I neutrini solari e da supernova (parte 1) Corso di Introduzione all astrofisica Anno accademico Alessandra Re

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1 I neutrini solari e da supernova (parte 1) Corso di Introduzione all astrofisica Anno accademico Alessandra Re

2 <latexit sha1_base64="ociba9ydwqvlznlmj1qbu6dim7w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ociba9ydwqvlznlmj1qbu6dim7w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ociba9ydwqvlznlmj1qbu6dim7w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ociba9ydwqvlznlmj1qbu6dim7w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="pxdwveu1ruishcps/ectbgclebm=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="pxdwveu1ruishcps/ectbgclebm=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="pxdwveu1ruishcps/ectbgclebm=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="pxdwveu1ruishcps/ectbgclebm=">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</latexit> Cos e il neutrino? Introdotto da Pauli nel 1930 per spiegare lo spettro continuo dei decadimenti β - e β + ; A A Z X! Z+1 Y+e + e A Z X! Z A 1 Y+e+ + e La particella cosi introdotta deve avere Carica 0 (perche la carica sia conservata nel decadimento); Massa piccola, al limite nulla; Alcuni anni dopo (1934) E. Fermi elabora il quadro teorico che descrive le cosiddette interazioni deboli, delle quali il decadimento β e un esempio; Successivamente, viene elaborato da Glashow-Salam-Weinberg il cosiddetto Modello Standard delle interazioni deboli che riunisce in un unica teoria interazioni elettromagnetiche e deboli;

3 Una particella elusiva. Nell ambito del Modello Standard delle interazioni deboli il neutrino ha le seguenti caratteristiche: Ha carica nulla; E un fermione (cioe ha spin=1/); Puo essere di tre sapori diversi: elettronico, muonico e tauonico (ν e, ν µ, ν τ ) che formano altrettanti doppietti con I rispettivi leptoni carichi (e ±, µ ±, τ ± ); Ha massa nulla; Interagisce esclusivamente tramite interazioni deboli; Quest ultimo fatto rende il neutrino particolarmente difficile da rivelare, in quanto le interazioni deboli hanno sezioni d urto estremamente piccole; Il neutrino viene rivelato sperimentalmente solo negli anni 50 dall esperimento di Cowan e Reines;

4 <latexit sha1_base64="wrbtyfelvrhffcm7cvxkeh5ckq=">aaacgnicbvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwashugakomucg5cv7am6dcikd9rqtdikgaum/q43/oobf4q4ezf+jzmc09edice6sc8kem1c99tzwv1b39gsbbw3d3b39kshhy0tu0whsswxqhmsdzwjabpmohqsbsqoobtd0vu+b9+d0kykwznoobetgwaro8ryksh5fkzmumwzl60tvyxzrrrabfdwgn3fbkndljipwfgf7iqtofrq+4uejl4c1jgczsc0qfflzsnqrjkidzdz01mlypkmmphuvrtdqmhizkarqwcxkb7ttabj9apy8jqewrbk/v3xszibuex6f15kh04iwx/5t1uxnd9jimktsaolohoprji3hee+4zbdtwsswekmb/iumqkeknbbnos/awiy+t1nnvs/ymvq7x5nuu0de6qwfiqxeojq5razurry/ogbin+fjexheny+zdcwz7xyhp3c+fgdiiqcm</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="wrbtyfelvrhffcm7cvxkeh5ckq=">aaacgnicbvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwashugakomucg5cv7am6dcikd9rqtdikgaum/q43/oobf4q4ezf+jzmc09edice6sc8kem1c99tzwv1b39gsbbw3d3b39kshhy0tu0whsswxqhmsdzwjabpmohqsbsqoobtd0vu+b9+d0kykwznoobetgwaro8ryksh5fkzmumwzl60tvyxzrrrabfdwgn3fbkndljipwfgf7iqtofrq+4uejl4c1jgczsc0qfflzsnqrjkidzdz01mlypkmmphuvrtdqmhizkarqwcxkb7ttabj9apy8jqewrbk/v3xszibuex6f15kh04iwx/5t1uxnd9jimktsaolohoprji3hee+4zbdtwsswekmb/iumqkeknbbnos/awiy+t1nnvs/ymvq7x5nuu0de6qwfiqxeojq5razurry/ogbin+fjexheny+zdcwz7xyhp3c+fgdiiqcm</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="wrbtyfelvrhffcm7cvxkeh5ckq=">aaacgnicbvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwashugakomucg5cv7am6dcikd9rqtdikgaum/q43/oobf4q4ezf+jzmc09edice6sc8kem1c99tzwv1b39gsbbw3d3b39kshhy0tu0whsswxqhmsdzwjabpmohqsbsqoobtd0vu+b9+d0kykwznoobetgwaro8ryksh5fkzmumwzl60tvyxzrrrabfdwgn3fbkndljipwfgf7iqtofrq+4uejl4c1jgczsc0qfflzsnqrjkidzdz01mlypkmmphuvrtdqmhizkarqwcxkb7ttabj9apy8jqewrbk/v3xszibuex6f15kh04iwx/5t1uxnd9jimktsaolohoprji3hee+4zbdtwsswekmb/iumqkeknbbnos/awiy+t1nnvs/ymvq7x5nuu0de6qwfiqxeojq5razurry/ogbin+fjexheny+zdcwz7xyhp3c+fgdiiqcm</latexit> Esperimento di Cowan-Reines <latexit sha1_base64="l3yhhgovcgtjz8cyi0ytzibcuvq=">aaacdxicbzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbp0e6ycijqzkeiy4ekxfewfoqwcsdmnmkmsuypq1/aja/ixouibt783mtlpq1h8ch/85h5zzhzfnnjet7o0vlk6tl7ykg5ube/sunv7dr0lita6ixikwifoypmkdcmmp61yurahp81wdjxvm/duarbjozooaufaqli+ics1xwpawfmqeqq8rm+7ufaschqgflraw4giar09atrlryynxvebd+hespv67pfqs8iiadsea5at30vnp0ulgge00kxsdsngyxgqnswjqiqo+n0mgk+su4p9ynlnzr46v6esefoprah7cx1/o1zpyv1k5m/7ktmhknhkoy+6ifcgwinewde0xryvjyahdf7k6ydeebmtbaog3bnz95errnzd/ybavurerxfnahokknyecxqipuua3veugp6bm9ojfnyxlx3ppweusk88cod9ypn8abesbfa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="l3yhhgovcgtjz8cyi0ytzibcuvq=">aaacdxicbzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbp0e6ycijqzkeiy4ekxfewfoqwcsdmnmkmsuypq1/aja/ixouibt783mtlpq1h8ch/85h5zzhzfnnjet7o0vlk6tl7ykg5ube/sunv7dr0lita6ixikwifoypmkdcmmp61yurahp81wdjxvm/duarbjozooaufaqli+ics1xwpawfmqeqq8rm+7ufaschqgflraw4giar09atrlryynxvebd+hespv67pfqs8iiadsea5at30vnp0ulgge00kxsdsngyxgqnswjqiqo+n0mgk+su4p9ynlnzr46v6esefoprah7cx1/o1zpyv1k5m/7ktmhknhkoy+6ifcgwinewde0xryvjyahdf7k6ydeebmtbaog3bnz95errnzd/ybavurerxfnahokknyecxqipuua3veugp6bm9ojfnyxlx3ppweusk88cod9ypn8abesbfa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="l3yhhgovcgtjz8cyi0ytzibcuvq=">aaacdxicbzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbp0e6ycijqzkeiy4ekxfewfoqwcsdmnmkmsuypq1/aja/ixouibt783mtlpq1h8ch/85h5zzhzfnnjet7o0vlk6tl7ykg5ube/sunv7dr0lita6ixikwifoypmkdcmmp61yurahp81wdjxvm/duarbjozooaufaqli+ics1xwpawfmqeqq8rm+7ufaschqgflraw4giar09atrlryynxvebd+hespv67pfqs8iiadsea5at30vnp0ulgge00kxsdsngyxgqnswjqiqo+n0mgk+su4p9ynlnzr46v6esefoprah7cx1/o1zpyv1k5m/7ktmhknhkoy+6ifcgwinewde0xryvjyahdf7k6ydeebmtbaog3bnz95errnzd/ybavurerxfnahokknyecxqipuua3veugp6bm9ojfnyxlx3ppweusk88cod9ypn8abesbfa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="l3yhhgovcgtjz8cyi0ytzibcuvq=">aaacdxicbzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbp0e6ycijqzkeiy4ekxfewfoqwcsdmnmkmsuypq1/aja/ixouibt783mtlpq1h8ch/85h5zzhzfnnjet7o0vlk6tl7ykg5ube/sunv7dr0lita6ixikwifoypmkdcmmp61yurahp81wdjxvm/duarbjozooaufaqli+ics1xwpawfmqeqq8rm+7ufaschqgflraw4giar09atrlryynxvebd+hespv67pfqs8iiadsea5at30vnp0ulgge00kxsdsngyxgqnswjqiqo+n0mgk+su4p9ynlnzr46v6esefoprah7cx1/o1zpyv1k5m/7ktmhknhkoy+6ifcgwinewde0xryvjyahdf7k6ydeebmtbaog3bnz95errnzd/ybavurerxfnahokknyecxqipuua3veugp6bm9ojfnyxlx3ppweusk88cod9ypn8abesbfa==</latexit> Ha fornito la prima evidenza sperimentale dell esistenza dei neutrini (1956); Si e svolto in una stanza sotterranea al di sotto del reattore di Savannah River; Ha rivelato gli anti-neutrini del reattore (Φ ~ 4x10 1 cm - sec -1 ) tramite la reazione e +p! n+e + Seguita dopo ~10 µsec dalla reazione n+gd! <latexit sha1_base64="wrbtyfelvrhffcm7cvxkeh5ckq=">aaacgnicbvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwashugakomucg5cv7am6dcikd9rqtdikgaum/q43/oobf4q4ezf+jzmc09edice6sc8kem1c99tzwv1b39gsbbw3d3b39kshhy0tu0whsswxqhmsdzwjabpmohqsbsqoobtd0vu+b9+d0kykwznoobetgwaro8ryksh5fkzmumwzl60tvyxzrrrabfdwgn3fbkndljipwfgf7iqtofrq+4uejl4c1jgczsc0qfflzsnqrjkidzdz01mlypkmmphuvrtdqmhizkarqwcxkb7ttabj9apy8jqewrbk/v3xszibuex6f15kh04iwx/5t1uxnd9jimktsaolohoprji3hee+4zbdtwsswekmb/iumqkeknbbnos/awiy+t1nnvs/ymvq7x5nuu0de6qwfiqxeojq5razurry/ogbin+fjexheny+zdcwz7xyhp3c+fgdiiqcm</latexit> s Scintillatore plastico ν e γ 1 Tanica di acqua con Gd + e n Scintillatore plastico γ Quando un anti-neutrino interagisce si verificano quindi due eventi in sequenza, separati da una distanza temporale precisa Questo permette una chiara identificazione del segnale e una sicura riduzione del fondo; Tecnica delle coincidenze ritardate usata comunemente nella fisica nucleare;

5 <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> Elusivo = difficile da rivelare Il numero di interazioni (ovvero il numero di volte in cui il neutrino viene rivelato ) e pari a N= n tgt Eventi/sec cm Numero bersagli neutrini/cm sec Siccome σ e piccola ( ~10-38, cm a seconda della reazione) per avere un numero di interazioni sufficiente e necessario che n tgt sia grande; Per fare un paragone: le σ nucleari sono ~ 10-4 cm (1 barn)! SONO NECESSARI RIVELATORI CON GRANDI MASSE (parliamo di masse da 1000 a tonnellate!)

6 <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> Che tasso di interazione aveva l esperimento di Cowan-Reines? N= n tgt Eventi/sec cm Numero bersagli σ e ~10-4 cm neutrini/cm sec Φ ~ 10 1 cm - sec -1 N tgt? Dipende ovviamente dalla massa di H O; Se M HO ~ 50 litri ~ 50Kg = 5 x 10 4 g; Peso molecolare dell acqua A= 18 à una mole di acqua = 18g; In 50 litri di H O ci sono M HO /A = 5 x 10 4 g/ 18 g ~ 3 x 10 3 moli; In 1 mole di sostanza c e un numero di atomi/molecole = N A =6x10 3 ; N tgt = N protoni = x 3 x 10 3 moli x 6x10 3 = 3.6 x 10 7 Tasso di int = 10 1 cm - sec -1 x 10-4 cm x 3.6 x 10 7 = 3.6 x10-3 ev/sec=311 ev/giorno

7 Elusivo e bello! Paradossalmente proprio il fatto che il neutrino interagisca cosi debolmente con la materia e una caratteristica che lo rende piu interessante da un punto di vista astrofisico Mentre altre particelle di origine astrofisica rimangono intrappolate, o possono propagarsi solo lentamente, I neutrini sono in grado di sfuggire e raggiungere la terra velocemente ; Per es.: I neutrini prodotti nel centro del sole raggiungono la terra in soli 8 minuti di volo, fornendoci cosi informazioni sulle reazioni nucleari nel sole in tempo reale. I fotoni emessi allo stesso tempo nel centro del sole, impiegano circa 10 5 anni per raggiungere la terra! Il fatto che i neutrini abbiano carica nulla e momento magnetico molto piccolo fa si che si propaghino in linea retta anche in presenza di forti campi magnetici; Puntano alla sorgente che li ha prodotti e possono quindi fornire meglio di qualunque altra particella informazioni su dove nell Universo avviene la produzione e accelerazione di particelle;

8 Il problema del fondo Anche avendo a disposizione grandi masse di rivelatore il numero di interazione che solitamente si riescono a ottenere e comunque basso (al massimo ~qualche decina di eventi al giorno); Data l esiguita del segnale di neutrino, e necessario evitare che venga sopraffatto da segnali spurii indotti da particelle di altra natura; In altre parole bisogna fare in modo che il rapporto SEGNALE/ RUMORE sia il piu alto possibile; A seconda della reazione che si usa per rivelare i neutrini e della regione di energia dei neutrini che si vogliono rivelare, i tipo di fondo ( rumore ) piu fastidiosi possono essere diversi; Strategie piu comuni (reminder): Il fondo indotto dai raggi cosmici (Flusso a livello del mare ~ 10 6 sec -1 cm - Laboratori e probabilita sotterranei di interagire per MOLTO schermare piu alta i raggi dei neutrini cosmici perche sono in gran parte particelle cariche!); Radioattivita naturale; Accurata selezione dei materiali in termini di radiopurezza

9 Neutrini solari

10 Neutrini solari Come fa il sole a produrre neutrini? Che energia hanno? Quanti sono? Come si possono rivelare? Il sole e in vita da circa 4.5 miliardi di anni; Il Modello Solare Standard prevede che il sole si sostenti grazie alle reazioni che producono He a partire da nuclei di H; La pressione generata da queste reazioni dall interno verso l esterno controbilancia la pressione gravitazionale dall esterno verso l interno che porterebbe il sole a collassare in pochissimo tempo (equilibrio idrostatico); La sequenza di reazioni che maggiormente contribuiscono e denominata Ciclo protone-protone ; La bassa sezione d urto delle interazioni deboli che ne fanno parte e responsabile del fatto che il sole bruci lentamente e non esploda immediatamente dopo la formazione.

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sha1_base64="ezf0ka3j1b/j3c1yffxroyj3hyi=">aaab+3icdvdlsgmxfm3uv6vss7dbivgqsqksb8losicg6gcryxoudjpozmmkosecswv+lghsju/rf3/oztokkhggczrmxe3l8idolhefdyi0tr6yu5dclg5tbzvbrgjwlgsiyhdxxx4pyjmhbm81pn5iubz6nt/7kppnv76hulbq3ehprl8ajwyamygkvl10a6zhmkgutitv9/ikdtk+xxlkjumghgbguk3qgnjo1cuodlfmgztaaq+/e4oqhihvgjcsvi95etas7dujhcaftxy0qitcr7rnqecb1r5ysx7cg+nmoddujonnjyp3zcshcg1dxwzmsvvv71m/mvrxxpy9ximolhtqeahhjghoorzexdajcwatw3brdktfzixlphou1fblpd1u/g/6vtkypdrk1lzbffhhuyda3aeekibjrgeldagbnydb/aenq3uerrernf5am5a7oybh7depge+wjps</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ezf0ka3j1b/j3c1yffxroyj3hyi=">aaab+3icdvdlsgmxfm3uv6vss7dbivgqsqksb8losicg6gcryxoudjpozmmkosecswv+lghsju/rf3/oztokkhggczrmxe3l8idolhefdyi0tr6yu5dclg5tbzvbrgjwlgsiyhdxxx4pyjmhbm81pn5iubz6nt/7kppnv76hulbq3ehprl8ajwyamygkvl10a6zhmkgutitv9/ikdtk+xxlkjumghgbguk3qgnjo1cuodlfmgztaaq+/e4oqhihvgjcsvi95etas7dujhcaftxy0qitcr7rnqecb1r5ysx7cg+nmoddujonnjyp3zcshcg1dxwzmsvvv71m/mvrxxpy9ximolhtqeahhjghoorzexdajcwatw3brdktfzixlphou1fblpd1u/g/6vtkypdrk1lzbffhhuyda3aeekibjrgeldagbnydb/aenq3uerrernf5am5a7oybh7depge+wjps</latexit> La catena protone-protone E apple 0.4 MeV E =1.44 MeV E apple 18.8 MeV 4p! + e + + e E = 6 MeV E =0.863 MeV Luminosita del sole: L Θ = Watts = Mev/sec La luminosita in neutrini e circa il % di quella in fotoni; E apple 15 MeV

12 Previsioni del Modello Solare Standard Il flusso totale di neutrini previsto sulla terra e Φ ν = ν/sec cm ; Il Modello Solare Standard prevede il contributo delle singole sorgenti di neutrino; L energia media dei neutrini solari e < 1MeV;

13 Previsioni del Modello Solare Standard Il flusso totale di neutrini previsto sulla terra e Φ ν = ν/sec cm ; Il Modello Solare Standard prevede il contributo delle singole sorgenti di neutrino; Sorgente E ν (MeV) Flusso (cm - s - ) pp x10 10 (1±0.01) pep x10 8 (1±0.01) hep x10 3 (1±0.15) 7 Be 0.86(90%)-0.38(10 %) 4.48x10 9 (1±0.09) 8 B x10 6 (1±0.13) 13 N x10 8 (1±0.0) 15 O x10 8 (1±0.3) 17 F x10 6 (1±0.5) L energia media dei neutrini solari e < 1MeV;

14 <latexit sha1_base64="9y9browvor5871vqbefbswisk6w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="9y9browvor5871vqbefbswisk6w=">aaachnicdvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwarbkxpxuxcvny4vrnz6pbjb9tgjjmkgaum/ri3/oobf4oirvrvznqkknogcdjnxm7ocwlbtxhdddkdgx8yji3lz+emzblywsnukouqyqlbkrqgvug+asqoybabvyaq0daefb1whmn1+d0jysp6yxqzokhcnbnffjjb+w44xudfwyejlxaa97g5chfrgpcu7xuovim7wqevrjdk/wosylkt9v1b0n13xjytgjjc9xdes/f3yfiljklkwrttesv949vors0kqhgmqdyo4swmmvbnobptzxqihpuykdqbhqaqh6gy6infhq1zp4xak7jmgd9tvgyknte6fgz3mwujfxib+5tus0y43uy7jxibkn4faicamwllxumuvmcn6llcmup0rzlqkdo0bwt4ssp/p+cbw0sy0+i5xysi4cwkyraa0rticq6agdoypi6bbdo0f05nw5d86z8/i5ouimd5bqdzhvhwanors=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="9y9browvor5871vqbefbswisk6w=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="9y9browvor5871vqbefbswisk6w=">aaachnicdvdlsgmxfm34rpvvdekmwarbkxpxuxcvny4vrnz6pbjb9tgjjmkgaum/ri3/oobf4oirvrvznqkknogcdjnxm7ocwlbtxhdddkdgx8yji3lz+emzblywsnukouqyqlbkrqgvug+asqoybabvyaq0daefb1whmn1+d0jysp6yxqzokhcnbnffjjb+w44xudfwyejlxaa97g5chfrgpcu7xuovim7wqevrjdk/wosylkt9v1b0n13xjytgjjc9xdes/f3yfiljklkwrttesv949vors0kqhgmqdyo4swmmvbnobptzxqihpuykdqbhqaqh6gy6infhq1zp4xak7jmgd9tvgyknte6fgz3mwujfxib+5tus0y43uy7jxibkn4faicamwllxumuvmcn6llcmup0rzlqkdo0bwt4ssp/p+cbw0sy0+i5xysi4cwkyraa0rticq6agdoypi6bbdo0f05nw5d86z8/i5ouimd5bqdzhvhwanors=</latexit> Come si rivelano i neutrini solari? Le tecniche di rivelazione dei neutrini solari si possono sostanzialmente dividere in due grandi categorie: Esperimenti RADIOCHIMICI I neutrini inducono una reazione che produce dei nuclei di un isotopo radioattivo caratteristico Y: e + A Z X! A Z 1Y+e Periodicamente (~qualche mese), vengono raccolti con tecniche radiochimiche i nuclei radioattivi prodotti Y e vengono contati (sfruttando il fatto che sono radioattivi); Esperimenti in TEMPO REALE I neutrini interagiscono producendo particelle secondarie che vengono rivelate immediatamente; Con questa categoria di esperimenti e possibile non solo contare i neutrini che hanno interagito, ma eventualmente misurarne l energia e/o la direzione;

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sha1_base64="faogtjgulefaqgrzvt4gdofiflu=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vd0ibojfccelkwknc6eggssk9gjtgtjpoymm0osecowbnwvny4ucetbupntzlqvvpra4op/zyhn/h4kudyiftgli0vlk6u5tfz6xubwdmfnt6ndwfhwokeivdsnmgkesibhrrbpbirvmatf3yr+a1bpjqpgxszivhpkmhab5wsyywvsn+vxiyutc69xizscxej7smynvovueqlhbdgggaakfiqrxqlrelcwbzkoj51b3ce7cf0liywfbbto5gfjleqpthvla03401iwgdkyhrwayizlqxtc9i4zfv+naqkvsca6fq94mesk0n0redb76t5ejf3mdazcxskdkdysolopbrgajorzhldpfangtcwqqrjdfdiruyqag1rehvb1kfwfmuustnx9wqy58zhy4aacgmoaqqxuwbwogwag4a48gcfw7nw7j86l8zprxxdmm3vgrzlvnxpslqa=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="faogtjgulefaqgrzvt4gdofiflu=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vd0ibojfccelkwknc6eggssk9gjtgtjpoymm0osecowbnwvny4ucetbupntzlqvvpra4op/zyhn/h4kudyiftgli0vlk6u5tfz6xubwdmfnt6ndwfhwokeivdsnmgkesibhrrbpbirvmatf3yr+a1bpjqpgxszivhpkmhab5wsyywvsn+vxiyutc69xizscxej7smynvovueqlhbdgggaakfiqrxqlrelcwbzkoj51b3ce7cf0liywfbbto5gfjleqpthvla03401iwgdkyhrwayizlqxtc9i4zfv+naqkvsca6fq94mesk0n0redb76t5ejf3mdazcxskdkdysolopbrgajorzhldpfangtcwqqrjdfdiruyqag1rehvb1kfwfmuustnx9wqy58zhy4aacgmoaqqxuwbwogwag4a48gcfw7nw7j86l8zprxxdmm3vgrzlvnxpslqa=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="faogtjgulefaqgrzvt4gdofiflu=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vd0ibojfccelkwknc6eggssk9gjtgtjpoymm0osecowbnwvny4ucetbupntzlqvvpra4op/zyhn/h4kudyiftgli0vlk6u5tfz6xubwdmfnt6ndwfhwokeivdsnmgkesibhrrbpbirvmatf3yr+a1bpjqpgxszivhpkmhab5wsyywvsn+vxiyutc69xizscxej7smynvovueqlhbdgggaakfiqrxqlrelcwbzkoj51b3ce7cf0liywfbbto5gfjleqpthvla03401iwgdkyhrwayizlqxtc9i4zfv+naqkvsca6fq94mesk0n0redb76t5ejf3mdazcxskdkdysolopbrgajorzhldpfangtcwqqrjdfdiruyqag1rehvb1kfwfmuustnx9wqy58zhy4aacgmoaqqxuwbwogwag4a48gcfw7nw7j86l8zprxxdmm3vgrzlvnxpslqa=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="faogtjgulefaqgrzvt4gdofiflu=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vd0ibojfccelkwknc6eggssk9gjtgtjpoymm0osecowbnwvny4ucetbupntzlqvvpra4op/zyhn/h4kudyiftgli0vlk6u5tfz6xubwdmfnt6ndwfhwokeivdsnmgkesibhrrbpbirvmatf3yr+a1bpjqpgxszivhpkmhab5wsyywvsn+vxiyutc69xizscxej7smynvovueqlhbdgggaakfiqrxqlrelcwbzkoj51b3ce7cf0liywfbbto5gfjleqpthvla03401iwgdkyhrwayizlqxtc9i4zfv+naqkvsca6fq94mesk0n0redb76t5ejf3mdazcxskdkdysolopbrgajorzhldpfangtcwqqrjdfdiruyqag1rehvb1kfwfmuustnx9wqy58zhy4aacgmoaqqxuwbwogwag4a48gcfw7nw7j86l8zprxxdmm3vgrzlvnxpslqa=</latexit> Esperimenti radiochimici: Homestake Homestake e stato costruito in una miniera d oro in South Dakota (1.5 Km di profondita ); E cominciato all inizio degli anni 60 e ha preso dati ininterrottamente per piu di 30 anni; E essenzialmente una grossa tanica contenente 615 t di C Cl 4 (percloroetilene); Sfrutta la reazione: Si noti che: La reazione ha una soglia, ovvero un energia minima che il ν e deve avere per interagire non tutti i neutrini solari vengono rivelati; Per es. Non e sensibile ai neutrini del pp e + 37 Cl! 37 Ar + e E th = 810 kev cm La reazione e sensibile esclusivamente ai neutrini elettronici (ma teoricamente tutti i neutrini solari sono elettronici!)

16 <latexit sha1_base64="vombj+isnwrsmvbqnn1ag8mem=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vombj+isnwrsmvbqnn1ag8mem=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vombj+isnwrsmvbqnn1ag8mem=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vombj+isnwrsmvbqnn1ag8mem=">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</latexit> ν e e + 37 Cl! 37 Ar + e Homestake L esperimento e estremamente difficile: viene prodotto 1 atomo di 37 Ar ogni due giorni!! E importantissimo tenere sotto controllo le sistematiche (per es. efficienza di raccolta dell Ar) Gli atomi di 37 Ar vengono estratti una volta ogni 1-3 mesi facendo bubbolare He nella tanica Vengono immessi in contatori proporzionali per vedere l elettrone Auger prodotto quando decadono (τ=35 giorni) 37 Ar 37 Ar 37 Ar 37 Ar 37 Ar 37 Ar

17 I risultati di Homestake Homestake trova un flusso di neutrini pari a 0.5 neutrini al giorno contro i ~1.5 neutrini al giorno previsti dal Modello Solare Standard; Il fondo e principalmente dovuto a muoni cosmici residui che producono 37 Ar interagendo con il Cl. Si stima che 1 nucleo di Ar su 6 sia dovuto a questo processo e non a interazione di neutrino; Utilizzando le Solar Neutrino Units (SNU) Φ = (.6 ± 0.) SNU La previsione Φ = (7.9 ±.6) SNU

18 <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="vlxm8uz5fpakhr114dbid0wt9y4=">aaace3icbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wskiizijgm6eohtxuse+ofnkjs1mq5pmknwrytb/coovuhghifs37vwb03ywnogchlovstnbingblz3yksla+srhxxsxubw9s75d9polttvmdxilw7yayjrhideagwdvrjmhasfywvj74rqemdy/vpyws1pukujzklicveuutxxiyajndxvr1acc+7ceafcmjsfkl6muqwxjck1fcqjsfxiretioor71x/vl7mu0lu0afmabjuql0m6kbu8hgjt81lcf0sclwsvqryuw3mya4yor9heya3su4kn6eymj0pirdozkjigz9ybif14nhfcim3gvpmaunt0upgjdjccf4t7xjiiywuko5vavma6ijhrsjsvbgjcfeze0t6ue5xdnldpvxkcrhabddiw8di5q6abvuqnr9iie0st6c56cf+fd+zinfpx8zx/9gfp5awghnke=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="tsdgssh/ygcfi8jtmmkefhruq=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wsk4scyiobuh6mavvlap6jssstntajizkjtcgeyr3pgrblwo4lbc+tdmi609udgcm693jwtxiibcn1vp7c0vlk6vlwvbwxube+ud/eajko0zq0aiui3aky4io1ging7vgzigpbwshoovdbd0wbhql7gmesk8la8zbtalbqlu98swcozertuboa3map6quwgcy79otdjn3ajwd7hg8kyxrlilt1j8clxjurcpqh3it/+fijpipoiiy0/hcglop0ccpyfnjtwylcrraetyqohkpptoymx4ycp9hebapgv4ov7esik0ziwdo5mhmpnelv7ndriil7opv3ectnhpotargckcd4t7xdmkymwjozrbvi6jlyesewbaneforf0jytepbfnvvqv7m6iugahajj5kfzvem3qi4aikjh9ixe0zvz5lw4787hdltgzhb0r84nz/zn6bk</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="tsdgssh/ygcfi8jtmmkefhruq=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wsk4scyiobuh6mavvlap6jssstntajizkjtcgeyr3pgrblwo4lbc+tdmi609udgcm693jwtxiibcn1vp7c0vlk6vlwvbwxube+ud/eajko0zq0aiui3aky4io1ging7vgzigpbwshoovdbd0wbhql7gmesk8la8zbtalbqlu98swcozertuboa3map6quwgcy79otdjn3ajwd7hg8kyxrlilt1j8clxjurcpqh3it/+fijpipoiiy0/hcglop0ccpyfnjtwylcrraetyqohkpptoymx4ycp9hebapgv4ov7esik0ziwdo5mhmpnelv7ndriil7opv3ectnhpotargckcd4t7xdmkymwjozrbvi6jlyesewbaneforf0jytepbfnvvqv7m6iugahajj5kfzvem3qi4aikjh9ixe0zvz5lw4787hdltgzhb0r84nz/zn6bk</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="tsdgssh/ygcfi8jtmmkefhruq=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wsk4scyiobuh6mavvlap6jssstntajizkjtcgeyr3pgrblwo4lbc+tdmi609udgcm693jwtxiibcn1vp7c0vlk6vlwvbwxube+ud/eajko0zq0aiui3aky4io1ging7vgzigpbwshoovdbd0wbhql7gmesk8la8zbtalbqlu98swcozertuboa3map6quwgcy79otdjn3ajwd7hg8kyxrlilt1j8clxjurcpqh3it/+fijpipoiiy0/hcglop0ccpyfnjtwylcrraetyqohkpptoymx4ycp9hebapgv4ov7esik0ziwdo5mhmpnelv7ndriil7opv3ectnhpotargckcd4t7xdmkymwjozrbvi6jlyesewbaneforf0jytepbfnvvqv7m6iugahajj5kfzvem3qi4aikjh9ixe0zvz5lw4787hdltgzhb0r84nz/zn6bk</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="tsdgssh/ygcfi8jtmmkefhruq=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vqks3wsk4scyiobuh6mavvlap6jssstntajizkjtcgeyr3pgrblwo4lbc+tdmi609udgcm693jwtxiibcn1vp7c0vlk6vlwvbwxube+ud/eajko0zq0aiui3aky4io1ging7vgzigpbwshoovdbd0wbhql7gmesk8la8zbtalbqlu98swcozertuboa3map6quwgcy79otdjn3ajwd7hg8kyxrlilt1j8clxjurcpqh3it/+fijpipoiiy0/hcglop0ccpyfnjtwylcrraetyqohkpptoymx4ycp9hebapgv4ov7esik0ziwdo5mhmpnelv7ndriil7opv3ectnhpotargckcd4t7xdmkymwjozrbvi6jlyesewbaneforf0jytepbfnvvqv7m6iugahajj5kfzvem3qi4aikjh9ixe0zvz5lw4787hdltgzhb0r84nz/zn6bk</latexit> Cos e uno SNU (Solar Neutrino Unit)? N= n tgt Eventi/sec neutrini/cm sec cm Numero bersagli N n tgt = 1 SNU = Eventi/sec/tgt;

19 <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="jdoj5vvyllcthjqa/kzkl+6lnk=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="puezdkcecz4xk34e+zqxkt8l+i=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbor3asl4elkpbxblosccc4rat0higtztrqziuki5rh3pgqblwo4ta3cofbmgkrqoibwmf/n0po+bym6ks68nywfxaxlktrbxxnza3tsd3y6mekfom0q8ej0ps8pzsnukku57saa48djteuol3o/euifzfn6osuydaa9d5joclzzcc98osbqjil10uzxkzivvqn0ypp3mnutwbishbdmadxolanrrc6hdllq4smfflnd/tqussgiakccxlh1mxclisfcoczku7kttgziyhtk8xxagvtjq9iinhwhlapxl6hqpo1e8tkq6knase7sz3lb+9xpzl6yfkrzspc+ne0zdmpvitdlue8zjggalkfj9oweqwvsskiywwutq0og7h61l4p3qqzat5+rtubmzjkiadcaioaqi10arxoaxagia78acewlnxbzwal8brrhxbmm/sgr9lvh0cgquwoa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="puezdkcecz4xk34e+zqxkt8l+i=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbor3asl4elkpbxblosccc4rat0higtztrqziuki5rh3pgqblwo4ta3cofbmgkrqoibwmf/n0po+bym6ks68nywfxaxlktrbxxnza3tsd3y6mekfom0q8ej0ps8pzsnukku57saa48djteuol3o/euifzfn6osuydaa9d5joclzzcc98osbqjil10uzxkzivvqn0ypp3mnutwbishbdmadxolanrrc6hdllq4smfflnd/tqussgiakccxlh1mxclisfcoczku7kttgziyhtk8xxagvtjq9iinhwhlapxl6hqpo1e8tkq6knase7sz3lb+9xpzl6yfkrzspc+ne0zdmpvitdlue8zjggalkfj9oweqwvsskiywwutq0og7h61l4p3qqzat5+rtubmzjkiadcaioaqi10arxoaxagia78acewlnxbzwal8brrhxbmm/sgr9lvh0cgquwoa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="puezdkcecz4xk34e+zqxkt8l+i=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbor3asl4elkpbxblosccc4rat0higtztrqziuki5rh3pgqblwo4ta3cofbmgkrqoibwmf/n0po+bym6ks68nywfxaxlktrbxxnza3tsd3y6mekfom0q8ej0ps8pzsnukku57saa48djteuol3o/euifzfn6osuydaa9d5joclzzcc98osbqjil10uzxkzivvqn0ypp3mnutwbishbdmadxolanrrc6hdllq4smfflnd/tqussgiakccxlh1mxclisfcoczku7kttgziyhtk8xxagvtjq9iinhwhlapxl6hqpo1e8tkq6knase7sz3lb+9xpzl6yfkrzspc+ne0zdmpvitdlue8zjggalkfj9oweqwvsskiywwutq0og7h61l4p3qqzat5+rtubmzjkiadcaioaqi10arxoaxagia78acewlnxbzwal8brrhxbmm/sgr9lvh0cgquwoa==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="puezdkcecz4xk34e+zqxkt8l+i=">aaacaxicdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9jbor3asl4elkpbxblosccc4rat0higtztrqziuki5rh3pgqblwo4ta3cofbmgkrqoibwmf/n0po+bym6ks68nywfxaxlktrbxxnza3tsd3y6mekfom0q8ej0ps8pzsnukku57saa48djteuol3o/euifzfn6osuydaa9d5joclzzcc98osbqjil10uzxkzivvqn0ypp3mnutwbishbdmadxolanrrc6hdllq4smfflnd/tqussgiakccxlh1mxclisfcoczku7kttgziyhtk8xxagvtjq9iinhwhlapxl6hqpo1e8tkq6knase7sz3lb+9xpzl6yfkrzspc+ne0zdmpvitdlue8zjggalkfj9oweqwvsskiywwutq0og7h61l4p3qqzat5+rtubmzjkiadcaioaqi10arxoaxagia78acewlnxbzwal8brrhxbmm/sgr9lvh0cgquwoa==</latexit> Esperimenti radiochimici: Gallex/GNO Gallex e stato costruito nei Laboratori sotterranei del Gran Sasso in Abruzzo (~1.5Km di profondita ); Ha preso dati dal 1990 al 004; E essenzialmente una grossa tanica contenente 30 t di Ga sotto forma di GaCl 3 -HCl (100 t); Sfrutta la reazione: Si noti che a differenza di Homestake, Gallex e in grado di rivelare almeno in parte i neutrini del pp e + 71 Ga! 71 Ge + e E th = 33 kev cm La reazione e sensibile esclusivamente ai neutrini elettronici (ma teoricamente tutti i neutrini solari sono elettronici!)

20 <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="/u/v37jc9v+wuu0nfd4tiaqmwly=">aaacg3icdvbnswmxfmz6bfqevqsliigyqaibw8fd3pusk3qxusfwdeyszjwy9h948a948acij8gd/8zsu4kkdgsgmfd4mqliwbvx3q9nanpmdm5+ybgwtlyyulzc3jqkfemgiwskbomqabbjtqmnwiuywu0das0guvjzg/dgni8khdmgimf0r7kpc6osvknwpzcagyqtdzdadv4au0qkynfhuk9wegkhxd5lrmwtx+qfmsuqeu6xjccezi5ci1pfarlkkvk8yykkecz53im9enwbkcnexqrdvejyfumu4ezaqeimgmljroepzkgop10nged6zsxb1iscnhqvfn1iaaj0mazuzjdg/vuz8ysnplf1uy7jxibkk0o9rgat4awo3oukmbfdsyht3p4vswfvlblbz8gw8juu/0+a5qni+flhqv7l61hawgb7skckqiottezaicg7tadeklpzr3z6lw4r5prksffuq/4lx/ahs5occ=</latexit> ν e e + 71 Ga! 71 Ge + e L esperimento e estremamente difficile: viene prodotto meno di 1 atomo di 71 Ge al giorno!! E importantissimo tenere sotto controllo le sistematiche (per es. efficienza di raccolta dell Ge) Gli atomi di 71 Ge (sottoforma di composto volatile GeCl 4 ) vengono estratti una volta al mese facendo bubbolare N nella tanica Vengono immessi in contatori proporzionali per vedere I raggi x prodotti quando decadono (τ=11 giorni) 71 Ge 71 Ge 71 Ge 71 Ge 71 Ge 71 Ge

21 I risultati di Gallex/GNO Gallex trova un flusso di meno di 1 neutrino al giorno ~ la meta del valore atteso; Usando le Solar Neutrino Units Φ=69.3 ± 4.1(stat) ±3.6(sys)SNU Il valore atteso e invece Φ= SNU

22 <latexit sha1_base64="n8lxtymfukmcwptdm38xuipogac=">aaacs3icdzbpsxtbgmzny60/wpuo5cxgbpgnbbsawiccj4tnbeirpd7ornmmrdpzvcks7+ffize/rc89tbqpzm7s0pbgyefz/mom+8tjliy6/spxmnpflzldux5zevxr9zq6xvdeycao5thstyx4tmobqk1zyirejrhafes/dyxgen1+jnijwn+00wv7erkombwfwwf1kscnmxzrklro9yhas4r3g5xugwozglmkd3wctfvnhrvslfqr6dzwyazwcnvd8wptgh9zwz7deusptg4bh395qe7nof+p+vvwizhds7gavgbb3s9ujqud9sv3dbdznejluwtgdam/sbmasu4xfmzpgytxidshfhikvoelnrxqxndoayazduryk9/cbgyummuahm8w3n39nufmvrjva4x4veypjlso+fiysrax5mxcqgjkvk4dmk6f+yvwmdomw1d/zxwc1p4p3q+1aphnxrvo8aijlwyrbbjlglikxyru3jgostw/kffcpfvtvvq/fde5yplrzfnu3yh0rlticrhs=</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="n8lxtymfukmcwptdm38xuipogac=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="n8lxtymfukmcwptdm38xuipogac=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="n8lxtymfukmcwptdm38xuipogac=">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</latexit> Valutazione di eventuali sistematiche Per valutare l efficienza di raccolta del Ge E stata iniettata una quantita nota di 71 As; 71 As decade in 71 Ge; E stato possibile fare questo test solo alla fine per non contaminare il rivelatore con As; RISULTATO: efficienza=(100±1)% Per valutare l efficienza globale alla rivelazione di ν E stata inserita una sorgente di 51 Cr (attivita > 60PBq) La sorgente produce neutrini elettronici di energia < 1 MeV tramite il decadimento 51 Cr + e! 51 V+ e E = 750 kev (90%) E = 430 kev (10%) RISULTATO: efficienza= 95 ± 8% Ne segue che il deficit di neutrini osservato e REALE non e dovuto a problemi sperimentali

23 Riassumendo Gli esperimenti radiochimici (Homestake, Gallex/GNO, Sage) hanno fornito la prima misura del flusso di neutrini proveniente dal sole; Homestake e sensibile a tutte le sorgenti di neutrino a parte pp e vede circa 1/3 del flusso atteso; Gallex/GNO e Sage sono sensibili a tutte le sorgenti di neutrino incluso il pp e vedono circa 1/ del flusso atteso; La tecnica radiochimica impiegata da questi esperimenti NON consente di avere un indicazione sull energia e sulla direzione dei neutrini; rende inoltre difficile valutare eventuali variazioni stagionali e/o giorno/notte del flusso. Questi esperimenti hanno permesso in ogni caso di evidenziare il cosiddetto PROBLEMA DEL NEUTRINO SOLARE

24 Esperimenti in tempo reale: Kamiokande. Costruito nella miniera di Kamioka (in Giappone); Scopo originario e quello di studiare la vita media del protone (1984); Fisica dei neutrini solari dal 1988 al 1995; E costituito da una grande tanica contenente 000 tonnellate di H 0; 1000 tubi fotomoltiplicatori;

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sha1_base64="49x+r9ff8sotznrjz0l46jynraw=">aaacd3icdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vv6crbfhzakftvucm5cvrax6lqlk6ztadizjbmxdh0dn76kgxekuhxrzrcx01zq0qobj/8/h5zze6hgid04swslivrkbw0usbm1vbmz3dug4irvmnbijqty9ojrjpaoybwzqhykr6gjw80uxin6y0jzwr804zg1jbj7vc0qmlbqzi1csm1qydjufsajdeoyquiuydeltwtnepagyk590m1muqwhhjgecuhioljtlptwuqzxytrjgxtvu5t3tbtsszdduek1bgiwmhrnlobvsknyjzujcrtawhz9iplux9n7jvdqkj3yd5r9voft9ftetktwy+nzzmr7/dtlxl+8vmt6pxbm/tayzkezj/qrgcaastiwxxwjrowtekq43rxsivgeghthobwdsn8h+r5hlz8vchwyvm4umafhibjgeervmalqiiaooaopian8ozco4/oi/m6a11w5jn74ec5b58fxzwh</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="49x+r9ff8sotznrjz0l46jynraw=">aaacd3icdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vv6crbfhzakftvucm5cvrax6lqlk6ztadizjbmxdh0dn76kgxekuhxrzrcx01zq0qobj/8/h5zze6hgid04swslivrkbw0usbm1vbmz3dug4irvmnbijqty9ojrjpaoybwzqhykr6gjw80uxin6y0jzwr804zg1jbj7vc0qmlbqzi1csm1qydjufsajdeoyquiuydeltwtnepagyk590m1muqwhhjgecuhioljtlptwuqzxytrjgxtvu5t3tbtsszdduek1bgiwmhrnlobvsknyjzujcrtawhz9iplux9n7jvdqkj3yd5r9voft9ftetktwy+nzzmr7/dtlxl+8vmt6pxbm/tayzkezj/qrgcaastiwxxwjrowtekq43rxsivgeghthobwdsn8h+r5hlz8vchwyvm4umafhibjgeervmalqiiaooaopian8ozco4/oi/m6a11w5jn74ec5b58fxzwh</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="49x+r9ff8sotznrjz0l46jynraw=">aaacd3icdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vv6crbfhzakftvucm5cvrax6lqlk6ztadizjbmxdh0dn76kgxekuhxrzrcx01zq0qobj/8/h5zze6hgid04swslivrkbw0usbm1vbmz3dug4irvmnbijqty9ojrjpaoybwzqhykr6gjw80uxin6y0jzwr804zg1jbj7vc0qmlbqzi1csm1qydjufsajdeoyquiuydeltwtnepagyk590m1muqwhhjgecuhioljtlptwuqzxytrjgxtvu5t3tbtsszdduek1bgiwmhrnlobvsknyjzujcrtawhz9iplux9n7jvdqkj3yd5r9voft9ftetktwy+nzzmr7/dtlxl+8vmt6pxbm/tayzkezj/qrgcaastiwxxwjrowtekq43rxsivgeghthobwdsn8h+r5hlz8vchwyvm4umafhibjgeervmalqiiaooaopian8ozco4/oi/m6a11w5jn74ec5b58fxzwh</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="49x+r9ff8sotznrjz0l46jynraw=">aaacd3icdzdlsgmxfiyzxmu9vv6crbfhzakftvucm5cvrax6lqlk6ztadizjbmxdh0dn76kgxekuhxrzrcx01zq0qobj/8/h5zze6hgid04swslivrkbw0usbm1vbmz3dug4irvmnbijqty9ojrjpaoybwzqhykr6gjw80uxin6y0jzwr804zg1jbj7vc0qmlbqzi1csm1qydjufsajdeoyquiuydeltwtnepagyk590m1muqwhhjgecuhioljtlptwuqzxytrjgxtvu5t3tbtsszdduek1bgiwmhrnlobvsknyjzujcrtawhz9iplux9n7jvdqkj3yd5r9voft9ftetktwy+nzzmr7/dtlxl+8vmt6pxbm/tayzkezj/qrgcaastiwxxwjrowtekq43rxsivgeghthobwdsn8h+r5hlz8vchwyvm4umafhibjgeervmalqiiaooaopian8ozco4/oi/m6a11w5jn74ec5b58fxzwh</latexit> Esperimenti in tempo reale: Kamiokande. Sfrutta la reazione: x +e! x +e E 10 MeV cm In questo caso la reazione non ha un energia minima di soglia MA La necessita di ridurre il fondo radioattivo impone una soglia di ~7.5 MeV; Kamiokande e sensibile solo ai ν da 8 B; Inoltre a differenza degli esperimenti radiochimici, e sensibile a tutti i sapori di neutrino anche se con sezioni d urto diverse

26 e SuperKamiokande E una versione gigante di Kamiokande; Cilindro di h=41m; d=40m Vtot=50000 tonnellate; tubi fotomoltiplicatori; Ha cominciato a prendere dati nel 1996; Come Kamiokande e sensibile solo ai neutrini di alta energia ( 8 B); Sono in realta riusciti ad abbassare la soglia da 7.5 a 5 MeV;

27 Istallazione dei fototubi (PMT) in SuperK: I fototubi venivano istallati con l uso di un battello, man mano che il rivelatore veniva riempito d acqua si rendevano accessibili diverse zone del rivelatore. Fototubo; Ø=50cm

28

29 Come funzionano Kamiokande e SuperKamiokande? ν x L elettrone emesso dalla reazione di scattering emette luce Cerenkov nell acqua (per energie >50keV); Questa luce viene rivelata dai tubi fotomoltiplicatori montati sulle parete della tanica; La caratteristica forma a cono della luce Cerenkov permette di individuare la traiettoria dell elettrone; A sua volta la traiettoria dell elettrone e fortemente correlata (per E> qualche MeV) con la direzione del neutrino incidente; x +e! x +e <latexit sha1_base64="c7ccngnlshoicx+rfxveae8l+gg=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vuzdugkuqpgvgbf0w3lisyb/qgydmmmldk8yqznqy9cvc+ctuxcjivtz5nbawwjrgcdhnhu5osdmgfxacb6t0tlyyupaebysbm1vwpv7rvvnepmwjhmseygsbfgbwlpqhnpjpighjlscuexud+5i1lrwnzocuj8jgacrhqjbatarnkc6ahkmsfs4ageknsa9cqdddwsmr6hhqxzfvij7kptd6aai8qtsbuuaabl9epccqj0jghpxqukg/q1jtzmik4qwkjaip0id0dbwie+vn01gtegsupoxiaz7qckr+3sgqvrmqzozh1dzxi7+5/vshv34grvjqonas0nryqcoyd4r7fnjsgzjqxcw1pwv4igscgvtzf6cox95kbrp667h1fvhlpuuqyh4bacaxecgwa4ak3qahg8gmfwct6sj+vferc+zqmlq9jzb39gff4aphoecq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c7ccngnlshoicx+rfxveae8l+gg=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vuzdugkuqpgvgbf0w3lisyb/qgydmmmldk8yqznqy9cvc+ctuxcjivtz5nbawwjrgcdhnhu5osdmgfxacb6t0tlyyupaebysbm1vwpv7rvvnepmwjhmseygsbfgbwlpqhnpjpighjlscuexud+5i1lrwnzocuj8jgacrhqjbatarnkc6ahkmsfs4ageknsa9cqdddwsmr6hhqxzfvij7kptd6aai8qtsbuuaabl9epccqj0jghpxqukg/q1jtzmik4qwkjaip0id0dbwie+vn01gtegsupoxiaz7qckr+3sgqvrmqzozh1dzxi7+5/vshv34grvjqonas0nryqcoyd4r7fnjsgzjqxcw1pwv4igscgvtzf6cox95kbrp667h1fvhlpuuqyh4bacaxecgwa4ak3qahg8gmfwct6sj+vferc+zqmlq9jzb39gff4aphoecq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c7ccngnlshoicx+rfxveae8l+gg=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vuzdugkuqpgvgbf0w3lisyb/qgydmmmldk8yqznqy9cvc+ctuxcjivtz5nbawwjrgcdhnhu5osdmgfxacb6t0tlyyupaebysbm1vwpv7rvvnepmwjhmseygsbfgbwlpqhnpjpighjlscuexud+5i1lrwnzocuj8jgacrhqjbatarnkc6ahkmsfs4ageknsa9cqdddwsmr6hhqxzfvij7kptd6aai8qtsbuuaabl9epccqj0jghpxqukg/q1jtzmik4qwkjaip0id0dbwie+vn01gtegsupoxiaz7qckr+3sgqvrmqzozh1dzxi7+5/vshv34grvjqonas0nryqcoyd4r7fnjsgzjqxcw1pwv4igscgvtzf6cox95kbrp667h1fvhlpuuqyh4bacaxecgwa4ak3qahg8gmfwct6sj+vferc+zqmlq9jzb39gff4aphoecq==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="c7ccngnlshoicx+rfxveae8l+gg=">aaacfnicbvdlsgmxfm3uv6vuzdugkuqpgvgbf0w3lisyb/qgydmmmldk8yqznqy9cvc+ctuxcjivtz5nbawwjrgcdhnhu5osdmgfxacb6t0tlyyupaebysbm1vwpv7rvvnepmwjhmseygsbfgbwlpqhnpjpighjlscuexud+5i1lrwnzocuj8jgacrhqjbatarnkc6ahkmsfs4ageknsa9cqdddwsmr6hhqxzfvij7kptd6aai8qtsbuuaabl9epccqj0jghpxqukg/q1jtzmik4qwkjaip0id0dbwie+vn01gtegsupoxiaz7qckr+3sgqvrmqzozh1dzxi7+5/vshv34grvjqonas0nryqcoyd4r7fnjsgzjqxcw1pwv4igscgvtzf6cox95kbrp667h1fvhlpuuqyh4bacaxecgwa4ak3qahg8gmfwct6sj+vferc+zqmlq9jzb39gff4aphoecq==</latexit> SuperKamiokande θ

30 Esempio di evento di neutrino solare registrato in SuperK (1 Marzo 1998) La scala di colori indica il tempo

31 Risultati di Superkamiokande SuperK e in grado di: Contare il numero di neutrini solari della sorgente 8 B; Misurare l energia dell elettrone uscente; Misurare la direzione dell elettrone uscente; Valutare variazioni temporali del segnale di neutrino; Vede circa 15 neutrini al giorno; Corrispondenti a Φ=.35±0.0(stat) ±0.08(sys)x10 6 cm - s -1 Risoluzione in Energia: 14% (@ 10MeV) E circa la meta del flusso previsto! Spettro compatibile con la forma attesa

32 <latexit sha1_base64="ejju/fqsp4p5tdl7/on1hmuuay=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ejju/fqsp4p5tdl7/on1hmuuay=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ejju/fqsp4p5tdl7/on1hmuuay=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="ejju/fqsp4p5tdl7/on1hmuuay=">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</latexit> Misura delle variazioni stagionali del flusso di neutrini solari dovute all eccentricita dell orbita terrestre L(t) = L 0 1 cos t T Settembre t=3/4t L 0 = 1 a.u. T=1 anno E= Dicembre t=0 Giugno t=t/ Marzo t=t/4

33 Riassumendo: il problema del neutrino solare Homestake SuperK Gallex I 3 problemi del neutrino solare 1) Tutti gli esperimenti vedono un flusso significativamente inferiore a quello previsto (1/ o 1/3); ) I risultati di SuperK e Homestake sono inconsistenti fra di loro; 3) Gallex misura un flusso consistente con la sola sorgente pp (e quella prevista con maggiore precisione in quanto direttamente legata alla luminosita solare): non c e spazio per gli altri tipi di neutrino;