Il judicial review of legislation

Transcript

1 Gli Stati Uniti Il judicial review of legislation Università di Bari, Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza Corso di Diritto pubblico angloamericano, a.a. 2016/2017 Prof.ssa Maria Dicosola

2 La SupremacyClause Art. 6, sez. 2 Cost. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,underthe Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

3 Chi è il custode della Costituzione Federalist Paper n. 78 degli Stati Uniti? The judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution By a limited Constitution, I understand one which contains certain specified exceptions to the legislative authority Limitations of this kind can be preserved in practice no other way than through the medium of courts of justice, whose duty it must be to declare all acts contrary to the manifest tenor of the Constitution void. The courts were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and the legislature The Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute

4 Le Corti negli Stati Uniti Art. III, sez. 1 Cost. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

5 Il sistema giudiziario federale Art. II sez. 2 Cost.: I giudici federali sono nominati dal Presidente previo advise and consent del Senato Fonte:

6 Il sistema giudiziario statale Giudici statali: a. Nominati dal Governatore (merit selection) b. Eletti State Supreme Court/Highest Court of Appeal State Appeal Courts Local Trial Courts

7 Il sistema giudiziario degli Stati Uniti Fonte:

8 La Corte Suprema

9 I giudici della Corte Suprema Chief Justice Associate Justices - Nominati dal Presidente, con adviseand consent del Senato - Scelti tra giudici, professori di diritto e giuristi -[t]he Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their Services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office (Art. III, sez. 1 Cost.)

10 La Corte Suprema: composizione Chief Justice: JOHN G. ROBERTS, JR. Associate Justices (ANTONIN SCALIA)> (ANTONIN SCALIA)> NEIL GORUSH? ANTHONY M. KENNEDY CLARENCE THOMAS RUTH BADER GINSBURG STEPHEN G. BREYER SAMUEL A. ALITO, JR. SONIA SOTOMAYOR ELENA KAGAN

11 La Corte Suprema: competenze (art. III sez. 2) Original Jurisdiction all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party Appellate Jurisdiction In all the other cases ( ) the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

12 Marburyv. Madison, 1803: i fatti Nel 1800, il Presidente John Adams (federalista) nomina i giudici di mezzanotte Elezioni del 1800 vinte da Jefferson (antifederalista) Il nuovo Segretario di Stato Madison non consegna la commission ai nuovi giudici Il giudice nominato Marburyrichiede alla Corte Suprema di emettere un writ ofmandamusper ottenere la commission

13 Marburyv. Madison, 1803: le questioni Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands? sì If he has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of his country afford him a remedy? Judiciary Act 1789: SI ma Costituzione (art. III sez. 2): NO If they do afford him a remedy, is it a mandamus issuing from this court? sì

14 Marburyv. Madison, 1803: come risolvere il conflitto tra Costituzione e legge?.between these alternatives there is no middle ground. The Constitution is either a superior, paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and, like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative act contrary to the Constitution is not law; if the latter part be true, then written Constitutions are absurd attempts on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable

15 If, then, the Courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must governthecasetowhichtheybothapply Thus, the particular phraseology of the Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written Constitutions, that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument.

16 Il judicialreviewoflegislation Introdotto per via giurisprudenziale: Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Controllo diffuso: ogni giudice, in qualsiasi grado del giudizio, può dichiarare incostituzionale una legge Controllo concreto e a posteriori Effetti del giudizio: Legge disapplicata ma non formalmente annullata Retroattivo Inter partes(correttivo: stare decisis)