ms ( C). dm d mpu è pps d u cuv, qu d pcpz g d c; ss s dc c z ms d., P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

19 Pm p sgmm sd Qus p d sgmm, csu su 3 c p spm dffz u d psv u gv, sv p smp p pps sd u, cè dffz sc m u ps, ppu sd mg, ss dffz g mmg g mg, c, c cmmc, p ms dffz mpz (g cqus d s) spz ( vd s) ffu d u z. Csc d sgmm sd è pduz d u fm cu s ps s v psv (c sg +), cm cs d à, s v gv (c sg -), cm cs d mà. smp p s fsc sd dmgfc u spss p m d du ps up, v. dffz, cè sd u, può ss psv, cm ccd p,, cs sv, gv pché m sup sc v à mà sd u sd mg mmg mg sd d c cmmc mpz spz (m d ) (m d ) Csusc du sgmm Uzz d d fc p csu du sgmm sd d c cmmc d sd mg d s ps 26. ps à mà sd u () () (-) +,2 4,8 +,4 v + 8,8 9,3, và v c gfc. ssv du pmd d à.. Cmm dffz du ps fcd fm qu sud s spd dmd.. Qu è pcu ppssm d gv s 2 du ps qu qu sp 6? 2. Tu, d qu fsc d à f p? u g? 3. pù ums u c qu d u g? msch à fmm + d , 2,,,, 2 2, m d ppz : 9 msch à fmm + d mg d ppz s: 3 và B v c gfc ssv dgmm cmc spd dmd.. Qu è ms pù cd d du cà? qu pù pvs? 2. Qu s pcp dffz cm d vg, cà spg d ud d up, qu d ccm, cp d vz? vg 4 G F p g Gu ug g v Dc mpu ( C ) pcpz ( mm) ccm 4 G F p g Gu ug g v Dc mpu ( C ) pcpz ( mm) Pm p Cm s csusc u gmm P csu u gmm sg c ch ss fm u cch cu mpzz è p u g g, cè 36. P zz, s dspm d u cmpu ch f cc p, s dv pss d d pcu qu g. Tm ps ch pcu è, m p g g è 36. g pu pcu cspd qud 3,6; qud p csu è suffc mpc pcu p 3,6. Csusc gmm Csusc 4 gmm c d d cmm. ppz dd z p s ps ppz v (%) P (%) pm scd z pm scd z Ugd Ps Bss , P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

20 z Uà G sum d s d ggf z ssvupp: cm s dfsc s msu Gud sud Ch cs vdz v dfz d ssvupp? Ch cs s d p Tz p Qu md? p d ud d md? Ch cs è P PP? dc d G? Ch cs msu U? mgg p d z up svupp h cffc d G cmps,24,36, m g Us dc sup,4, dcd u mgg dsugugz d dd ppz. ps d ud d md h v,. cffc d G D ssvupp s è cmc p dp scd gu md, qud c s ccs d pfd dffz ps cch ( svupp) ps pv ( ssvupp). P df svupp su pps, ssvupp, g um h dp m dvs, cscu d qu m vdz u pu d vs, spss g u pd sc. spss ps duszz, p smp, dà p sc ch psz d dus s scusv d ps cch v c mpg ch s mpcs, pché m dus s s dffus m ps ssvupp. spss Tz md, mpg p pm v d cms. uvy 92, è m us c gg. pc md dvs cc d ps cps vz df d u Pm md gud dg Us cc d ps scs cm pfc cd md, c cp Uss. md, ffmò uvy, ss u z gupp d s, czz d cu m gv qu muz, fsm, ss v d dd spu zz cmc. uccssvm, m d ps d Tz md v dfc ch u Qu md, cè ps pù pv pv d ss u. c 989 d ssm cmus h vfc dfz d cd md. u f dg ss, scd u pspv pus msc, z pv s s chm ps v d svupp PV. Qus dfz dv p sc ch u g s, pm p, v sgu smp d pù cch. gg sppm ch è csì m PV può ss us s p qu ps cm C, d Bs ch s m spmd u v csc cmc. È vc ssum mpp p m ps fc, ch h pgg cdz d v g um dc. g d XX sc s s dffus cc cffc d G m d,2 d,2,29 d,3,34 d,3,39 d,4,44 d,4,49 d,,4 d,,9 pù d,6 d d ud d md. d d md ppg g s, su p s d s p, cm vz ss dffus; ud ppg u g ps. Qus suddvs, gg m us ps ch qus s, è m ffcc, ch s mpcs, pché psupp u cppsz ggfc d cmc m du gupp d ps. msu d dv dsuz d cchzz v ps d md è u d pm pù dffc d pu d vs ssc. F pc mp f sum mggm us P Pd d, cè dd z p, cv dvdd mm cmpssv d cchzz pd cs d u p um dg. gg è pù uzz P PP p, cè Pd d Pà d P cqus, ch vs spcfc cc pd csdz ch dffz cs d v m pù d d md v ps pps mg cdz cmch. P PP è sup 2 z pù vz up ccd, mc s, Gpp us scd mm d 4- fc sush. d sg ps dsuz d cchzz è mg: m ps pv pch mz d pvg h u dd m v sup pf qu md d ps cch; vcvs scch d pvà ss ch g s pù cch. P v u d d qus dffz s us dc d pvà ccd um d ch h u dd d s d u mm v ppu cffc d G, dc mmc ch msu gugz dsuz d dd d u ppz. cffc d G è u um cmps cè ugugz pf, qud u h sss dd, cè dsugugz, qud u ps pssd u dd u g h u dd u. Pù g cdz d v d u ps s msu c dc d vupp Um (U) ch c d 3 f: dd md p, spz d v v d suz. v d U v d u mm d u mssm d, scd d gd d svupp. ps pù cch h u U sup,9, m qu pù pv ps u d f,. 2, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

21 và v c c ssv c d pg f su cffc d G, gg ddsc spd dmd.. qu ps s h mgg dsugugz? 2. dv, vc, ss s m? Pm p mp cgc m m g um h cu d g m cu vv, md sch g qu u d p. umà è v vc u pu m d svupp, qu sà pù gd d sddsf pp sg, pc md qu d gz fuu. mp cgc è u dg dc pù ffcc p fgf mp ch z d um h sug qu m d s p. ss msu quà d supfc s uzz p sddsf pp csum sm fu pd. cc supfc css p cvz vm, m uzz p psc, spz ds d z, sd, fv dscch, supfc fs css p csum d c gm p ss dd cc pd. um mp cgc d u ppz md è sup d cc 2% cpcà u d T d pdu ss css p spvvvz d um. f suz cpv T c gd d pdu um u quà d ss gm sup (+4%) fsg dg um. spd dmd. Ch cs è mp cg? 2. Ch cs msu qus dc? Pm p c wd mpp ppsz cgfc s vv ch d sum pc cm, p smp, mc wdmpp. mc è u spc d c mc, gud cè u fm spcfc, csu md m pc: ss p u g s d md ffgu psz, m fm gmch c u ss ch v s dms d fm us. P smp, mc su ppz md g s h gdzz ppz um dg : qus cs C ccup su c u 4 v sup qu d Cd, pu ssd pc pù pcc. wdmpp s c, dsg s u pcs c ssc, c dms d g ch mu ppzm pm csd. c fc su csum d p p md fm d U d up s csì gf, m fm d fc su m d qu csum d p c s ssssm. spd dmd. Ch cs è u mc? 2. Cm s dfsc u wdmpp? 3. Pché supfc ccup d fc d mc md è csì sgu? Ch cs sgfc cò? và B v c c. Cf cmm du mc. 2. Vs s d wdmpp hp:// 3. cg u c dvs d qu qu puc cmm. ss dg s Gd Gm ppz dg s Gpp ssc Cd U Bs g g Tuch ud. D. Cg uss Pks d Bgdsh C ds Gpp us Cd U ssc Bs g Gm g Tuch ud uss Pks C d Bgdsh ds us g km 2. D. Cg g m d, P GGF D D D GG Zch 22 3

22 z Uà G sum d s d ggf Vfch d cscz cmpz CH C H TUDT cqus cscz d s 4 csc c spd dmd z d dc p g c qu p pp. g z p fss cc pcp d uà. z Bsc Vcz V v Vz 2 cqus ssc spcfc gg s d uà scv sgfc d sgu m. C pc: Cd ggfch: Dgmm : sgmm: c gfc: TT: Pmd d à: C d c: C d Ps: c: d d md: ud d md: dvdu ffmz c g c u cc ffmz c.. psf fsc fmz dg su dvs g d md. 2. c ggfch s s v s um sc. 3. È mpss pps md pcs supfc sfc s su u c. 4. c s m.. md s 36 smccfz vc u gu. 6. p dv pù ugh v v ch s d qu. 7. gud msu dsz d u pu d md fdm. 8. ud msu dsz d u pu d qu. Pv s Pcz ssd Pm gg 'm v Gv pz v c c Cm C v F d Bg m dsà v p km 2 P Ps 2 ucc d 2 Fz d 2 d v d 2 m d Tv P Pdv T vg Fì Cs zz v m Ps V zz c c Pug g Tsc ch Tsm Fg dc Pm sc Pc Gss Um v p Tm g d T Bs Psc 'qu V Gg Ch g d Bcc uzz Cvvcch Tm z um Cà d Vc Tv Fs s s V Cmpss Cmp G T Cs Bv Du (Du) D m Du Bf Tg D Gudup Gud Gudquv s d Td m d B c uhc 3478 vd Cs d d d G 6 Júc C. d Ps Uz Wg swd ug g C schd d d hw B d Hv Wfsug Bdug süch Bushwg üs Bfd Hdshm Psdm Hm zg gdug Dusug Hmm Pd Wg Dmud Gg Dssu Düssdf Kss dhus H ps mschd schwg sug ss vkus Dsd ug fu C g Wm B sch Gh Chmz mug Gss Fud J G Cz uh Zwcku Pu Chmuv Tpc Fcf s.. Wsd ffch Cug chwfu Kvy Vy Kd gz Dmsd Tv Wms Wüzug Bmg Byuh Ch udwgshf hm g Füh Pz ss Hg VCCH Vác uc Tsc C Bgj v d us d Csu ugj Vjvd Tms B v d Zj s Vukv Vsc ˇ msk vc Gzd ˇ BGD (BGD) Vjv Tv Uzc ˇ Pcv ˇ B - T g ksc ˇ BUDPT zk U G H Bj ucc ˇ gójá Gyögös Kéks ghd Jászéy Cck ˇ ˇ skc g Kcskmé Békéscs f ö Kgujvc Kv d zöú Tkj Kcg Hódmzövásáhy Ksc ˇ Pzvc ˇ Kusvc Tsc yígyház Dc 22 P d F B T s v 849 u Bhuu Tud G B sˇ v Pz Ksvsk vc k G 2 Ps ˇ 2 Zjc ˇ D- Tuu v Vd p skvc F Ju Cv hjvgd Vc us Dv Uzgd ˇ Tsz u Zu Hud u mş u Tîgu Ju ukcv ˇ C p Bgv Hus Dj Cuj-pc Ps 677 B c T V u Bsv dvu 243 mu 27 Cc Du ˇ sk 24 Kmyj gh Tîgu us ds z d 23 Bîs Hv mcu VÎc Ps V 26 vc 2 Psu (Duv) Pv BUG U C Chvs Pss Gumu 99 u Gughuu s c c 2376 Tgvs 776 v gs ucv xd Gugu J P- m Pss Pd 4 Bs Ps h BUCT (BUCUT). c fsc 2. c pc. ssv m c sm d gd.. spd dmd.. Qu s 7 cà um c u um d cmps 2 u m? 2. Bucs Csz s u d fv? 3. Qu è cp d dv? 4. Cm s chm g sc d dv? m Bcu Ghghu-Dj Fcs Buzu Du m Cs ˇˇ s Kmcj ˇ B s Bîd G B D Vsu z Pu Fs B s chj D Ds s u g Tuc 2 chm CHU 46 D d Du Csz Cf pc d s Cà p um d C Tgvs ˇfc pù d u m um ˇ V d 2 d pcp d 2 Fv pcp m d puds v föd g u Bugs Pss 26 vch B g 28 sch V Chu zm Kj 3. c sd 4. c mc Tsp 44 Csu gfc C d d csusc u gfc scgd p pù dc p pps fm. ppz d 2 2 (pvs x ) , P GGF D D D GG Zch 22

23 T D GGF cs ggf fcg pg d g ps fc d zz gg s d dvdu s su spd c, ud Ch c u mmg, svg gg dvs fc pg cm d - md? dmd sgu g. ffuss d vsm s è um dmu g um 2? Pm: g pc-mmsv Ch dm h vu spz d v fc g um g p:? Pché? zz d d gfc dm v, ch fss up susc c: ? Ch mpss f squ sps g vuu c: d... ps cch mm mds p sv pm d c? Fd: u qu ss um g fc p f ffdm p usc d gc suz? /2, gh: Pm dg (ud T) g p up c g c Fd gh Gs spz dg: d v cmp cqu c gfc ggf g ggf g zz fm pm m d u spcfc, g ppu. m g è m us ggf v mpg p dc v m dvs: p smp, pssm p d g p d g c, c pg. P g s d u, pù m ss, c cu csch pp ch dsgu d. Qus csch pss ss dff scd p d g ch ssvm. smm sp fsc d u, pssm dvdu g u, qu cè ch ps m fsc cmu vm v, cm, fum. g u s, p smp, p, h, mzz, up md. vc zzm và d um, spz pssm d suddvd v spz g cmp cmch: vm csì cqu g c d psc d vm d up c, g dus d C cs, g usc d cs mg. cs s vg sud g s cmpss, dvm csd g pch, uch d v cf pcs. Qus g s d du p. cu cmpd u sm d s dc c csch mg: è cs d up c cmps d pg, Pg d, d g d fm d U d, cè d v pp, d Pks, Bgdsh, p, Bhu k d g dmc (Us Cd). Tv g pch pss ccd c qu u, cm vv p s ch. v f v s d ch mmsv csu d suddvs pch d u s. È cs, p smp, d g C, md, z, d qu dsch Bv, Bdug sus, ccd c s ch fm g Us, cu w Yk, Fd, Cf. ss p g sch cuu. pm s czz d u ug pss d s cmu: è cs d up ccd d g d. sss c up può ss csd u g d qus p. scd h csch gusch pp: è u g cuu qu d Fd dv s p fmmg, ss Bg Ps Bss, ppu qu d T dv dsc è dm pù dffus, ch s sd us. v ps % fzz C 8 Cu 96 d 6 98 dgsc 47 d, Tuch g sc-cuu 8 gs: Bg B Pzz d Pm. cà d m, g usc mg. s d ks, g u d cpg d pd, Gc. cà d T, cp d s, g pc c., P GGF D D D GG Zch 22