Legislazione e normativa di riferimento per l'utilizzo delle biomasse legnose come combustibile

Transcript

1 WORKSHOP: USI TERMICI DA FONTI RINNOVABILI: IL RUOLO DELLA FILIERA LEGNO-ENERGIA Legislazione e normativa di riferimento per l'utilizzo delle biomasse legnose come combustibile Giuseppe Toscano Comitato Termotecnico Italiano Università Politecnica delle Marche

2 BIOMASSA Massa di sostanze eterogenee prodotta da cicli biologici SOLE Anidride carbonica BIOMASSA ENERGIA 2

3 Diverse tipologie di biomasse ad uso energetico. MERCATO Impianti termici e termoelettrici di piccole, medie e grandi dimensioni.

4 Lo sviluppo del MERCATO si basa sulla qualità delle biomasse Definizione di STANDARD comuni di qualità Necessità di sviluppare tecniche per la caratterizzazione delle biomasse Creazione di Normative di carattere comunitario

5 Dir 2001/77 e D.Lvo 387/2003 DPCM 08/03/02 Biomasse combustibili D.Lvo 152/06 ASPETTI LEGISLATIVI Frazione biodegradabile DM 05/02/98 Biomasse rifiuti Dir 2000/76 Biomassa (incenerimento rifiuti)

6 Direttiva 2001/77 Promozione dell energia elettrica da fonti rinnovabili Recepita con Decreto Legislativo 29 dicembre 2003, n. 387 "Attuazione della direttiva 2001/77/CE relativa alla promozione dell'energia elettrica prodotta da fonti energetiche rinnovabili nel mercato interno dell'elettricità" BIOMASSA la parte biodegradabile dei prodotti, rifiuti e residui provenienti dall'agricoltura (comprendente sostanze vegetali e animali) e dalla silvicoltura e dalle industrie connesse, nonché la parte biodegradabile dei rifiuti industriali e urbani.

7 Decreto Legislativo 152/06 Parte V Allegato X Caratteristiche delle biomasse combustibili e relative condizioni di utilizzo (ai fini delle emissioni in atmosfera) Biomassa da coltivazioni dedicate Biomassa da coltivazioni non dedicate Trattamento meccanico Biomassa da selvicoltura, manutenzione forestale e potatura Scarti da lavorazione meccanica di legno vergine e sughero non contaminati Scarti da lavorazione meccanica di prodotti agricoli Sansa disoleata - Esausta Liquor nero Tutto ciò che non rientra in questo elenco rimane vincolato alla vigente legislazione sui rifiuti e al DM 5/2/98

8 NO Rientra nell elenco delle biomasse combustibili del DLvo 152/06? SI Definizione di rifiuto DLvo 152/06 RIFIUTO NON PERICOLOSO (DM 05/02/98 e DM 12/06/02 n. 161) Recupero energetico in Impianti industriali COMBUSTIBILE (DLvo 152/06) Utilizzo per la produzione di energia Recupero di materia prima secondaria (scarti) per usi non energetici Ceneri Smaltimento

9 La NORMATIVA TECNICA classificazione dei biocombustibili; definizione delle caratteristiche merceologiche per il loro impiego come combustibili CEN/TS Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes I biocombustibili solidi vengono distinti in base a: natura e provenienza aspetto esteriore proprietà

10 CLASSIFICAZIONE DELLA BIOMASSA SOLIDA IN BASE A NATURA E PROVENIENZA LEGNOSA - Biomassa legnosa da arboricoltura e silvicoltura - Sottoprodotti e residui dell industria del legno - Legno post-consumo - Miscele e miscugli Produzione di cippato, pellet, briquette o altro in funzione della tipologia di materia prima ERBACEA - Biomassa erbacea da agricoltura e orticoltura - Residui e sottoprodotti della trasformazione industriale - Miscele e miscugli FRUTTI E SEMI -Da frutticoltura e orticoltura -Residui e sottoprodotti dell industria ALTRO

11 La materia prima secondo il CEN/TC 335 Classificazione in base a natura e provenienza Biomassa: 1. Legnosa 2. Erbacea 3. Semi e frutti 4. Miscugli e miscele delle precedenti 1. Biomassa legnosa da arboricoltura e silvicoltura 2. Sottoprodotti e residui dell industria di lavorazione del legno 3. Legno post-consumo 4. Miscele e miscuglio

12 La materia prima secondo il CEN/TC 335 Classificazione in base a natura e provenienza ESEMPIO: cippato di legno di pioppo da SRF

13 La materia prima secondo il CEN/TC 335 Classificazione in base a natura e provenienza ESEMPIO: segatura di legno vergine segheria

14 Biocombustibili legnosi CEN/TC 335 Classificazione in base all aspetto esteriore Combustibile Dimensione tipica (mm) Brichette diam > 25 Pellet diam < 25 Polverino < 1 Segatura 1-5 Cippato 5-50 (5-15 fine, grossolano) Legno in pezzi Legno intero > 500 Balle di paglia 0,1 3,7 m 3 Fascine varia Corteccia varia Semi e granella varia Gusci e noccioli varia

15 Biocombustibili legnosi CEN/TC 335

16 Biocombustibili legnosi CEN/TC 335 Le principali proprietà Contenuto di umidità Contenuto in ceneri Potere calorifico netto Distribuzione dimensionale Polveri Massa volumica Durabilità meccanica C,H,N Cl solubile, Na, K S, Cl Macroelementi Microelementi Fusibilità ceneri CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS CEN/TS 15370

17 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior CAMPIONAMENTO E PREPARAZIONE DEL CAMPION

18 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior UMIDITA Effetti principali -Combustione - Valore energetico

19 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Contenuto in ceneri Effetti - Valore energetico - Depositi in caldaia - Inquinamento

20 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Potere calorifico

21 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior MASSA VOLUMICA Effetti LOGISTICA

22 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Effects: Depositi solidi FUSIBILITA CENE

23 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior C,H,N content Effects: - Valore energetico - NO x

24 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Effects: - Corrosione - Inquinanti (SO x ) S, Cl content

25 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Effetti Comportamento delle ceneri Elementi maggiori

26 Normative CEN 335 Solid biofuels CENTS Terminology, definitions and descriptions CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part1 Reference method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part2 - Simplified method CENTS Methods for determination of moisture content Oven dry method - Part3 - Moisture in general analysis sample CENTS Methods for determination of ash content CENTS Sampling-Part1: Methods for sampling CENTS Sampling-Part2: Methods for sample particulate materials transported in lorries CENTS Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates CENTS Methods for sample preparation CENTS Methods for determination of calorific value CENTS Methods for determination of bulk density CENTS Determination of total content of C,H,N Instrumental methods CENTS Methods for determination of the water soluble content of Cl,Na,K CENTS Method for determination of the content of volatile matter CENTS Particle size distribution-part1 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and above) CENTS Particle size distribution-part2 (sieve apertures of 3,15mm and below) CENTS Particle size distribution-part3 (Rotary screen method) CENTS Methods for the determination of particle density CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Pellets CENTS Methods for determination of mechanical durability. Part 1: Briquettes CENTS Fuel quality assurance CENTS Determination of total content of S and Cl CENTS Determination of major elements CENTS Calculation of analyses to different bases CENTS Determination of minor elements CENTS Methods for the determination of ash melting behavior Effects: Aspetti ambientali Elementi minori

27 DICHIARAZIONE DELLE CARATTERISTICHE CHIMICO-FISICHE DEL PELLET Ragione sociale:. CLASSE UNI TS 11263: A senza additivi Produttore: Tizio Caio Quantitativo di pellet nella confezione kg 15 Materia prima d origine Provenienza materia prima di origine Tronchi di latifoglie ( ) ITALIA Diametro mm 6 Lunghezza mm 24 Umidità % massa t.q. 8 Ceneri % massa s.s. 0,6 Durabilità meccanica % massa 97,5 Polveri % massa 0,7 Agenti leganti - Assenti Azoto % massa s.s. 0,2 Cloro % massa s.s. 0,01 Zolfo % massa s.s. 0,03 Piombo+Mercurio+Cadmio+Cromo mg/kg t.q. 10 Massa volumica apparente kg/m3 700 Potere Calorifico Inferiore MJ/kg t.q. 19,0

28 EVOLUZIONE DELLE NORME Produzione PRODOTTO Qualità Utilizzo ESPERIENZA Standards PARTECIPAZI ONE PROGRESSO TECNOLOGIC O

29 STATO DELLA NORMA - BIOMASSE SOLIDE Principali norme nel settore Sicurezza caldaie Emissioni di combustione (per gli impianti grandi) Caratteristiche del combustibile Il pellet è il prodotto più standardizzato Produzione Prodotti Utilizzo

30 EVOLUZIONE DELLE NORME ELEMENTI DI INNOVAZIONE Cambiamento dei metodi di indagine - Strumenti più precisi - Tecniche nuove Qualità dei prodotti - Miglioramento standard qualitativi - Introduzione di classi di qualità (Es. pellet Classe A,B,C) Innovazione dei sistemi di utilizzo delle biomasse Modifica del panorama legislativo

31 Problematiche Esempio della determinazione del cloro ICP Cromatografo (mg/kg) ICP Cromatografo Sample

32 - Forte evoluzione della normativa tecnica negli ultimi anni Produzione di numerose norme qualità Problema di costi Consumatori non preparati Pochi casi di valorizzazione della biomassa in funzione della - Riduzione dei costi di analisi Aspetti da migliorare - Definire o potenziare legami tra standard diversi Standard emissioni Standard caldaie ALCUNE CONSIDERAZIONI FINALI - Tuttavia ritardo degli operatori del settore nel recepire le norme?!

33 EVOLUZIONE DELLE NORME ESEMPIO DEL PELLET Metodo di analisi: determinazione della durabilità del pellet LIGNOTESTER PELLET TESTER Limiti di specifica: contenuto in ceneri classe A 0,5% 0,7%