Half-reaction potential, V composition Actinium Ac e = Ac 2.13 Aluminum Al e = Al AlF. O H + + 4e = Sb 2

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1 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C potentials are tabulated except when a solution composition is stated; the latter are formal potentials and the concentrations are in mol/liter. Actinium Ac e = Ac.1 Aluminum Al e = Al 1.7 AlF e = Al F.07 Al(H e = Al H.10 Americium Am H e = Am H 1.0 Am e = Am 1.59 Am H e = Am H 0.8 Am H e = Am H 1.7 Am e = Am. Am e = Am 0.90 Am e = Am.07 Antimony Sb(H e = Sb H H NaH Sb H e = Sb H NaH Sb H e = SbH H NaH Sb H e = Sb H 0.05 Sb H e = Sb H 0.99 Sb H e = Sb H Sb H e = Sb H 0. Sb H e = Sb H 0.0 Sb H e = SbH Arsenic H As H e = HAs H 0.50 HAs H e = As H 0.0 As H e = AsH 0.5 As H e = As H 0.7 As H e = As H 0.8 As H e = AsH H 1.7 Astatine HAt H e = HAt H ca. 1. HAt H e = At H ca. 0.7 At e = At 0.0 Barium Ba H e = Ba H.5 Ba e = Ba.9 Berkelium Bk e = Bk 1.05 Bk e = Bk 1.7 Bk e = Bk.01 Beryllium Be e = Be 1.99

2 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Bismuth Bi (bismuthate H e = Bi H 1.59 Bi e = Bi 0.17 Bi H e = BiH 0.97 BiCl e = Bi Cl BiBr e = Bi Br 0.18 BiCl H e = Bi H Cl Boron B(H H e = B H B H 8e = BH 8H 1.1 B(H e = B H Bromine Br H e = Br H 1.85 Br H e = Br H 1.78 Br 5H e = HBr H 1. Br 1H 10e = Br H 1.5 HBr H e = Br H 1.0 HBr H e = Br H 1.1 Br H e = Br H NaH Br e = Br Br (aq e = Br Cadmium Cd e = Cd 0.0 Cd Hg e = Cd(Hg 0.5 CdCl e = Cd Cl 0.5 Cd(CN e = Cd CN 0.9 Cd(NH e = Cd NH 0. Cd(H e = Cd H 0.70 Calcium Ca H e = Ca H. Ca e = Ca.8 Ca H e = CaH 0.77 Californium Cf e = Cf 1.9 Cf e = Cf 1. Cf e = Cf.1 Carbon C H e = C H 0.10 C H e = HCH 0.0 C H e = H C 0.81 C H e = HC 0.15 HCH H e = HCH H 0.0 C N H e = HCN 0.7 HCH H e = CH H 0. CN H e = CN H 0.97 (Continued

3 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Cerium Ce(IV e = Ce(III HCl HN H S HCl Ce e = Ce. Cesium Cs e = Cs.9 Cesium Cs Hg e = Cs(Hg 1.78 Chlorine Cl H e = Cl H 1.01 Cl 1H 1e = Cl 8H 1.9 Cl 8H 8e = Cl H 1.88 Cl H e = Cl (g H Cl H e = HCl H Cl 1H 10e = Cl H 1.8 Cl H e = Cl H 1.5 Cl (g H e = HCl HCl H e = HCl H 1. HCl H e = Cl H 1.58 HCl H e = Cl (g H 1.59 Cl H e = Cl (g H NaH Cl H e = Cl H NaH Cl e = Cl 1.15 Cl (aq e = Cl 1.9 Chromium Cr 7 1H e = Cr 7H H S HCl Cr H e = Cr(H H NaH Cr e = Cr 0. Cr e = Cr 0.7 Cr e = Cr 0.90 Cobalt Co H e = Co H 1.1 Co(H e = Co(H 1.9 Co(NH e = Co(NH NH Co(H e = Co(H H 0.17 Co(en e = Co(en [en = ethylenediamine] en Co(CN e = Co(CN 5 CN KH Co e = Co 0.77 Co(NH e = Co NH 0. [Co(C ] e = Co(C 0.0 Copper Cu e = Cu 0.0 Cu e = Cu 0.159

4 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Copper Cu e = Cu 0.50 Cu Cl e = CuCl Cu Br e = CuBr KBr Cu I e CuI 0.8 Cu CN e = Cu(CN 1.1 Cu(NH e = Cu(NH NH NH Cu(en e = Cu(en en 0.5 Cu(CN e = Cu CN 0. CuCl e = Cu Cl HCl Cu(NH e = Cu NH Curium Cm e = Cm. 1 HCl Cm e = Cm.0 Dysprosium Dy e = Dy.9 Dy e = Dy.5 Dy e = Dy. Einsteinium Es e = Es.0 Es e = Es 1.5 Es e = Es. Erbium Er e = Er. Europium Eu e = Eu 1.99 Eu e = Eu 0.5 Eu e = Eu.80 Fermium Fm e = Fm 1.9 Fm e = Fm 1.15 Fm e = Fm.7 Fluorine F H e = HF.05 F H e = HF.979 F e = F.87 F H e = HF H.09 Francium Fr e = Fr ca..9 Gadolinium Gd e = Gd.8 Gallium Ga e = Ga 0.59 Ga e = Ga 0.5 Ga e = Ga 0.5 Germanium Ge (tetr H e = Ge(yellow H 0.55 Ge (tetr H e = Ge H 0.10 (Continued

5 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Germanium Ge (hex H e = Ge H 0.1 H Ge H e = Ge H 0.01 Ge e = Ge 0.0 Ge e = Ge 0.7 Ge H e = Ge H 0.55 Ge H e = GeH 0.9 Gold Au e = Au 1.5 Au e = Au 1. Au e = Au 1.8 AuCl e = AuCl Cl 0.9 AuBr e = AuBr Br 0.80 Au(SCN e = Au(SCN SCN 0. AuBr e = Au Br 0.85 AuCl e = Au Cl 1.00 Au(SCN e = Au SCN 0. Au(H H e = Au H 1.5 AuBr e = Au Br 0.90 AuCl e = Au Cl 1.15 AuI e = Au I 0.57 Au(CN e = Au CN 0.59 Au(SCN e = Au SCN 0.9 Hafnium Hf e = Hf 1.70 Hf H e = Hf H 1.57 Holmium Ho e = Ho. Hydrogen H e = H D e = D 0.09 H e = H H 0.88 Indium In e = In 0.8 In e = In 0. In e = In 0.1 Iodine H 5 I H e = I H 1.0 I 5H e = HI H 1.1 HI 5H Cl e = ICl H 1.1 I 1H 10e = I (c H I H e = I H 0.57 IBr e = I Br Br 0.81 IBr e = I (c Br 0.87 IBr e = I Br Br 0.97 IBr e = I Br 1.0 ICl e = I (c Cl 1.0 ICl e = I (c Cl 1.07 ICN H e = I (c HCN 0.95

6 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Iodine ICN H e = I (aq HCN 0.09 HI H e = I H 1.5 HI H e = I H I e = I 0.5 I (aq e = I 0.1 I (c e = I Iridium IrBr e = IrBr IrCl e = IrCl 0.87 IrI e = IrI 0.9 Ir H e = Ir H 0. Ir H e = Ir H H S Ir e = Ir 1.15 IrCl e = Ir Cl 0.85 IrCl e = Ir Cl 0.77 Iron Fe 8H e = Fe H. Fe H e = Fe H NaH Fe e = Fe HCl H S H P Fe(CN e = Fe(CN HCl Fe(EDTA e = Fe(EDTA EDTA, ph Fe(H e = Fe(H NaH Fe e = Fe 0. [Fe(C ] e = Fe(C 0.70 Lanthanum La e = La.8 Lawrencium Lr e = Lr.0 Lead Pb e = Pb 1.5 Pb (a S H e = PbS H 1.90 Pb H e = Pb H 1. Pb H e = Pb H 0.8 Pb H e = HPb H 0. NaH Pb e = Pb 0.1 HPb H e = Pb H 0.5 PbHP e = Pb HP 0.5 PbS e = Pb S 0.5 PbF e = Pb F 0. PbCl e = Pb Cl 0.8 PbBr e = Pb Br 0.80 PbI e = Pb I 0.5 Pb H e = PbH (Continued

7 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Lithium Li e = Li.00 Li Hg e = Li(Hg.00 Lutetium Lu e = Lu.0 Magnesium Mg e = Mg.5 Mg(H e = Mg H.87 Manganese Mn e = Mn 0.5 Mn H e = Mn (b H 1.70 Mn H e = Mn H 0.0 Mn 8H 5e = Mn H 1.51 Mn e = Mn 0.7 Mn H e = Mn H 0. Mn H e = Mn H 0.9 Mn H e = Mn H 0.95 Mn (b H e = Mn H 1. Mn e = Mn 1.5 Mn(H P 7 H e = Mn(H P 7 H P H P 7 Mn(CN e = Mn(CN NaCN Mn e = Mn 1.17 Mendelevium Md e = Md 1.7 Md e = Md 0.15 Md e = Md. Mercury Hg e = Hg HgCl e = Hg Cl Cl 0. Hg e = Hg(1q Hg(c,red H e = Hg H 0.9 Hg e = Hg Hg F e = Hg F 0.5 Hg Cl e = Hg Cl 0.8 Hg Br e = Hg Br 0.19 Hg I e = Hg I Hg S e = Hg S 0.1 Molybdenum Mo H e = Mo 8H 0.91 H Mo H e = Mo H 0.11 H Mo H e = Mo H 0. Mo H e = Mo H 0.15 H Mo H e = Mo H 0.8 Mo(CN 8 e = Mo(CN Mo e = Mo 0. Neodynium Nd e = Nd. Nd e = Nd. Nd e = Nd.

8 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Neptunium Np H e = Np H.0 Np e = Np 1. Np H e = Np H 0.95 Np e = Np 0.18 Np e = Np 1.0 Np e = Np 1.79 Nickel Ni H e = Ni H 1.8 Ni H e = Ni H 1.59 Ni H e = Ni(H H 0.90 Ni(CN e = Ni(CN CN 0.01 Ni e = Ni 0.57 Ni(H e = Ni H 0.7 Ni(NH e = Ni NH 0.9 Niobium Nb 10H e = Nb 5H 0.1 Nb 10H 10e = Nb 5H 0.5 Nb e = Nb 1.1 Nitrogen N H e = N H 0.80 N H e = HN H 0.9 N H e = HN 1.07 HN H e = N H 0.99 HN H e = N (g H 1.97 HN H e = H N H 0.8 N H e = H N 0.71 N H e = N H 1.59 H N H e = HNH 0.9 N H e = N H 1.77 N H H e = HNH 0.05 N H H e = HNH 1.87 N 5H e = N H 5 0. HNH H e = NH H 1.5 HNH H e = N H 5 H 1.1 N H 5 H e = NH 1.75 N H e = HN.0 Nobelium No e = No 1. No e = No 1. No e = No.5 smium s (aq H e = s H 0.9 s (c, yellow 8H 8e = s H 0.85 s H e = s H 0.87 scl e = scl 0.5 sbr e = sbr 0.5 xygen H e = H.075 (Continued

9 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued xygen H e = H NaH H e = H 1.9 H e = H 0.95 H e = H H 0.07 H H e = H 1.7 H H e = H NaH H e = H 0.01 Palladium Pd H e = Pd H.00 PdCl e = PdCl Cl 1.70 PdBr e = PdBr Br 0.99 PdI e = PdI I 0.8 Pd e = Pd PdCl e = Pd Cl 0. 1 HCl PdBr e = Pd Br 0.9 Pd(NH e = Pd NH NH Pd(CN e = Pd CN KCN Phosphorus H P H e = H P H 0.7 H P H e = H P H 0.9 H P H e = H P 0.80 H P H e = HPH H 0.99 HPH H e = P H 0.5 H P H e = P H 0.50 P(white H e = P H P H H e = PH 0.00 P(white H e = PH 0.0 Platinum Pt H e = Pt H.0 Pt H e = Pt H 1.05 PtCl e = PtCl Cl 0.7 PtBr e = PtBr Br KBr PtI e = PtI I KI Pt e = Pt PtCl e = Pt Cl PtBr e = Pt Br 0.98 Plutonium Pu e = Pu 1.0 Pu H e = Pu H 1.0 Pu e = Pu H P HF Pu e = Pu 1.5 Pu e = Pu.00 Polonium Po H e = Po H 1.1 Po e = Po 0.7 Po e = Po 0.7 Po H e = H Po ca. 1.0

10 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Potassium K e = K.9 K Hg e = K(Hg ca. 1.9 Praseodymium Pr e = Pr. Pr e = Pr.5 Promethium Pm e = Pm. Protoactinium PaH H e = Pa H 0.10 PaH H 5e = Pa H 1.19 Pa e = Pa 1. Radium Ra e = Ra.91 Rhenium Re H e = Re H 0.78 Re H e = Re H 0.51 Re H e = Re H 0.59 Re Cl 8H e = ReCl H 0.1 Re 10H 8e = Re 5H Re H e = Re H 0. Re H e = Re H 0. ReCl e = Re Cl 0.51 Re e = Re 0.10 Rhodium Rh H e = Rh H Rh e = Rh 0.7 RhCl e = Rh Cl 0.5 Rubidium Rb e = Rb.9 Rb Hg e = Rb(Hg 1.81 Ruthenium Ru e = Ru 0.89 Ru H e = Ru H 1. Ru 8H 8e = Ru H 1.0 Ru e = Ru 0.59 Ru H e = Ru H.0 Ru H e = Ru H 0.8 Ru(H e = Ru(H 0.9 Ru(NH e = Ru(NH 0.10 Ru(CN e = Ru(CN 0.8 Ru e = Ru 0.9 Samarium Sm e = Sm.0 Sm e = Sm 1.55 Sm e = Sm.7 Scandium Sc e = Sc.0 (Continued

11 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Selenium Se H e = H Se H H Se H e = Se H 0.7 Se(c H e = H Se(aq Se H e = HSe 0.7 Se e = Se NaH Silicon Si (quartz H e = Si H Si H e = Si H 0.97 Si 8H 8e = SiH H 0.51 SiF e = Si F 1.7 Si H e = Si H Si H e = SiH (g 0.1 Silver Ag H e = Ag H 1.0 Ag H e = Ag H 1.59 Ag H e = Ag H NaH Ag H e = Ag H 1.70 Ag e = Ag Ag H e = Ag H 1.77 Ag e = Ag Ag S e = Ag S 0.5 Ag C e = Ag C 0.7 Ag Cr e = Ag Cr 0.7 Ag(NH e = Ag NH 0.7 AgCl e = Ag Cl 0. AgBr e = Ag Br AgCN e = Ag CN AgI e = Ag I 0.15 Ag(CN e = Ag CN 0.1 AgSCN e = Ag SCN 0.09 Ag S e = Ag S 0.71 Sodium Na e = Na.71 Na Hg e = Na(Hg 1.8 Strontium Sr H e = Sr H. Sr e = Sr.89 Sulfur S 8 e = S 1.9 S 8 H e = HS.08 S H e = S H 0.5 S H e = S (aq H S H e = S H 0.9 S H e = H S 0.59 S e = S 0.07 HS H e = S H S H e = S H 1.1

12 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Sulfur H S H e = S H HS 8H e = S H S (aq H e = S H 0.00 S H e = S H NaH S H e = S H NaH S e = S S H e = S H 0.5 SF (g e = S F 0.97 S Cl (g e = S Cl 1.19 S H e = HS 0.87 S H e = H S(aq 0.1 S H e = H S(g 0.17 S e = S 0.07 T a n t a l u m T a 10H 10e = Ta 5H 0.81 T a F 7 5e = T a 7F 0.5 T e c h n e t i u m Tc H e = Tc H 0.78 Tc H e = Tc H Tc e = Tc 0.59 Tc 8H 7e = Tc H 0.7 Tc H e = Tc H 1.9 Tc H e = Tc H 0.7 Tc e = Tc ca. 0.5 T e l l u r i u m H T e H e = T e H 0.99 H T e H e = T e (c H 1.0 T e H e = T e H T e H H e = T e H H T e H e = T e H T e H e = T e H 0.87 T e H e = T e H 0.15 T e (c H e = T e H 0.51 T e H e = H T e ( a q 0.70 T e H e = HTe T e H e = HTe 0.79 T e r b i u m Tb e = Tb.1 Thallium Tl e = Tl HCl HCl Tl e = Tl 0.7 Tl e = Tl 0. TlCl e = Tl Cl TlBr e = Tl Br 0.58 TlI e = Tl I 0.75 (Continued

13 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Thorium Th e = Th 1.8 Thullium Tm e = Tm. Ti n Sn e = Sn 0.15 SnCl e = SnCl Cl 0.1 Sn H e = Sn H 0.89 SnF e = Sn F 0.00 Sn e = Sn SnCl e = Sn Cl HCl HSn H e = Sn H 0.91 Sn H e = SnH 1.07 Ti t a n i u m Ti H e = Ti H 0.10 Ti H e = Ti H 0.8 Ti e = Ti 0.7 Ti e = Ti 1.1 Ti e = Ti 1. T u n g s t e n W H e = W H 0.09 W H e = W H W H e = W 8H 1.07 W H e = W H 1.59 W H e = W H 0.01 W(CN 8 e = W(CN W H e = W H W H e = W H 0.98 Uranium U e = U 0.1 U H e = U H 0.7 U H e = U H 0.8 U e = U 0.5 U e = U 1.8 U e = U 1. V a n a d i u m V H e = V H V H e = V H 0.8 V H e = V H 0.1 V H 5e = V H 0. V H e = V H 0.7 V e = V 0.55 V e = V 1.1 Xenon H Xe H e = Xe H. HXe H e = HXe H 0.9 Xe H F e = XeF H 1. Xe H e = Xe(g H.10

14 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 5 C (Continued Xenon XeF e = XeF F 0.9 XeF H e = Xe(g HF. XeF e = Xe(g F. Ytterbium Yb e = Yb 1.05 Yb e = Yb.8 Yb e = Yb. Yttrium Y e = Y.7 Zinc Zn e = Zn 0.7 Zn(NH e = Zn NH 1.0 Zn(CN e = Zn CN 1. Zn(tartrate e = Zn (tartrate 1.15 Zn(H e = Zn H 1.85 Zirconium Zr e = Zr 1.55 Zr H e = Zr H 1.5 Source: A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan (eds., Potentials in Aqueous (prepared under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Dekker, New York, 1985; G. Charlot et al., Selected Constants: xidation-reduction Potentials of Inorganic Substances in Aqueous, Butterworths, London, 1971.