Physico Chemical Properties of Perturbed water: Facts and Enigma

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1 Arnica M Nux Vomica Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Physico Chemical Properties of Perturbed water: Facts and Enigma V. Elia, E. Napoli

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4 Methods The perturbed water was obtained using the three different protocols: EDS (Extremely Diluted Solutions). Obtained through an iterative process of successive dilutions and agitations. IFW (Iteratively Filtered Water). Obtained through an iterative process of successive filtrations through sintered glass filters. INW (Iteratively Nafionized Water). Obtained through an iterative process of successive drying and wetting of the Nafion polymer.

5 Protocol for the Preparation of a Homeopathic Solution Iteration of two processes: dilution and dynamization Dynamization: violent shaking (succussion) of the solution in the vertical direction. Example: Active principle: NaCl Solvent: H2O NaCl 1 CH solution: 1 g of NaCl + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed; NaCl 2 CH solution: 1 g of NaCl 1 CH + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed; NaCl n CH solution: 1 g of NaCl (n-1) CH + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed. The label n CH (centesimal hanhemannian) reports the dilution degree (for n=1... n).

6 ph of EDS vs Concentrration of the Chemical Contents 7,2 7,0 6,8 6,6 ph 6,4 6,2 6,0 5,8 5,6 0,0 2,0x10-5 4,0x10-5 6,0x10-5 8,0x10-5 1,0x10-4 M T V. Elia, E. Napoli, R. Germano Homeopathy, (2007) 96,

7 Heat of Mixing of EDS vs Concentration of the Chemical Contents 8 6 -Q mix /J kg ,0 2,0x10-5 4,0x10-5 6,0x10-5 8,0x10-5 M tot

8 Specific conductivity of EDS compared to the concentration of the chemical content S cm -1 ) M Na+ *10 5 (mol L -1 )

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12 Sample χ i Experim./mg Expected/mg Δ mg 1 100,0 2,3 0,9 1, ,0 3,3 1,1 2,2 3 25,0 1,3 0,5 0,8 4 57,0 2,2 0,8 1,4 5 58,0 3,1 1,0 2,1 6 44,0 2,6 1,4 1,2 7 9,7 0,4 0,2 0,2 8 13, ,4 0,4 9 23,0 1,3 0, , , ,0 0, , ,0 1, , ,0 2,7 1,4 1.3 PV χ i Experim./mg Expected/mg Δ mg 1 68,0 3,1 3, ,5 0,3 0,2 0,1 3 18,0 1,2 1 0,2 IJDN V. Elia, E. Napoli Dissipative Structuresin Extremely Diluted Solution of Homeopathic Medicines.AMolecular Model based on Physico-Chemical and Gravimetric evidences, 2010, Vol 5,N 1,39-48

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14 Evaporation Before After 1. Sample 2. Control X E IJDN V. Elia, E. Napoli Dissipative Structures in Extremely Diluted Solution of Homeopathic Medicines.A Molecular Model based on Physico-Chemical and Gravimetric evidences, 2010, Vol 5,N 1,39-48

15 Physics Letters A Shui Yin Lo,Xu Geng,David Gann Evidence for the exsistence of stable-water-clusters at room temperature and normal pressure,2009

16 Electromagnetic Signals

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18 V.Elia,L.A.Marrari, E. Napoli, JTAC,2011, Vol. 107, Issue 2

19 Specific Electric Conductivity of EDS and H2O at 541 days 100 EDS Fullerene H2O 80 S cm CH 7CH 9CH 12CH 30CH CH / dilution Fig.6 - Specific Electrical conductivity of EDS (Fullerene) and distilled H 2 O at 541 days V.Elia,L.Marrari, E.Napoli,2011 JTAC, Vol.107, Issue 2

20 Excess Specific Electric Conductivity of EDS and H 2 O vs t E EDS E H 2 O Fullerene 12CH 20 E t /days

21 UV - Spectra

22 Ultraviolet (UV) light is electomagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays that is, in the range between 400 nm and 10 nm, corresponding to photon energies from 3 ev to 124 ev. It is so-named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the color violet. These frequencies are invisible to humans, but near UV is visible to a number of insects and birds.

23 1,5 1,0 AM 200 CH 1 ml, = 65 S cm -1 AM 200 CH 0.5 ml, = 69 S cm -1 Aspirna 9 CH, = 130 S cm -1 A 0,5 0, nm

24 1,0 0,8 0,6 --- IFW INW Abs 0,4 0,2 0, wavelength / nm

25 Volume Effect

26 Excess Specific Electric Conductivity vs. Volume E / S cm V / ml V. Elia, L. Elia, E. Napoli, M. Niccoli ( 2007 ) No.4 International Journal of Ecodynamics, Vol.1

27 Hydroalcoholic AM 1% EtOH AM 10% EtOH S cm S cm V / ml V / ml V.Elia,N.Marchettini, E.Napoli,m.Niccoli The role of Ethanol in Extremely Diluted Solutions in Homeopathic medicine, 2013 Accepted

28 Combined effect of volume time 20 E (AA 10DH) ( Scm -1 ) ml 3 ml 5 ml 10 ml t(days) P.Belon,V.Elia L.Elia,M.Montanino, E.Napoli,M.Niccoli J. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2007, Vol.93(2),

29 Excess Conductivity vs time of AM 5,6,12,30,200CK 40 AM - 5,6,12,30,200K S cm K 200K 30K 12K 6K t (days) V.Elia,L.Elia,N. Marchettini, E.Napoli, M.Niccoli, E. Tiezzi Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2008, Vol. 93 (3), 1003

30 Nero novembre giallo febbraio

31 Conductometric phmetric Calorimetric Titrations:

32 Conductometric Titration with HCl as titrant NaHCO 3 1.2*10-4 M Sample T163 - AM 12DH 200 sp - i / S cm ,0 1,0x10-4 2,0x10-4 3,0x10-4 4,0x10-4 5,0x10-4 6,0x10-4 7,0x10-4 M f HCl / mol L-1 C.M.Cacace, L.Elia, V.Elia, E. Napoli, M.Niccoli Journal Molecular Liquids, 2009, 146,

33 11 phmetric Titration with NaOH as titrant 10 9 ph 8 7 NaHCO 3 2*10-4 M Sample T16 - AAD45 6 0,0 1,0x10-4 2,0x10-4 3,0x10-4 4,0x10-4 5,0x10-4 6,0x10-4 7,0x10-4 M f NaOH / mol l-1 V.Elia, E. Napoli, M. Niccoli Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2009, Vol 149, 45-50

34 Calorimetric Titration with NaOH as titrant 5 4 -Q E mix ( J kg-1 ) ,0 1,0x10-3 2,0x10-3 3,0x10-3 4,0x10-3 5,0x10-3 6,0x10-3 m f NaOH V.Elia,M.Marchese,M.Montanino,E. Napoli,M.Niccoli,L.Nonatelli, and A.Ramaglia Journal of Solution chemistry, 2005 Vol.34 (8)

35 Thermodynamic parameters for the association between DS and OH ions at 298 K System K -DH -DG -DG TDS MDS *10 4 M Na+ *10 4 Kg mol -1 kj mol -1 kj mol -1 kj mol -1 kj mol -1 mol L -1 mol L -1 Tmix1 2612± ±32 19±1 19±1-168±33 1,2 1,6 Tmix2 1876±615 80± ± ±0.8-61±19 3,0 1,7 Mix3 1986± ± ± ± ±26 2,0 3,1 Mix ±877 70±2 22.6± ±0.2-47±2 2,8 7,1

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37 The Effect of Filtration Procedures on the Sovramolecular Structure of Water

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39 R m R5 2-5 m R m R m R m R1 R5 R4 R3 R2 S cm / S cm n Filtrazioni(10mL) n Filtrazioni(25mL) V.Elia, E.Napoli IC-MAST 2012,Vol. 495

40 mL 1,2mL 2,5mL 5mL R5 S cm n Filtrazioni V.Elia, E.Napoli IC-MAST 2012, Vol. 495

41 50 (d-d 0 )* 10 5 / g cm ( d-d 0 )*10 5 / g cm -3 Linear Fit y=0,07942x error 0,00198 R 2 =0, S cm -1 Fig.8 - Density vs Specific Electrical Conductivity (See Table 8) V.Elia,n.Marchettini,E.Napoli,E.Tiezzi,2011, JOAM

42 The Effect of Nafion on the Sovramolecular Structure of Water

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47 7 6 ph Linear Fit Equation Weight Residual Sum of Squares y = a + b*x No Weighting 1,45731 Pearson's r -0,9787 Adj. R-Square 0,9575 Value Standard Error ph Intercept 6, ,04303 ph Slope -1, , ph 4 3 y = -1,19934x+6,09557 R 2 = 0, ,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 Log( ) V.Elia, E.Napoli,M.Niccoli-JTAC (2013), Vol.112, N 2

48 IR Solid State Spectroscopy

49 - IR spectra for residues of INW (dotted line), IFW (dashed line) and liquid water (solid line) at room temperature. The main differences are the overall redshift of the broad OH stretching peak and the appearance of an absorption line at around 2926 cm -1. V.Elia,G.Ausanio,A.De Ninno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli, 2013, Water Online

50 2,5 2,0 Mix 0.25; F273 N305 1,5 Abs 1,0 0,5 0,0-0, Wavenumber (cm -1 ) V.Elia,G.Ausanio,A.De Ninno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli, 2013, Water Online

51 Density IFW y = 0,0765x R² = 0,9658 (d-d 0 )* INW y = 0,0163x R² = 0, χ/µs cm -1

52 Thermogravimetry

53 Thermogravimetry is a method of analysis in which the product is continuous record of changes in the mass of a sample, in a controlled atmosphere and as a function of temperature or time. The result of the analysis is usually expressed with a termogravigramma that shows on the abscissa the temperature or the time and on the ordinate the variation of mass as an absolute value or percentage; this chart is also defined curve of thermal decomposition.

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55 Fluorescence Microscopy

56 INW Iteratively Nafionated Water χ = 200 µs/cm

57 Aspirine Aspirine 12 CH χ = 94 µs/cm V.Elia.G.Ausanio,A.DeNinno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli,2013 Homeopathy Online

58 IFW Iteratively Filtred Water χ = 270 µs/cm

59 Atomic Force Microscopy AFM

60 Physics Letters A Shui Yin Lo,Xu Geng,David Gann Evidence for the exsistence of stable-water-clusters at room temperature and normal pressure,2009 Hundreds Drops

61 INW Iteratively Nafionized Water χ = 321 µs/cm Five Drops Control Pure Water Five Drops

62 GP nm Y[nm] nm X[nm] IFW Iteratively Filtered Water Five Drops Control Glass Powder Five Drops

63 nm Y[nm] nm X[nm] Arnica Montana 200CH χ = 273 µs/cm Three Drops Control Glass Powder GP 84 Three Drops

64 Conclusioni La conclusione più logica per queste osservazioni è che, ad esempio, nelle Soluzioni Estremamente Diluite le proprietà terapeutiche vengano registrate in aggregati di molecole di acqua, che continuano ed esistere anche nello stato solido e le cui forme e dimensioni, oltre che la loro concentrazione, sarebbero responsabili per lo specifico effetto terapeutico. Avendo il supporto dei risultati sperimentali riguardo l esistenza degli aggregati di molecole d acqua a temperatura e pressioni ambiente, è ora possibile fare delle ulteriori deduzioni sul meccanismo attraverso il quale i globuli ed i granuli esercitano il loro effetto. Il supporto scientifico a questa forma di rimedi originerebbe dalla loro procedura di preparazione: l evaporazione dell acqua normale lascerebbe, all'interno dei granuli, aggregati d acqua, allo stato solido, la cui forma e dimensione sarebbe poi responsabile del loro effetto terapeutico. Dissolvendo i granuli o globuli nella bocca, a contatto con i liquidi biologici il granulo si scioglie portando gli aggregati nella fase liquida, dandogli nuovamente la possibilità restare in uno stato lontano dall'equilibrio dissipando energie dall'ambiente. Realizzerebbero perciò la loro azione terapeutica nella forma di strutture dissipative. La quasi illimitata tenuta temporale delle proprietà curative dei globuli risiederebbe nella estrema stabilita degli aggregati nella fase solida

65 La ricerca è vedere ciò che tutti hanno visto, e pensare ciò che nessuno ha pensato prima. Albert Szent-Györgyi

66 Thank you for attention

67 0,7 0,6 0,5 NaOH 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,