SIMPOSIO Tromboembolismo venoso: nuove strategie terapeutiche Lorenzo Loffredo Sapienza Università di Roma
La trombosi venosa profonda non può essere diagnosticata o esclusa sulla base di segni clinici.
Patologie che si manifestano con sintomi analoghi alla trombosi venosa profonda: 1. Ematoma muscolare 2. Strappo o rottura del tendine d Achille 3. Borsiti o tenosinoviti 4. Rottura di cisti di Baker 5. Artriti 6. Aneurisma femorale o popliteo 7. Linfedema (primitivo o secondario) 8. Linfangiti 9. Infezione della cute e del sottocute (dermoipodermiti) 10.Tromboflebite superficiale 11.Insufficienza venosa cronica 12.Sindrome post-flebitica 13.Insufficienza cardiaca destra 14.Strappo muscolare 15.Sciatalgia
Trombo-embolismo venoso (TEV) Il TEV inizia nel cavo popliteo in più del 75% dei pazienti. Trombosi venosa profonda Embolia Polmonare Tratto distale Tratto prossimale thrombosis Cohen (Blood. 2012;120(8) 1562-1569):
Diagnosi TVP - Venografia - Ecocolor doppler (CUS) - RMN/TC
Incomprimibilità vasale COMPRESSIONE La valutazione ecografica viene eseguita comprimendo la vena con il trasduttore. VENA COMPRIMIBILE COMPRESSIONE TROMBOSI compression ultra-sonography (CUS)
Posizione del pz n.1 I Compressione
Distretto Vascolare dell Arto Inferiore I Compressione - anatomia - CUS 2-point or limited CUS
Posizione del pz n.2 II Compressione
Distretto Vascolare dell Arto Inferiore - anatomia - II Compressione CUS 2-point or limited CUS
Altri tipi di CUS Whole-Leg Ultrasonography (Whole leg strategy) 3-points CUS
Vena ed Arteria Femorale - CUS - CUS AFC VFC
Distretto Vascolare dell Arto Inferiore - CUS - AFC
CUS Negativa
CUS positiva per trombosi
1.Incomprimibilità vasale 2.Aumento del diametro vasale 3.Presenza di materiale ecogeno nel lume 4.Assenza di Flusso 5.Fissità dei lembi valvolari 6.Presenza di circoli collaterali
Pooled sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 96%.
While a complete and detailed scan of both lower extremities is time consuming, it is often not needed and a 2-point (common femoral vein and popliteal vein) exam has similar sensitivity and specificity to detect clinically important DVT in the proximal veins
2-points CUS can either be limited to the proximal veins and repeated within 1 week (serial limited CUS) or extended to both proximal and distal veins and performed on one occasion (single complete CUS) (Whole leg strategy). Repeat testing may be safely avoided in patients with a normal D-dimer test result at presentation.
Algoritmo diagnostico/terapeutico
Trattamento della TVP acuta
Coagulation process and targets of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Pierre Fontana et al. Eur Heart J 2014;eurheartj.ehu027
Absorption and metabolism of the different new anticoagulant drugs. Hein Heidbuchel et al. Europace 2013;15:625-651
Dobesh Drugs (2014) 74:2015 2032
Dobesh Drugs (2014) 74:2015 2032
Loffredo L. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10:499-506.
Loffredo L. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10:499-506.
Loffredo L. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10:499-506.
Van der Hulle J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12: 320 8.
International Journal of Cardiology, Volume 212, 2016, 255 258
There are no specific trials that examine the efficacy of the NOACs in inherited or acquired thrombophilias although numerous patients with undiagnosed thrombophilia would have been enrolled in the studies. antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)? LMWH and VKA treatment to a target INR of 2 3 NO heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/osteoporosis Pro non-heparin parenteral anticoagulant
Verso M. Intern Emerg Med 2015
Larsen PLoS One. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):e114445.
CONS - Hormonal therapy and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4 way, whereas doxorubicin, vinblastine and dexamethasone are inducers of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4. - lack of clinical trials concerning head to head comparison in terms of efficacy and safety profiles between LMWHs and NOACs in long-term treatment of VTE of patients with cancer. PROS - Preliminary results of subgroup analyses and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials suggest that NOACs could represent an alternative to conventional anticoagulation in patients with active cancer. - oral administration, fixed dose regimens and absence of heparininduced thrombocytopenia
There are minimal clinical trial data to inform treatment of patients with weights > 100 kg. A fixed-dose regimen of NOACs may not provide sufficient anticoagulant effect to obese patients and may provide supratherapeutic doses to underweight individuals. A subgroup evaluation of AMPLIFY and EINSTEIN study did demonstrate improved safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in those weighing > 100 kg.
These patients should be treated acutely with full-dose weight adjusted LMWH monotherapy. In pregnancy, this is based on teratogenicity of VKAs and lack of safety data for NOAC s. VKAs and LMWH are safe for breastfeeding.
There are no specific trials that examine the efficacy of the NOACs in distal DVT, splanchnic, cerebral vein thrombosis.
Renal failure, defined by a CrCl < 30 ml/min, was an exclusion in all of the NOAC trials (AMPLIFY excluded patients with a CrCl < 25 ml/min). Beware for NOACs in patients with CrCl 30 50 ml/min if we feel they have risk factors for worsening renal function (i. e. poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes, frail elderly).
Conclusioni - La CUS è una metodica altamente sensibile e specifica per diagnosticare la TVP. - La sua facilità di esecuzione ne permette un ampio uso per la diagnosi e la prevenzione delle complicanze trombo-emboliche. - I NOACs rappresentano una valida alternativa agli antagonisti della vitamina K nel trattamento del TEV. - Rispetto agli inibitori della vitamina K presentano una riduzione del rischio di sanguinamento. - Ulteriori studi sono necessari per valutare l efficacia dei NOACs in alcune categorie di pazienti, come quelli affetti da neoplasia, insufficienza renale severa, trombofilia, obesità severa, trombosi venose distali o soggetti in stato gravidico.
rate of venous thrombosis in acutely ill patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards. AURELIO study Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche Sapienza Università di Roma.