Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete

Istituto di studi Politici S. Pio V - Roma Stefano Epifani, Alessio Jacona, Roberto Lippi, Magda Paolillo Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete Costruire il consenso nell'era del Web2.0 Editrice Apes 2011

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Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete 1 SOMMARIO "#$%$&&'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)!"#$%& '& (& ')& *+,-.+,/012& 3/))+& *2,40.*+5.20/& 62).1.*+& 0/))7/8+& 3/)& :/-;9<& 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=> *!(+$#&,(-.(/'%0-'%$12,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3 *!*!(4,(&/$1'#-,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3 *!5!(4$(#'6-,1-(7-(81(%'18'.$(&8..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'(-1(;$2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*< *!=(>-'.,6'#$(/,1(-.(?:#-%,(:'#2-2,(7@A2'.-'B(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5C *!3!(D,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'($(E$05!FG(81(:#-%,('::#,//-,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 53 *!H!(4$(2#$(6$1$#'9-,1-(7$..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5I *!<!(D'#'22$#-(7-&2-12-J-(7$..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'('228'.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CF *!I!(4'(.$'7$#&K-:(:,.-2-/'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CC *!)(D,1&$1&,($(.$6-22-%-2L(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C3 *!*F!("'#2$/-:'9-,1$($(%$7-'(7-6-2'.-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C< *!**!(4$66$#$(-.(/'%0-'%$12,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =* 5!(D,%81-/'#$(.'(:,.-2-/'(-1(;$2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =C 5!*!(4'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'(,1.-1$(2#'(-1M,#%'9-,1$($(#$.'9-,1$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =C 5!5!(N8,J-(/,12$&2-(-1M,#%'2-J-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =I 5!C!(4'(18,J'($#'(7$..'(#$.'9-,1$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3* 5!=!(O(/,&'(%-(&$#J$(.'(;$2$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 33 5!=!*!(+,6.-,(&':$#$(/,&'(&-(7-/$(7-(%$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3< 5!=!5!(+,6.-,(-1M,#%'#$(&8..'(%-'('22-J-2L(:,.-2-/'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3) 5!=!C!(+,6.-,('JJ-/-1'#%-('-(%-$-($.$22,#-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! H*

2 S. Epifani, A. Jacona, R. Lippi, M. Paolillo 5!=!=!(+,6.-,($&&$#$(:#$&$12$(&8.(2$##-2,#-,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! H= 5!=!3!(+,6.-,(&8::,#2'#$(.'(%-'(/'%:'61'($.$22,#'.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! H= 5!=!H!(+,6.-,(&8::,#2'#$(.$(-1-9-'2-J$(:,.-2-/K$(%-$(,(7$.(%-,(:'#2-2,(!!!!!!! HH 5!=!<!(+,6.-,(/,%81-/'#$(%$(&2$&&,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! H< 5!3!(Q8'12,(2$%:,(#-/K-$7$($&&$#$(,1.-1$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! HI 5!H!(DK-(6$&2-&/$(.'(%-'(:#$&$19'(,1.-1$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <C 5!<!(Q8'.-(&,1,(-(:#-%-(:'&&-(7'(/,%:-$#$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <H 5!<!*!(O1'.-99'#$(-.(/,12$&2,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <H 5!<!5!(>'#$(M,#%'('..'(:#,:#-'(:#$&$19'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <I 5!<!C!("#,%8,J$#$(.'(:#,:#-'(:#$&$19'($7('.-%$12'#$(-.(7-'.,6,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! <) 5!<!=!(R-&8#'#$(-(#-&8.2'2-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IC 5!I!(Q8'.-($##,#-(7$J,($J-2'#$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I= 5!I!*!(N,1(0'#'#$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I= 5!I!5!(N,1(2$12'#$(7-(/,1J-1/$#$('(2822-(-(/,&2-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I3 5!I!C!(N,1(/,12'#$(6.-(82$12-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I3 5!I!=!(N,1('J$#$(M#$22'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IH 5!I!3!(N,1(-%:#,JJ-&'#$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IH 5!I!H!(N,1(M'#$(-.(:'&&,(:-S(.816,(7$..'(6'%0'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I< 5!I!<!(N,1(&:$#'#$(7-(:,2$#(/,12#,..'#$(2822,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I< 5!I!I!(N,1(2$12'#$(7-(/$1&8#'#$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! II 5!I!)!(N,1(7'#$(2#,::,(.'J,#,('6.-('JJ,/'2-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I) 5!I!*F!(N,1(/#$7$#$('.(6#'2-&(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I) 5!I!**!(N,1('J$#$(:'8#'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)F C!(4'(:#$&$19'(,1.-1$(7$-(:,.-2-/-(-2'.-'1-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)C

Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete 3 C!*!(4@'::#,//-,('..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(-1(;$2$(7$-(:,.-2-/-(-2'.-'1-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)C C!5!(4'(:#$&$19'(,1.-1$(7$-(:,.-2-/-(-2'.-'1-G(81'(M,2,(-1(0-'1/,($(1$#,(!!!!!!!!!!!)= C!C!(D,%$(&,1,(:#$&$12-(-1(;$2$(-(:,.-2-/-(-2'.-'1-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)< C!=!(A(:,.-2-/-(,1.-1$G(/,%81-/'9-,1$(-12$#'22-J'(,(&2'2-/'P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*F5!"#$%&''&(&?+8/&*2,40.*+5.20/&62).1.*+&0/))7/8+&3/)&:/-;9<& 99999999999999999999==> =!(T/$6.-$#$(-.(?J$&2-2,(&8(%-&8#'B(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!**3 =!*!(D,%81-/'#$(-1(%,7,(7-J$#&,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!**I 3!(U.-(&2#8%$12-(?2#'7-9-,1'.-BG(-.(T-2,(A12$#1$2(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*5C 3!*!(A.(T-2,(A12$#1$2G(,#%'-(,('1/,#'P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*5C 3!5!("#-1/-:'.-(&2#8228#$(7-(T-2,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*5= 3!C!(VJ,.89-,1$(7$.(T-2,(E$0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*53 3!=!(>-(:'#2-2,(,(:$#&,1'.$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*5I 3!3!(O:#-#$(81(T-2,(E$0G(,::,#281-2L($(#-&/K-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*CF H!(+$#&,(.'(#$.'9-,1$G(-.(W.,6(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*C) H!*!(>'..@A1M,#%'9-,1$('..'(;$.'9-,1$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*C) H!5!("$#(-1-9-'#$G(/,&@X(81(W.,6P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*=* H!C!(4@'1'2,%-'(7$.(W.,6(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*=C H!C!*!(A1(:#,&&-%-2L(7$..@K$'7$#(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*=H H!C!5!(4'(&-7$0'#(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*=I H!C!C!(A.(:,&2(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*=) H!=!(Y::,#281-2L($(#-&/K-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3F H!=!*!(A(:812-(7-(M,#9'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3* H!=!5!(A.(#,J$&/-,(7$..'(%$7'6.-'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*35 H!3!(O./81-(/,1&-6.-(82-.-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3C

4 S. Epifani, A. Jacona, R. Lippi, M. Paolillo H!3!*!(A.(:-'1,($7-2,#-'.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3= H!3!5!(4'(:,.-/Z(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*33 H!3!C!(4,(&2-.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3H H!3!=!(A.(#-2%,(7-(:800.-/'9-,1$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3< H!3!3!(U$&2-#$(-.(/,1M#,12,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3I H!3!H!(A1-9-'#$('(&:$#-%$12'#$(?'.(&-/8#,B(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3I H!H!(Q8'.$(:-'22'M,#%'(&/$6.-$#$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3) H!H!*!(>,J$(.,(%$22,P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*3) H!H!5!(O./81$(&,.89-,1-(:$#(/,%-1/-'#$[(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*H* <!(A.(T,/-'.(N$2\,#](T-2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*H) <!*!(4'(?#$2$B(7$..$(#$.'9-,1-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*H) <!*!*!(D,&@X(81(T,/-'.(N$2\,#](T-2$P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*<5 <!*!5!(O1'2,%-'(7-(81(T,/-'.(N$2\,#](T-2$G(.$(/'#'22$#-&2-/K$(7-(0'&$(!!!*<5 <!*!C!(A(:#-1/-:'.-(T,/-'.(N$2\,#](T-2$G(81'(:#-%'(/'##$..'2'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*<C <!5!(48/-($7(,%0#$(7$.(T,/-'.(N$2\,#]-16(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*<H <!5!*!(4$(,::,#281-2L(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*<H <!5!5!(A.(#,J$&/-,(7$..'(%$7'6.-'(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*<I <!C!(O./81-(/,1&-6.-(:#-%'(7-(:'#2-#$[(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*IF <!=!(A(T,/-'.(N$2\,#](T-2$(:-S(7-MM8&-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*I= <!=!*!(^'/$0,,](!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*I= <!=!5!(W.,6(,("'6-1'(_M`-/-'.$(&8(^'/$0,,]P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*)I <!=!C!(a\-22$#(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5FF <!=!=!(a\-22$#($(^'/$0,,](!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5F= <!=!3!(^#-$17^$$7(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5F3

Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete 5 <!=!H!(^#-$17^$$7($(^'/$0,,](!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5FI <!=!<!(b,8a80$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5*F <!=!I!(^.-/]#(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5*H I!(^,17'%$12-(7-(\$0(\#-2-16(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55* I!*!(A.(/,.:,(7@,//K-,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 555 I!5!(A.(/,12$182,($7-2,#-'.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55C I!C!(A.(.-1](!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 553 I!=!(Y#6'1-99'#$(-.(/,12$182,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 553 I!3!(A.(.-168'66-,($(.,(&2-.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55< I!H!(4$(M,12-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55< I!<!(A.(R'18'.$(7-(&2-.$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55I )!(^'#&-(2#,J'#$(-1(;$2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55) )!*!(^'#&-(/,1,&/$#$(-1(;$2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55) )!5!(V%$#6$#$(7'..$(:#,M,17-2L(7$..'(;$2$G(-.(TVY(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5CF )!5!*!(>'(7,J$('##-J'1,(6.-(82$12-P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5CF )!5!5!(A.(.-1](/,%$(%,1$2'(7-(&/'%0-,(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5C* )!C!(+-&-0-.-2LG('/c8-&-#.'(,('/c8-&2'#.'P(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5CC )!=!(V%'-.(R'#]$2-16(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5CH )!3!(4@8M`-/-,(&2'%:'(?5!FB(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5C) )!H!(4'(&`-7'(7$..@'22$19-,1$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5=5 *F!(U.,&&'#-,(7$..'(;$2$(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5=C U.-('82,#-(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5HC

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10 S. Epifani, A. Jacona, R. Lippi, M. Paolillo /-22'7-1-( $( :,#2'#$( 'J'12-(.'( :#,:#-'( '22-J-2L( :,.-2-/'!( A1&,%%'e( :$#( /,&2#8-#$( /,..$22-J'%$12$(/,1&$1&,($(#'MM,#9'#$(c8$..'(/':'/-2L(7-(+%(&%#,-'.e(M,17'%$1d 2'.$(:$#(.@'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'e(/K$(,66-('::'#$(,MM8&/'2'(7'.(7-&-1/'12,($(7'(81'(7-d &2'19'(&$%:#$(:-S($J-7$12$(2#'(?-.(:'.'99,B($(?.'(:-'99'B! R,.2-('82,#-(&-( &,1,(/,1M#,12'2-(7-( #$/$12$(/,1(c8$&2$( 2$%'2-/K$($(%,.2-(&'66-( K'11,(2$12'2,(7-( '1'.-99'#$( -( M$1,%$1-( 7$..'( /,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'( 1$..@$#'( 7$.(E$05!F!(T:$&&,(:,1$17,(.@$1M'&-(&8..$(/,12#'77-9-,1-($(/,12#'::,&-9-,1-(7-( 81(M$1,%$1,(/K$(:-S(7-(,61-('.2#,(X(-1(/,&2'12$(7-J$1-#$(&-'(:$#(6.-(&2#8%$12-('( 7-&:,&-9-,1$(&-'( -(:$#(/,%:,#2'%$12-(/,..$22-J-( '7,22'2-!(D@X( /K-(:812'(.@-17-/$( &8-(:$#-/,.-(7-(81'(7$#-J'(:,:8.-&2'($(:.$0-&/-2'#-'(/K$(-(18,J-($%&'((#$.'9-,1'.-( :,&&,1,(:,#2'#$(-1(7,2$e( $( /K-( ( -1J$/$( %$22$( -1(.8/$(-.(#8,.,(:,&-2-J,( /K$($&&-( :,&&,1,('J$#$(1$.(#-J-2'.-99'#$(c8$.(#'::,#2,(?,&&-7'2,B(2#'(.'(/.'&&$(:,.-2-/'($7( -( /-22'7-1-!( a'12-( -1&,%%'( :'#.'1,( 7-( /-g( /K$( &2'( 'JJ$1$17,( $( 7-( /-g(/k$( 7,d J#$00$( 'JJ$1-#$!( R'( :,/K-(&,1,(/,.,#,(/K$( 2$12'1,(7-('00,#7'#$(-.(*2@+($7(-.( *2,/(M'#$('M`-1/Kf(.'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(7$..'(:,.-2-/'($(7$-(:,.-2-/-(:,&&'(?/'J'./'d #$B(.'(;$2$(c8'.$(18,J,($(:,7$#,&,(&:'9-,(#$.'9-,1'.$(:$#(.'(/,&2#89-,1$(/,..$2d 2-J'(7$.(/,1&$1&,! Q8$&2,(2$&2,(-12$17$(#-&:,17$#$('(2'.$(&`-7'e(/,&2#8$17,(81(c8'7#,(/,1/$228'd.$( 7@'9-,1$($(7$`-1$17,(6.-(&2#8%$12-($&-&2$12-($7(-.(.,#,(82-.-99,(-1( 2$#%-1-(7-( /,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'!(_1(.'J,#,(/K$(&:$#-'%,(&-'(7-(82-.-2L( 1,1(&,.,(:$#(/K-( &287-'($7('1'.-99'(c8$&2-(M$1,%$1-e(%'('1/K$(h($(&,:#'22822,(h(:$#(c8'12-(c8,d 2-7-'1'%$12$( &-( /,1M#,12'1,( /,1(.$( -&2'19$( 7$..'( /,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'e( -1( :#-%,(.8,6,(-(:,.-2-/-! "$#(c8$&2'(#'6-,1$e('00-'%,(j,.82,(#-/k-'%'#$(1$.(2-2,.,(7-(c8$&2,(.'j,#,(/,.d.$22-j,(c8$.(2$#%-1$(m,#&$('%0-9-,&,($(81(:,@(7$&8$2,(7-(?%'18'.$bg(81'(68-7'( :$#( /,'7-8J'#$(.@$.'0,#'9-,1$( 7-( &2#'2$6-$( $( :$#( '7,:$#'#$( 6.-( &2#8%$12-( 7$.( E$05!F(1$.(/,%81-/'#$($(h(%'6'#-(h(1$.(M'#$(:,.-2-/'!( O(2'.(`-1$e('00-'%,(J,.82,(1,1(&,.2'12,(%$22$#$('(7-&:,&-9-,1$(.$(:#,M$&&-,1'.-d 2L($(.$($&:$#-$19$(d(2#'(.,#,(7-J$#&$($(/,%:.$%$12'#-(d(7$6.-('82,#-e(%'('1/K$($( &,:#'22822,(#$/8:$#'#$(%,.2,(7-(/-g(/K$(X(&2'2,(7$22,($(&/#-22,(-1(c8$&2-(8.2-%-(

Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete 11 '11-(&8( 2'.-( M$1,%$1-G(7'(&287-,&-e( '1'.-&2-($( #-/$#/'2,#-e( %'( &:$&&,('1/K$( 7'( c8$.(:,:,.,(7$..'(;$2$(/k$(x(-.(j$#,(m$1,%$1,(%$7-'2-/,(7$..'(1,&2#'($#'! A.(2$&2,(&-(/,%:,1$(7-(78$(:'#2-!( 4'(:#-%'(:'#2$( X(7$7-/'2'( '7( -..8&2#'#$(-.( 6/8*ABe(-.(*2@+e( $7( -.(*A.!( (O(:'#2-#$( 7'..'( 7,%'17'( :-S(,JJ-'( $7( -%:$..$12$G(6/8*ABC("$#/Kf( M'#$( /,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'(82-.-99'17,(.$( #$2-P(V(:$#/Kf(-.(#8,.,(7-(A12$#1$2(X( /$12#'.$( #-&:$22,('( c8$&2$(2$%'2-/k$p("$#/kf( 1,1(&$(1$(:8g(:#$&/-17$#$e($(:$#/Kf(.'(#$2$(#'::#$d &$12'(81'(6#'17$(,::,#281-2L(:$#(/K-(&-(,//8:'(7-(:,.-2-/'P(_1'(J,.2'('MM#,12'd 2,(c8$&2,(2$%'e(&-(2$12'(7-('1'.-99'#$(-.(*2@+G(/,&'(J8,.(7-#$(M'#$(/,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'(/)+')%P(D,&'(7$J$( /K-$7$#&-(-.(:,.-2-/,(c8'17,(7$/-7$( 7-(':#-#&-('.(7-'d.,6,( 82-.-99'17,(6.-( &2#8%$12-( /K$( $&&'( %$22$( '( 7-&:,&-9-,1$P( D,&'( #-&/K-'e( $( c8'.-( &,1,(.$(,::,#281-2L( /K$(1'&/,1,(7'( 81(18,J,(%,7,(7-(-12$17$#$(.'( /,d %81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'($(h(1$/$&&'#-'%$12$(h(7-( -12$17$#$(.'(:,.-2-/'P(Q8'.-(&,d 1,e(-1&,%%'e(-(:#-%-(:'&&-(7'(/,%:-$#$(:$#(%8,J$#&-(-1(c8$&2,(/,%:.$&&,($7( '#2-/,.'2,(81-J$#&,P( T80-2,(7,:,(X(.'(J,.2'(7$.(*A.G(c8'.-(&,1,(-(:,.-2-/-(/K$(&,1,(:-S('22-J-(-1(#$2$P(V( /,%$(&-(%8,J,1,P("#$&$12'17,(-(7'2-(7-(2#$('11-(7-(#-/$#/'e('00-'%,(&/$.2,(7-( 1,1(7'#$(?.$(:'6$..$B('..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(7$-(&-16,.-(:,.-2-/-e(%'(7-('1'.-99'#$(-.( M$1,%$1,(7$..'(/,%81-/'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'(/)+')%(1$..'(&8'(/,%:.$&&-2Le(:'#.'17,( 7-(:,.-2-/-(1'9-,1'.-e(7-(&-17'/-($(7-(6-,J'1-('%%-1-&2#'2,#-!( N$( $&/$(81(c8'7#,( 7@-1&-$%$e( 1$/$&&'#-'%$12$( &M8%'2,e( &8( /,%$( -( :,.-2-/-(-2'.-'1-( -12$17,1,( $7( 8&'1,(.'(;$2$!( 4'( &$/,17'( :'#2$( X( 7$7-/'2'( '( c8$..-( /K$( &,1,(M,#&$( -( c8$&-2-(:-s( -%:,#2'12-G( *2,/&&-(M'P(D,%$(M'#$(:$#(-1-9-'#$('(%8,J$#&-(-1(;$2$P(Q8'.-(&,1,(6.-(&2#8%$1d 2-e($(c8'.-(-(/,12$&2-(6-8&2-P(R'(&,:#'22822,G(/,%$(M819-,1'1,(.$('::.-/'9-,1-(/K$(.'(#$2$(%$22$('(7-&:,&-9-,1$P(T-(:'#2$(7'..'(7$&/#-9-,1$(7$..$(M819-,1'.-2L($(7$.d.$(/'#'22$#-&2-/K$(7-(81(&$%:.-/$(T-2,(A12$#1$2e(:$#(:'&&'#$('(:#$&$12'#$(.$(:,&d &-0-.-2L(,MM$#2$( 7'-(W.,6( $7('##-J'#$('(7-&/82$#$(7$-(:#-1/-:'.-(T,/-'.(N$2\,#]( T-2$e(^'/$0,,](-1(2$&2'!( >-(,61-( &2#8%$12,(J$16,1,(:#$&$12'2$(.$( /'#'22$#-&2-d /K$(7-(0'&$($(&,1,($1M'2-99'2-(:812-(7-(M,#9'($(7-(7$0,.$99'!(N$.(2$&2,(&,1,(-1,.d

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Manuale di comunicazione politica in Rete 13 PARTE I - Il cambiamento della comunicazione politica nell era del Web2.0

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18 S. Epifani, A. Jacona, R. Lippi, M. Paolillo 2'%$12-( $( 2#,J'( 18,J-(%,7-(:$#(M'#(&$12-#$(.'( :#,:#-'( J,/$( '1/K$( 1$..'( &M$#'( :,.-2-/'! N,1,&2'12$(.'(:,#2'2'( $(.$(:#,M,17$( -%:.-/'9-,1-(7$..'(#-J,.89-,1$( -1( '22,e(81( -%:'22,(7$2$#%-1'12$(7$..@82-.-99,(7$..'(;$2$(&8..$(/,1&8.2'9-,1-($.$22,#'.-(1,1( X('1/,#'( &2'2,(7-%,&2#'2,e($7('19-(%,.2-('1'.-&2-(&,&2$16,1,(/K$(?A12$#1$2('1d /,#'(,66-(1,1(&:,&2'(J,2-B!(a822'J-'(/-(2#,J-'%,(7-(M#,12$('7(81(/,12$&2,(-1(#'d :-7'( $J,.89-,1$e( $( J-J-'%,(81'(M'&$( 7-( 2#'1&-9-,1$( $(7-(6#'17$( M$#%$12,( /K$e( :8#(:,#2'17,(-1(7,2$(M,#2-($.$%$12-(7-(/,12#'77-9-,1$e(&$%0#'(#-0'7-#$('7(,61-( :'&&,(.,(&2$&&,(/,1/$22,G(.'( 1$/$&&-2L(7-(-%:'#'#$(#':-7'%$12$('( :#$&-7-'#$(.'( /,%81-/'9-,1$( -1(;$2$e(7-($&&$#$(7'( &80-2,(:'#2$(7$..'(2#'1&-9-,1$( -1('22,(:$#( #-2#,J'#&-e(-1(81,(&/$1'#-,(,#%'-(:#,&&-%,e(:#,2'6,1-&2-(7$.(/,1M#,12,(:,.-2-/,( /)+')%!( "$#(7'#$(81@-7$'(7$..$(/,12#'77-9-,1-(/K$(/'#'22$#-99'1,(.'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,d.-2-/'(7$.(1,&2#,(2$%:,($(7$..$(&`-7$(/K$(/-g(/,%:,#2'e(X(82-.$(/-2'#$(.@$&:$#-$19'( :,.-2-/'(7$.("#$&-7$12$(7$6.-(T2'2-(_1-2-(W'#'/](Y0'%'e('J$17,(/8#'(7-(/,1M#,1d 2'#$(c8'12,('//'782,(78#'12$(.'(/'%:'61'( :$#(.$($.$9-,1-(7$.(5FFI(/,1(c8$..,( /K$( X( &8//$&&,(-1J$/$(1$..$( #$/$12-( $.$9-,1-(7-(9'&4%#$( 7$.( 5F*F!( N$.( :#-%,( /'&,e(.@8&,(%'&&-//-,(7$..'( ;$2$( 1$..'( /'%:'61'( $.$22,#'.$(7$..@/"4,'&%#(W'#']( Y0'%'(/,12#-08m(&$19@'.2#,('.(&8//$&&,(7$.(6-,J'1$(&$1'2,#$(1$#,!(A.(#-/,#&,('7( A12$#1$2(7$22$(81(/,12#-082,($&&$19-'.$( :$#(.'(%,0-.-2'9-,1$(,#6'1-99'2-J'($(.'( #'//,.2'(7-(%-.-,1-(7-(:-//,.-(/,12#-082-e(2'12,(7'(/'#'22$#-99'#&-(/,%$(&2#8%$1d 2,(7$2$#%-1'12$e( -1( 6#'7,(7-( M'#(M#,12$( '-( /,&2,&-&&-%-( &:,2( &8-( $%&'(2$('):,4#%($(2#'7-9-,1'.-!(A1( c8$.(/,12$&2,e( -1( %'1,('( %-.-,1-(7-( 6-,J'1-(.'( ;$2$(7-d J$11$(-.(/'1'.$(:#-1/-:'.$(7-(81(%$&&'66-,(&$19'(/$12#,($(:$#-M$#-$e(-1(6#'7,(7-( :$1$2#'#$(-1(%-.-,1-(7-(/'&$('%$#-/'1$($(&:-16$#$('.(J,2,(&$22,#-(%'#6-1'.-(7$.d.@$.$22,#'2,(d(&,:#'22822,(-()/):;-'4%(d('0-28'2-('(M#$c8$12'#$(:,/,(.$(8#1$!( V::8#$('::$1'(78$('11-(:-S(2'#7-e(1$..$($.$9-,1-(7-(9'&4%#$(7$.(5F*Fe(.'(&2$&&'( :,2$12$(M819-,1$(7-(,#-$12'%$12,(:,.-2-/,(X(&2'2'(&J,.2'(-1(%'1-$#'(81-7-#$9-,d 1'.$( 7'-( /'1'.-( 2$.$J-&-J-( 2#'7-9-,1'.-!( A( &,17'66-( K'11,( -1M'22-( -17-/'2,( /K$(.@I*n(7$6.-( $.$22,#-( 1,#7'%$#-/'1-( K'( 82-.-99'2,(/,%$( M,12$( 7-( -1M,#%'9-,1$( :,.-2-/'(c8'&-($&/.8&-J'%$12$( -(/'1'.-()%;,(7$..'(a+(J-'(/'J,(c8'.-(^,oe(DNN($(

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20 S. Epifani, A. Jacona, R. Lippi, M. Paolillo 0'22-2,e(7-(,#6'1-99'#$($(%,0-.-2'#$(#':-7'%$12$(6.-(-17-J-78-($7(-(6#8::-!( A1(c8$&2,(&$1&,e(X($J-7$12$(/K$( &$(7'(81(.'2,(.'( 2$.$J-&-,1$(X('1/,#'(-.(%$99,( :-S($M`-/'/$(:$#(#'66-816$#$(-.(%'66-,#(18%$#,(7-(/-22'7-1-d$.$22,#-e(7'..@'.2#,(-.(.-%-2$( 7-( c8$&2,(&2#8%$12,(x(7'2,(:#,:#-,(7'.(m'22,( /K$( -.( %$&&'66-,( :,.-2-/,( /K$(:'&&'('22#'J$#&,(.,(&/K$#%,(:,1$(-.(:800.-/,(2822,(&8..,(&2$&&,(:-'1,($(&-( #-J,.6$('..@81-/'e(6$1$#-/'(/'2$6,#-'(7$.(?/-22'7-1,('&2#'22,B!(4@'%:-$99'($(6$1$d #'.-2L( 7$.( %$&&'66-,( :,.-2-/,( 2$.$J-&-J,($(.@'&&$19'( 7-(81(J$#,(/,12#'77-22,#-,( :,&&-0-.$e(:,#2'(/,&m('(/,1/$12#'#$(.'(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:-S(&86.-('&:$22-(.$6'2-('..'( :$#&,1'.-2L(7$.(:,.-2-/,(/K$( &8-(/,12$182-(7$.(&8,(7-&/,#&,e(:#,%8,J$17,(81'( J-&-,1$(7$..'(:,.-2-/'(/,%$(,4(#2,=,4%$2$7(81(.-168'66-,2:,.-2-/,(0'&'2,(&8(?2,1-( M,#2-B($(&8..,(&/,12#,(:$#%'1$12$!( N$..@$#'(7$.(E$05!Fe(:$#(/,12#,e(.@'&:$22'2-J'(7-(0'&$(X(/K$( /-'&/81,(&-'(-.(:#,d :#-$2'#-,(7-( /-g(/k$( /,1,&/$($(/K$(.@-12$#'9-,1$( 1,1(&-'( 781c8$( #-J,.2'( 2'12,( '..@'/c8-&-9-,1$(7-(-1m,#%'9-,1-(:-s(,(%$1,(?j$#-2-$#$be(c8'12,('( 6$1$#'#$( 81'( /,17-J-&-,1$( 7-( /,12$182-($(7-(.-168'66-(?2#'( :'#-Be( /K$( :8g(#'66-816$#$( 6#'7-( 7-J$#&-(7-(/,&2#89-,1$(/,..$22-J'! Q8'./81,(K'(7$`-1-2,(.'(7-MM$#$19'( 2#'( -.(.-168'66-,(:,.-2-/,(7$..'(2$.$J-&-,1$( $( c8$..,(7$..'( ;$2$(/,%$(.'(7-MM$#$19'($&-&2$12$( 2#'(-.(/,1/$22,(7-(:$#&8'&-,1$( $( c8$..,(7-(/,1j-19-,1$ $!(T$/,17,(c8$&2'(/K-'J$(-12$#:#$2'2-J'e(1$..'(/,%81-/'d 9-,1$(:,.-2-/'(2#'7-9-,1'.$e(6-,/'2'(-1(6#'1(:'#2$(&8-($%&'(2$('),4#%($e(?'&:,.-d 2-/-(1,1(&,1,(2#,::,(:#$,//8:'2-(7'..$(#$.'9-,1-(2#'(.'(:'#,.'($(.'(#$'.2Le(:,-/Kf( :$#&$68,1,(%$1,(.'(/,1J-19-,1$(/K$(.'(:$#&8'&-,1$B %!(A1('.2#$(:'#,.$e('..'(0'&$( 7$-(%$&&'66-(:,.-2-/-('228'.-(/@X(&,:#'22822,(c8$..'(/K$(J-$1$(7$`-1-2'(/,%$(81'(?1'##'9-,1$($%,2-J'Be(%$12#$(.'(;$2$(-%:,1$(81'(?1'##'9-,1$(#$.'9-,1'.$B!( Y66-e(-1&,%%'e(/,1(.'(7-MM8&-,1$(7$..@8&,(7$-(T,/-'.(N$2\,#]($(.'(:#,.-M$#'9-,1$( 7-(W.,6($7('.2#-(&2#8%$12-(7$..'(;$2$e(.$( M,#%$(7-(/,%81-/'9-,1$(:,.-2-/'(2#'7-d 9-,1'.$( #-&/K-'1,(7-( :$#7$#$(c8$.(#8,.,(7-(?'1$..,(7-(/,16-819-,1$B(/,1(.'( &,d $!F+G-$#!5$0!=$H!A(#+&I)!J(,4%-.+.-I%!@(0K&-.+)!L%&$#%$&!H!J+,:+M+*!N0$.&(#+0$*)!122D< %!>6'&%$?

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