AUTOBUS IDROGENO : È SOSTENIBILE? ANALISI COSTI/BENEFICI DELLE TECNOLOGIE OFFERTE

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1 AUTOBUS IDROGENO : È SOSTENIBILE? ANALISI COSTI/BENEFICI DELLE TECNOLOGIE OFFERTE Francisco González Direttore Técnico TMB Barcellona ViceChairman UITP Bus Committee Coordinato da: Organizzato da:

2 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION Since 1998 European Directive Air Quality Cities > hab. Limits on pollutants content 40ug/m 3 NOx - PM10 - SO2 Since 2008 European Directive 20/20/20 Covenant of Mayors Group C40 Cities Reduction energy consump. + GHG -20% versus 1990 (Kyoto) in 2020 In 2015 COP 21 - PARIS Europe going to -40% GHG in

3 TECHNOLOGIES to improve LOCAL +GHG emiss. 1. Biofuels Biodiesel B30 2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 3. Hydrogen : Fuel cell 4. Hybrids 5. Battery Electric Buses - Exhaust Filters (CRT + SCR). - Eco-driving. - Emissions map. - Fuel consumption audits. 3

4 HYDROGEN as AUTOMOTIVE FUEL 4

5 HYDROGEN as AUTOMOTIVE FUEL Energy density very low. Big tanks needed. Curb-weight increase Storage on-board at very High Pressure ( bar) In a City Bus - 25 passengers Hydrogen can not be found. Needs a production process : - Water electrolysis - Reforming of hydrogened compounds (methane, ethanol,..) - Waste of chemical industry Range of km. in a City Bus No CO 2 emissions. Only derived from H 2 production process Fuel Cell = 0 emissions. At exhaust only steam 5

6 Proton Exchange Membrane FUEL CELL PRINCIPLE 6

7 FULL POWER FUEL CELL BUS - SCHEMATIC Vehicle HYDROGEN TANKS FUEL CELL kw WHEELS Power Electronics INVERTER AC - DC Converter DC - DC Electric Devices TRACTION MOTOR Control Electronics 7

8 CUTE & HyFleet CUTE Projets PARTNER CITIES CITY COUNTRY CONDITIONS H2 SUPPLY / ENERGY HAMBURG Germany Orography (flat) Electrolysis / Hydraulic + net BARCELONA Spain Climate (warm) Electrolysis / Solar + net LUXEMBOURG Luxemburg Traffic Platform ( Electrolysis of NaCl) MADRID Spain Traffic Steam reforming / natural gas / platform STOCKHOLM Sweden Climate ( cold ) Steam reforming / natural gas Alternative : local electrolysis of Hydraulic energy or local steam reforming from biogas LONDON U.K Climate ( wet )/ Traffic Oil reffinery / natural gas AMSTERDAM Holland Traffic Electrolysis/ green Electricity from net STUTTGART Germany Orography ( mountains) Steam reforming / natural gas PORTO Portugal Climate (warm) / Orography ( mountains) Platform ( Electrolysis ) + Reykjavik + Berlin + Beijing (China) + Perth (Australia) in HyFleet CUTE 8

9 CUTE & HyFleet CUTE Projets CUTE Project Buses 27 Daimler Evobus-Citaro Ballard PEM Fuel Cell 200 Kw At V. 9 x 205 l. H2 Tanks (42 kg) 60 pas.(18 T) 72 pas.(19 T) Range 150 to 240 km Buses in HyFleet 9

10 CUTE & HyFleet CUTE Buses DAIMLER EVOBUS - CITARO 10

11 HyFleet CUTE Hydrogen consumption From 18 to 28 kg / 100 km 11

12 FUEL CELL HYBRID BUS - SCHEMATIC Vehicle Electric Grid 380v Battery charger (Inverter AC-DC) Batteries V DC Converter DC - DC HYDROGEN TANKS WHEELS Power Electronics FUEL CELL kw TRACTION MOTOR INVERTER AC - DC Control Electronics Electric Devices 12

13 FUEL CELL BUS - MAIN COMPONENTS FUEL CELL - PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM) 80 to 120 kw for a Hybrid Bus Continuous electricity generation Efficiency evolution from 40 to 60% Cell Life - first versions h. - current versions h. Cost - Very high cost - first versions current versions

14 FUEL CELL BUS - MAIN COMPONENTS TRACTION ELECTRIC MOTORS HYDROGEN TANKS Induction traction motor or Permanent magnet synchronous motor Power to 210 kw for 12 m. bus 200 to 250 kw for 18 m. bus Metal+fully wrapped composite (T.3) or Plastic+fully wrapped comp. (T.4) Pressure 350 bar Capacity - from 1450 l (35 kg) to 1800 l (43 kg) 14

15 FUEL CELL BUS - MAIN COMPONENTS TRACTION BATTERIES For buses, usually Lithium-ion battery but still possible to use Na Ni Cl (Zebra) or Ni-ME-H Capacity - from 5 to 20 kw.h In a Hybrid Bus, the battery is just needing capacity to store braking energy, and/or helping the FC for high energy demand Cost to Battery Life expected full charges (7-8 years) 15

16 EUROPEAN Fuel Cell BUS PROJECTS CHIC (Clean Hydrogen In european Cities) (2011) MERCEDES CITARO HYBRID VAN HOOL A330 HYBRID 5 CITIES - AARGAU (PostBus Swit.) 5 Citaro FC Hybrid - BOLZANO (IT) 5 Citaro FC Hybrid - MILANO (IT) 3 Citaro FC Hybrid - LONDON (UK) 8 Wrightbus - OSLO (NO) 5 Van Hool A330 WRIGHT BUS HYBRID TOTAL = 26 buses 16

17 EUROPEAN Fuel Cell BUS PROJECTS High V.LO City (2013) 3 REGIONS - LIGURIA (San Remo) - IT 5 buses - FLANDERS - BE 5 buses - SCOTLAND (Aberdeen) - UK 4 buses ALL BUSES = VAN HOOL A330 HYBRID TOTAL = 14 buses 17

18 EUROPEAN Fuel Cell BUS PROJECTS 3 E motion (2015) 5 CITIES FC BUSES from VAN HOOL WRIGHT SOLARIS Main Targets : Demo Articulated buses H2 consumpt.< 10 kg. Availability > 90% - ROTTERDAM - ND 6 buses - LONDON - UK 10 buses - ANTWERP - BE 3 buses - CHERBOURG - FR 5 buses - ROMA - IT 5 buses TOTAL = 29 buses ( 21 New buses) 18

19 ENERGY CONSUMPTION RATIO DIESEL HYBRID - F.CELL BUSES SORT 1 (Extreme Urban) Energy Consumption DIESEL E.VI Consump. 54 l /100 5,315 kwh/ km --- HYBRID E.VI Consump. 40,5 l /100 3,614 kwh/km - 32 % Fuel Cell F.Power Consump. 26 kg/100 8,667 kwh/km + 63 % Fuel Cell Hybrid Consump. 12 kg/100 4,000 kwh/km - 25% 19

20 TCO DIESEL-HYBRID-F.CELL BUSES BUS LIFE (years) 15 KM / year EXTREME URBAN (SORT 1) 2010 DIESEL BUS E.4 HYBRID BUS E.4 RATIO FUEL CELL BUS-F.POWER TOTAL KM Life Fuel Cost ( /l) 1,00 PURCHASING COST ( ) FUEL COST ( ) , % % MAINTENANCE COST ( ) 0, , % 0, % MAINT.BIG PARTS-BAT-FC ( ) % TOTAL COST ( ) ,9% ,78 RATIO LIGHT URBAN (SORT 2) PURCHASING COST ( ) FUEL COST ( ) , % % MAINTENANCE COST ( ) 0, , % 0, % MAINT.BIG PARTS-BAT-FC ( ) % TOTAL COST ( ) ,1% ,21 20

21 TCO DIESEL-HYBRID-F.CELL BUSES BUS LIFE (years) 15 KM / year EXTREME URBAN (SORT 1) 2015 DIESEL BUS E.VI HYBRID BUS E.VI RATIO FUEL CELL BUS TOTAL KM Life Fuel Cost ( /l) 1,00 PURCHASING COST ( ) FUEL COST ( ) , % % MAINTENANCE COST ( ) 0, , % 0, % MAINT.BIG PARTS-BAT-FC ( ) % % TOTAL COST ( ) ,9% ,31 RATIO LIGHT URBAN (SORT 2) PURCHASING COST ( ) FUEL COST ( ) , % % MAINTENANCE COST ( ) 0, , % 0, % MAINT.BIG PARTS-BAT-FC ( ) % % TOTAL COST ( ) ,2% ,55 21

22 Grazie per la cortese attenzione Francisco González Direttore Técnico TMB ViceChairman UITP Bus Committee Coordinato da: Organizzato da: