USE OF ENGLISH: VERBI DI PERCEZIONE, SOME ED ANY, WHEN AND HOW LONG PROF.SSA COLOMBA LA RAGIONE
Indice 1 VERBI DI PERCEZIONE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.1 EXERCISE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2 SOME AND ANY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.1 EXERCISE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 3 WHEN AND HOW LONG -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.1 SINCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 3.2 I FUTURI COMPOSTI E «FOR»----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 3.3 EXERCISE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 3.4 WHEN/FOR/SINCE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 4 EITHER OR - NEITHER.NOR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 4.1 NEVER/EVER ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 5 SITUATIONAL DIALOGUE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 6 AUTOVALUTAZIONE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24 2 di 25
1 Verbi di percezione Verbi di percezione: TO SEE TO WATCH TO HEAR TO FEEL TO PERCEIVE SEE, WATCH, HEAR, FEEL, PERCEIVE: TO SEE, TO WATCH, TO HEAR, TO FEEL, TO PERCEIVE: I verbi di percezione che in italiano sono seguiti generalmente dall infinito, sono usati per indicare che si e visto o sentito fare\dire qualcosa L infinito che segue questi verbi può essere attivo o passivo, se l infinito ha valore attivo perde il to ed è preceduto dal soggetto logico Example: I saw him go out of the room. (il pron. pers. ha la forma dell accusativo) SE L AZIONE E PERCEPITA DURANTE LA SUA DURATA (VALORE PROGRESSIVO) SI USA IL PART. PRESENTE: 3 di 25
Don t you see him coming? See, watch, hear, feel, perceive (seguiti dall inf.) Se l infinito ha valore passivo va tradotto col part. pass.; si usa la forma progressiva se l azione è percepita durante il suo svolgimento: Examples: I saw the house being built I saw the girl being dressed Si preferisce, se possibile, la costruzione attiva: I saw someone dress the girl. Il verbo di percezione in forma passiva richiede l uso del to per l infinito dipendente. The rain was seen to fall (falling) (si vide la pioggia cadere) EXAMPLES When I heard her speak English, I thought she was an English girl. I saw him open the door and rush out of the room. What did you hear him say when he came in? I didn t hear him coming in. (azione percepita nel suo svolgimento) 4 di 25
The first time I heard this problem discussed was at a lecture by Mr.B. I saw him shut the door in a hurry. We have heard Mozart played by a famous musician(inf.pass) The planes have been seen flying over our houses last night. 1.1 Exercise To SEE TO WATCH TO HEAR TO FEEL TO PERCEIVE 1. He is the radio. A Is hearing B Is listening to 2. I cold today. A Feel B watch 3. He a noise. A Listens to B Hears 4. This terrible. 5 di 25
A Looks B watches 5 I great today. A Hear B Feel 6. She. the doctor this afternoon. A Is seeing B Is watching 7. They are. at the picture. A Looking B Watching 8. We you are leaving. (Okay. Emphasis on our hearing.) A listened B heard 9. We them playing basketball. A watched B saw 10. Trudy can the wind blowing against her skin. 6 di 25
A Feel B hear Answer key:1.b 2.A 3B 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B 7 di 25
2 Some and Any Aggettivi e pronomi indefiniti, corrispondono a : del, dello, della, dei, degli, delle, alcuni, qualche, oppure chiunque, qualsiasi, qualcuno, alcuno, etc. In frasi affermative Some= qualche, un po di, un certo numero/quantità di (I bought some water; I worked for some time); Any = qualunque, qualsiasi, alcuno o affatto (give me any newspaper; I don t like any of these dresses) In italiano spesso si omette: non ho tempo/i have not any (no) time. In frasi interrogative e interrogative negative: ottenere) Some, se si presuppone risposta positiva (nell offrire qualsiasi o quando si chiede per Who has some paper to give me? Will you have some tea? (vuoi del tè)/ Would you give me some cigarettes? (mi daresti delle sigarette?) 8 di 25
Any, se si presuppone risposta negativa, o si dubita dell esistenza della cosa in questione oppure quando si chiede per sapere: Have you any bread? Have you taken any books from my bookcase? Who has any cigarettes? (si chiede per sapere) In frasi dubitative e ipotetiche si usa any (quasi sempre) Ask Mary if she has any money If you have any questions to ask; if he has any money he will give you some Some significa anche un certo, un tale Ex.: all. He wrote some book (scrisse un certo libro); he has some sort of friends that I don t like at Some è anche sinonimo di about (circa), in questo caso equivale ad un avverbio: He has written some forty books (ha scritto circa 40 libri) Pronomi indefiniti composti di some e any sono: 9 di 25
someone, somebody, something/ anyone, anybody, anything, questi pronomi seguono le stesse regole di some e any. Examples: I don t like anyone here. There is someone at the door. Do you want anything? (per sapere) Do you want something? (attende risposta positiva) Doppia negazione: He wants nothing He doesn t want anything 2.1 Exercise Fill each space with either some or any 1. Before we leave, I have to get money and my cigarettes. Wait a moment. 10 di 25
2. people think they have the right to a job without having to work! 3. I don't have children yet, but we want to have two or three eventually. 4. Don't worry about going shopping tomorrow. bus will take you straight into the centre of the town. 5. Are there Italian restaurants in your part of town? 6. "Which CD do you want to put on?" "Oh,. I just want to hear some music!" 7. Would you like wine with your meal, sir? 8. Yes, I would. Bring me red wine that you have. 9. Do you want help with that biology assignment you have to do? 10. This was an easy exercise and I didn't make mistakes! ANY 1.SOME 2. SOME 3. ANY 4. ANY 5. SOME 6. ANY 7. SOME 8. ANY 9. SOME 10 1. I need a hammer and nails. 2. He does not want help. 3. There are sheep in the garden. 4. Do you know famous people? 5. They often invite friends to their home. 11 di 25
6. Do you have idea what they are doing there? 7. Charly doesn't have pets. 8. My little brother already knows words in English. 9. My mum doesn't speak foreign languages. 10. I've got sweets for you. 10.SOME 1.SOME 2. ANY 3. SOME 4. ANY 5. SOME 6. ANY 7. ANY 8. SOME 9. ANY 12 di 25
3 When and How Long WHEN? (quando?...) HOW LONG? (da quando?...) Per esprimere un azione cominciata nel passato e che dura ancora, l italiano usa il presente con la preposizione da, l inglese utilizza invece il pass. pross. (present perfect) con (o senza) la preposizione for o since. Example: How long have you known him? I ve known him for five years (lo conosco da 5 anni) Con forma progressiva (present perfect continuous). Example: I have been studying English (for) three years (studio da ) I verbi: Know, like, believe, di solito, non sono usati in forma progressiva 3.1 Since SINCE più che la durata, indica l inizio o il momento in cui l azione ha avuto inizio (8 o clock, Monday, 1986, 12 may, 13 di 25
April, Christmas, lunchtime, etc.). Examples: I ve been studying English since 1984. I ve been here since last week Since when have you been ill? All imperfetto (past simple) corrisponde il trapassato prossimo (past perfect) Examples: He had been travelling for 5 months when he got home at last (Viaggiava da 5 mesi quando finalmente arrivò a casa) I had been studying (for) 3 hours when Mary arrived (studiavo da 3 ore quando giunse M.) 3.2 I futuri composti e «for» Nel futuro quest uso del tempo composto è spesso lo stesso in italiano e in Inglese Examples: In 1989 I will have known you (for) three years (nel 1989 ti avrò conosciuto da tre anni). 14 di 25
I will have been working (for) three hours when he comes. (avrò lavorato 3 ore, quando lui verrà) Choose the correct form of future: future cont. or fut. Perfect. 1. Why don t you call me at 8 o clock? At that time I for half an hour. (to wake up) 2. This time next week we on the beach for three days! I can t wait! (to sit) 3. If you arrive at 8.30 it will be too late, because the train for 1 hour.(to leave) 4. Next year my parents for 25 years(to be married). 5. I can t come with you to the cinema tomorrow afternoon, at 5.30 I_ _ for 6 hours already.(to work) 6. They will be tired when they arrive. They for a long time. (not to sleep) 7. Next summer when I go to China I_ Chinese language for four years already. (to study) 8. By Monday, Susan my book for a week. (to have). 1. I l have been up 2. will have been sitting 3. will have already left 4. will have been married 5. I ll have been working 6. will have not slept 7. I ll have studied 8. will have had 3.3 Exercise 1. did you move to Arizona? I moved here in 1997. 2. have you lived in Arizona? I have lived here since 1997. 15 di 25
3. did you buy that car? I bought it two months ago. 4. have you owned that car? I have owned it for two months. 5. do banks open? They usually open at 8 a.m. 6. have you studied English? I ve studied it for 5 years. 7. will you stay in your current job? 8. has he played tennis?he has played tennis for 30 minutes. 9. is your birthday? 10. does she usually spend in traffic? She usually spends 2 hours in traffic. Answer key: 1.3.5.9.when 2.4.6.7.8.10. how long 3.4 When/for/since Differenza fra: WHEN? (quando ) FOR/ SINCE (da quando ) Examples: WHEN did it start raining? It started raining two hours ago. 16 di 25
HOW LONG has it been raining? It s been raining for two hours / since two o clock WHEN did Mary and John first meet? They first met a long time ago/ when they were at school. HOW LONG have Mary and John known each other? They have known a long time ago/ since they were at school. EXAMPLES It has been raining since lunchtime Have you been learning English for two months? Mary has lived in London since 1989. Since Christmas, the weather has been quite good. 1. I have been waiting 4 o'clock. 2. Sue has only been waiting 20 minutes. 3. Tim and Tina have been learning English six years. 4. Fred and Frida have been learning French 1998. 5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together Valentine's Day. 6. I haven't been on holiday last July. 17 di 25
7. Mary has been saving her money many years. 8. I haven't eaten anything breakfast. 9. You have been watching TV hours. 10. We have been living here 2 months. Answer key: 1.since 2. for 3.for 4.since 5. since 6. since 7. for 8. since 9. for 10. for 18 di 25
4 Either or - neither.nor I correlativi either or, neither nor significano rispettivamente o o, né.né Examples: He wants neither bread nor butter (cfr. Uso del verbo in forma affermativa) He is either mad or drunk NEVER (mai): Non ammette l uso di altra negazione nella proposizione Es.: I have never seen his brother. EVER (qualche volta, talvolta): Es.: have you ever visited Italy? Choose the most meaningful option between Both and, Either or, Neither nor, Not only but also 1. Who wrote you this love letter? - I'm not sure. I think it was _EITHER Michael _OR Paul. 2. NEITHER Linda _NOR Helen called to say sorry. I'm very sad and frustrated. 19 di 25
3. _NOT ONLY Ryan _BUT_ALSO Susie have disappointed me. They didn't come to my birthday party. 4. Paul has been neglecting us. He _NEITHER calls NOR hangs out with us anymore.(ci trascura né né ) 5. He hurt _BOTH her feelings AND her dignity. This is unforgivable. 6. _BOTH loyalty _AND honesty are essential in a friendship. 7. You should _NEITHER disrespect NOR deceive your friends. 8. I will take you _EITHER to the cinema _OR to the theatre. That's a promise 4.1 Never/ever NEVER (mai) non ammette l uso di altra negazione nella proposizione Ex.: I have never seen his brother. EVER (qualche volta, talvolta) Ex.: have you ever visited Italy? 20 di 25
1. I have... been to San Francisco. 2. Have you... been to Quito? 3. I don't... go out during the week. 4. I... go out during the week. 5. I saw a play about the Emperor Tiberius. I've... been so disgusted in my life. 6. The Duelists is one of the best films I have... seen. 7. Raquel is one of those people who doesn't... say sorry. 8. I... want to see you again in my entire life. 9. I'm... late for work, ever. 10. Everyone thought Charles would come. Answer key: 1.never 2.ever 3. ever 4.never 5.never 6. ever 7. ever 8. never 9. never 10. never 21 di 25
5 Situational dialogue IN A RESTAURANT: Inexpensive restaurants known as Fish and Chip Shops are something of a national institution in the U:K:. Remaining open until about 11 pm., they are ideal for the motorist on a long journey. Fish and chips can be eaten in the restaurant or taken away wrapped in paper. Foreign visitors are often surprised to see the large number of Chinese restaurants. They are very popular and not expensive 1. Can I take your order, sir? Yes, I d like to try the steak, please. And to follow..? Ice-cream, please 2. Have you decided on something, sir? Yes, Haddock and chips for me, please. How about the sweet? 22 di 25
No sweet thanks. Just coffee 3. Have you chosen something, sir? Yes, I think I ll have the curry, please. What would you like afterwards? I d like some fruit if you have any. 4. May I take your order, madam? I ll just take a small salad, please. Do you want any sweets? Apple pie and custard would be nice 23 di 25
6 Autovalutazione TEST DI AUTOVALUTAZIONE 1. I didn t hear.in (he comes/him coming/come him/he came) 2. The planes.flying over the mountains last night. (have been seen/ was seen/have seen/has been seen) 3. will you have tea? (some/any/a lot of/ many) 4. We don t have children yet. (some/any/a lot/lots) 5.I. him for two years. ( ve known/ know/knew/knows) 6. I.. French since 2011. ( ve been studying/study/ ve studied/studied) 7. I (for) two hours when John arrived. (studied/was studying)had been studying/ studies) 24 di 25
8. In 2016 I you (for) three years. (will have knowing/will have known/will know/ knows) 9..did you move to Rome? (when/how long/since/for) 10. I haven t eaten anything..breakfast. (for/since/when/how long) AUTOVALUTAZIONE: risposte esatte Answer key: 1. him coming 2. have been seen 3. some 4. any 5. ve known 6. ve been studying 7. had been studying 8. will have known 9. when 10. Since 25 di 25