Luciano Marisaldi Paesaggi della storia

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1 Luc Msld Psgg dll st Dll pst Rm pubblc 1 c st Cttdz Csttuz

2 Luc Msld Psgg dll st Dll pst Rm pubblc 1 Su qust st c s scz tttv fl.pdf. lcu ctut s ccssbl tutt, lt s svt. SE VUOI CCEDERE I CONTENUTI ONLINE RISERVTI Studt S s gstt: 1. V su slz Pcd c l gstz. 2. Sgu t pssgg p gstt cm studt. T và u -ml: clcc sul lk p cmplt l gstz. S s gstt*: L ccss è gtut. 1. Cc l tu chv d ttvz stmpt vtcl sul bll gtt qust pg sscl l cmp ttvz uv p ll tu psl su 2. V ll sz L m pplcz clcc sull pplcz dl lb. Isgt S s gstt: 1. V su slz Pcd c l gstz. 2. Sgu t pssgg p gstt cm dct. T và u -ml: clcc sul lk p cmplt l gstz. S s gstt*: 1. V su 2. Nll sz L m pplcz dll tu psl clcc sull pplcz dl lb. D p pt t ll pttt ( ) dl st dl lb c l tu dzz -ml l psswd. * L gstz su è uc p tutt l p dl ctlg. S t s gà gstt, p ccd ll ss d lt vlum cc gsts d uv. P mgg fmz: scul.zchll.t/ttvz

3 Cpyght 2011 Zchll dt S.p.., Blg [6272] I dtt d lbz qulss fm p, d mmzzz ch dgtl su suppt d qulss tp (clus mgtc ttc), d pduz d dttmt ttl pzl c qulss mzz (cmps mcflm l cp ftsttch), dtt d lgg, d pstt d tduz s svt p tutt ps. L cqust dll pst cp dll p mplc l tsfmt d suddtt dtt é l susc. L ftcp p us psl (cè pvt dvdul, c sclus qud d stumt d us cllttv) pss ss ffttut, lmt dl 15% d cscu vlum, dt pgmt ll S.I..E dl cmps pvst dll t. 68, cmm 4 5, dll lgg 22 pl Tl ftcp pss ss ffttut gl scz cmmcl cvzt S.I..E. c lt mdltà dct d S.I..E. P l pduz d us psl (d smp: pfssl, cmc, cmmcl, stumt d stud cllttv, cm dsps sml) l dt ptà ccd pgmt l utzzz pdu u um d pg sup l 15% dll pg dl pst vlum. L chst p tl tp d pduz v ltt sscz Itl p Dtt d Rpduz dll Op dll gg (IDRO) Cs d Pt Rm, Ml -ml sgt@d.g st wb L dt, p qut d pp spttz, csd l p fu dl pp ctlg dtl, csultbl l st L ftcp d sl smpl sstt ll bbltch d tl p è cstt, lt l lmt dl 15%, ssd cczl ll p. N pss csds l p d cu sst, l ctlg dll dt, u succssv dz, l p pst ctlgh d lt dt l p tlgch. N cttt d css è sclus, p bbltch, sttut d stuz, mus d chv, l fcltà d cu ll t t lgg dtt d ut. Mgg fmz sul st st: Rlzzz dtl: Rdz: T Pgtt gfc mpgz: D Z, Stud Idc, Ml Dsg: Mc Mll Ct: Bd Mucc Rcc Icgfc: Cstz Pst Ctbut: Rlttu ctc dl tst stsu dl pgf 12.2: Cstz Pst Rlttu ctc dl cptl 4: M P Cstt Cpt: Pgtt gfc: Mgul Sl & C., Blg Rlzzz: Rbt Mchtt Immg d cpt: ffsc pvt d T, t, Mus chlgc Nzl. Ft Scl, Fz Pm dz: g 2011 L mpg mt vt l ctut d qust vlum p u ququ (t. 5 lgg. 169/2008) è cmuct l ctlg Zchll, dspbl ch l sul st ss dl DM 41 dll 8 pl 2009, ll. 1/B. Fl p dvsmt bl L dt mtt dspsz dgl studt vdt, pvdt, dsbl mt c dstub spcfc d ppdmt fl pdf cu s mmzzt l pg d qust lb. Il fmt dl fl pmtt l gdmt d ctt dl tst l lttu mdt sftw sc d. L fmz su cm tt fl s sul st Suggmt sglz dgl Rlzz u lb è u pz cmplss, ch chd ums ctll: sul tst, sull mmg sull lz ch s stblsc t ss. L spz suggsc ch è ptcmt mpssbl pubblc u lb pv d. Sm qud gt ltt ch v sglcl. P sglz suggmt ltv qust lb scv l sgut dzz: dvsz@zchll.t L cz d vtul pst l tst s pubblct ll sz t cg dl st dll p ( Zchll dt S.p.. p c sstm qultà ctfct CtCGf. 477 scd l m UNI EN ISO 9001:2008 Ftcmpsz: Ftll Sl

4 Luc Msld Psgg dll st Dll pst Rm pubblc 1

5 Cptl/Pgf Tstm Qust/Gst Ec-st Ol p Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz (c tvl d tlt) p Ps l tmp dll st p Tcc, dz, dcumt p Gl spz dll st tc Sct vst d du mmt Ötz, l um dl Smlu Cm du l p dl Tv? 10 scz tttv p. 14 Gl z dll st l pm cvltà p Ntu cultu: l tpp dll pst p I du tmp dl pplmt dll T p mbt tmp dll pst p Ccct ccgltc dl Plltc sup p L gd tsfmz dl Nltc Impt ch cct u st Dpt dll gtt Csqu L cclt dl ml L pttu upst Tssl gl ut U mssc ltc p. 22 L mmg d Ndtl p. 35 L scl dll sctà Glcz dffus d Hm sps L gd stz U cmbmt vsbl Il fut dl fuc 10 scz tttv p L pm cvltà dll Msptm p L cttà l scttu p L pm fmz sttl p L tc mp bbls L ubzzz d Uuk L tmb l d U Gl chv d Ebl Il cdc d Hmmub Il pm d Glgmsh p. 43 L scttu, tcc pt I pblm dll gcltu tsv 10 scz tttv p L Egtt d f p L g dll cvltà gz p I t Rg dll Egtt tc p Rlg sctà dll tc Egtt L fdz d Mf L stl d Rstt l dcfz d gglf c U ltt dll chv d Tll l-m Ppgd g ltà dl lv Il gudz d Osd l scb dl cu p Il Vc Ot l Eg l II mll.c. p. 72 L mch dv l tcz Il Fyyum su lgh L st d Suh L st d mst 10 scz tttv p Nuv sc: l cvll l f p Cts Mc p l mg dgl mp Stgf httt L lggd d Mss l Lbt Gl ffsch d T p. 81 Gl Idup p. 91 Qul sctà cct pm mc? 10 scz tttv p I Fc l Mdt p Il ppl d Isl p ss Bbls: gl ultm mp msptmc Il scfg dl hm L Tvl dll Lgg Il sps d u stlg d ct p. 104 L Bbb t fd, st cultu Esplt fc sud dll Equt L cmpg d Tgltpls I 10 scz tttv p. 112 Lbt p l cmptz 1. Itptz d u gf c: l pplmt dll t 2. Cft d dcumt: l mt dl Dluv uvsl 3. ls d dcumt: l bttgl d Qdsh ll ppgd gz 4. Ch cs vd l chlg: l plzz d Css p. 116 Il md l tmp d Rmss II Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

6 Cptl/Pgf Tstm Qust/Gst Ec-st Ol p. 118 Il md gc p L Gc dll cttà p Fmz dl md gc p L gd clzzz p L gzzz dll pls p L dttà cmu dgl Ell Ts l scsm dll ttc L fdz d C L «pubblctà» dll pls ll mt L stl d vt dgl àst L lc l sctà dll pls p. 130 Cl, clzzz, cllsm U dff cl ppt f um mbt 10 scz tttv p I sstm d gv d Spt t p Spt l Plps p Lgslt t d t p L csttuz dmctc d t Gl Sptt cmbttmt L kypté Elg d Sl p. 155 L dmcz ts l dmcz md 10 scz tttv p L pls ct l mp ps p L mp uvsl d Ps p L gu ps L cdut d Mlt L pltc vl d Tmstcl L clmt ps L gu ps ll tgd d Eschl p.163 Cscz ggf c pt pltc Cs pg d C 10 scz tttv p t l tà clssc dll Gc p Gl z dll mp ts p L tà d Pcl p L tà clssc: ctltà dll ss um dl pst Il tmt d Spt l vlt dgl Ilt L dmcz l mss d t scd Pcl I lv pubblc d Pcl U d st d t p. 183 L dmcz mpl Fltt fst 10 scz tttv p Cfltt cs dll pls p L gu dl Plps p Fzmt pltc cs dll pls l IV scl.c. p Sctà cultu f V IV scl.c. L g dl pù ft L f d t L tmb l mcd Il pm d Tucdd p. 208 Ch cs c è m? Il cs dll Mcd p lssd Mg l sps dl md gc 10 scz tttv p L mp uvsl d lssd Mg p L cvltà d p I gd stt ttl p L cvltà llstc lssd ll s d Sw L vgtz dl dst Il ms d sk Pgm, l lt l cttà chmd l tcc p. 229 L s ctl d lssd Mg l «Gd Gc» L dcdz dll cvltà dll Id 10 scz tttv p. 238 Lbt p l cmptz 1. Itptz cft d gf c: l umt d pplz Gc 2. Lttu: put d vst sull pls 3. Imp mp: l spt lmpc gg 4. Sp gmt: Twtt l gà, dbttt sull dmcz tc md 5. Itpt u mmg: tc md ll bbltc d lssd p. 244 Il md l tmp d Sl Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

7 Cptl/Pgf Tstm Qust/Gst Ec-st Ol p. 246 L Itl tc l pdm d Rm p L Itl dll pst ll st p Cultu dll tà dl Bz p Il msc-itl p L Itl pm I bztt sd L bbd dll tm 10 scz tttv p Gc, Ctgs, Clt p Gl Etusch p Cultu cvltà dgl Etusch U bttgl vl l M dtc Gl Etusch dmt dl m p. 270 L g dgl Etusch Il psgg dll m 10 scz tttv p Rm d mch pubblc p L tc Lz l g d Rm p Rm dvt u cttà-stt p L sctà d Rm cc E l Lz Il pm tttt f Rm Ctg U mmgt dà g ll gs Clud Il tmp d Gv l «td Cptl» p L cqust m l gzzz dll Itl Bsch, tt plud f cll d Rm 10 scz tttv p L pubblc f V VI scl.c.: gu cfltt scl p Il gv dll pubblc p L cqust dll Itl mdl p L mcch d gu m p L gzzz d u stt sps L lgg dll XII Tvl Sg dl pt d mgstt m L cm dl tf Gl z dll cm mt p. 306 L gu «gust» Psgg d Rm f st lggd L gu pvt d Fb 10 scz tttv p. 312 Lbt p l cmptz 1. Imp mp: u vst vtul Tqu 2. Cmucz l bs u tcc 3. Itptz d u pgf 4. Lttu: Cvltà cft. Etusch, Gc, Rm 5. Lttu: L cltl Rm. L p d du stc p. 316 Il md l tmp d P Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

8 Cptl/Pgf Tstm Qust/Gst Ec-st Ol p. 318 Rm: l supptz mdt p L sct c Ctg p Ctg, dmtc dl m p L pm gu puc uv tss d Rm p L gu blc L pgf d G Dul l v d Msl I ppt d fz ll z dll scd gu puc Qust mt cct u st? p. 323 Gudz pgudz. I Ctgs vst dgl «lt» L cchzz dl tt d Ctg 10 scz tttv p L mp mdt d Rm p L gm sul md llstc p Dll gm l dm sul Mdt p L sctà m l tmp dll cqust p L fluz dll cultu gc Eml Pl Dlf Il pstg d Rm vst d lt L tmb dgl Scp p.347. Sctà schvstch L tsfmz dll Pu pd Cltu spclzzt mms pscl Stcsult d Bcchlbus 10 scz tttv p L cs dll pubblc stctc p L dstbuz dll t pubblch p Tttv d fm scl: Gcch p G M l fm dll sct p U qust sps: l cttdz gl Itlc p L sct ll ltt p l pt Tb Gcc l ppl Cl l f gl G M hm vus U d d Itl p. 363 Cttd sldt p I sg dll gu l f dll pubblc L gzzz dl tt gcl I tcc dll ctuz L cttdz dl pt ch L ppgd d Mtdt 10 scz tttv p L pubblc m gl p Gul Cs cqust l pt p L dtttu d Cs l Id d mz p Gl ultm sussult dll pubblc p Sctà cultu ll ultm scl dll pubblc Ncsstà dll gu Mtdt L sctà d Gll l cct d Cs L cm dl tf Immg d Cs Clpt Rm Vc d d p. 388 M stum, u d mpl U d cggs ll gu cvl 10 scz tttv p. 394 Lbt p l cmptz 1. Itptz d u tbll dmgf c 2. U dscuss dl II scl.c. 3. ls d u dcumt 4. Lttu 5. Imp mp: u dss sull mmg d Cs l tmp p. 398 Il md l tmp d Cs p. 400 Idc dll vc d glss Idc d m dgl gmt Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

9 Cm è ftt l lb ptu d sz Og sz s p c u gd dsg ch tduc md dscttv l tm pcpl. ptu dl cptl, Ecst Og cptl s p c u gd mmg c u sszl l dl tmp ltv l pd tttt l cptl. Lug l tst tlvlt s tv l pgf Ecst, ch ttt tm lgt ll mbt. Qust, Cctt sszl, Escz Nll schd Qust s ttt gmt stc lvt p l ttultà. Il cptl s chud c Cctt sszl, ch ssum tm pcpl tttt c Escz ch gud l tmp, l spz, l pl. Gst, Tstm L schd Gst fft mc-tm lgt l tt. I Tstm s ft stch, sctt cgf ch. Lbt p l cmptz L sz s chud c sctz ch svlupp v cmptz. Mpp Il md l tmp d S gd ct ggf ch dl md, ch chud g sz pst l pcpl cvltà l pd tttt. Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

10 Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz 1. L cqu cf dl md Rff guz d Oc u msc m dl II scl d.c. N cct tdzl ch fm l mtlg gc, Oc u tt, u ss d svum ptz f gl d U (l Cl) d G (l T); l psf cz dll cqu ch s psv ccdss l t cscut btt. I qust mss scf t d cqu s tvv l sgt d gd f um dl md: l Nl l cu dll fc, l Dub ttvs l Eup, l D ch scv gl spz mms dll stpp ustc, l Id gl stm cf dl md cultul gc-m. TUNISI, MUSEO DEL BRDO C..C. / d.c. Pst cp. 2 Plltc Nltc Bbls cp. 3 ss cp. 3 Ps cp. 9 Sum cp. 3 Mc cp. 5 Egz cp. 4 Mc cp. 5 Httt cp. 5 Cvltà gc cc cpp. 7-8 Cvltà g dll Id cp. 12 Cvltà gc clssc d llstc cpp Eb cp. 6 Fc cp. 6 IItl Rm mchc pubblc cpp Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

11 1. Ps l tmp dll st Rfltt sul mtd d stud U stc suggsc u put d vst ptcl p spmt l tmp dll st. Ptt pv qulch vlt f l stss «spmt» p cllc ftt psgg ll cctzz dl l tmp. «H smp tvt mlt dff cl ff l msu dl tmp ll st sctt md cvzl. L ut d qulss st cmpdt mll pù td slt c fcltà pd d tmp cu è ccdut ull d tvl; qust m h smp tubt. Qud l stc scv ccdtlmt cqut dp, dv fmm f l ct ch, s l pgf pcdt vv vt, dv v sttt, s vv cqut dv ss mt». D G. BIBBY, 4000 NNI F, EINUDI, TORINO 1966, P. XIII Pl p cp Il scl ( lt sculum) p Rm u pd d ct, csdt cm l dut mssm dll vt um. Rm, pbblmt dl 348.C., l z d g sculum clbt c sl fst, dtt lud sculs (gch scl). Du smp Qust smplc fs s fsc u psst mlt lt, m ut fltt sul md cu c cftm c l st. 1. Sct cqu d t l 470/469.C. mì, cdt ll p cptl, l 399.C. 2. Il csddtt «um dl Smlu», l cu mumm fu tvt l 1991 u ghcc dll lt dg, mì cc qutcqu d tà u mmt cmps f l 3350 l 3100.C. Nll stud dll st tc, spss cptà d ttt pch pg tmp lughssm, scl ddttu mll. È fcl ch tutt smb schcct dll pspttv, cm qud s ssv pm mms lt. Il sch s può vt, pt, ccd d f pg c l dut dll vt dgl ss um. Psm, p smp, u pd d ct, u scl. U scl f ptv ss bmb gt d vst ptst v stt qulcs d qul md d pt mc d fmgl, ddttu v cs qulch ggtt ch sl qu tmp lt. Il tmp d Sct D Sct (u flsf ch ctm l cp. 11) sppm mlt, gz gl sctt d su dscpl dgl stc tch. Cscm l su ps mlt ptcl dll su vt, ch s vss qus 2500 f lscò ull d sctt. I ptcl, sppm ch vv sttt qud mì. Qut cs và vst Sct, dut l su vt? Vd l su cttà, t, dvt cc ptt fu tstm dl su dcl dp u lug gu pdut, ll qul gl stss cmbtté. Cbb um pltc, tst pst ch h fluzt l md d ps ccdtl md. I u pd d sp ltt pltch, fu f cdt mt c l ccus d cmp gv p l su sgmt ch mttv dscuss l sp tdzl. Sct psv pbblmt, cm sttt d gg, ch mlt cs cmbt l cs dll su vt, mlt vvmt mptt ccdut. Sct vst d du mmt. Bust d Sct, IV scl.c. È l ttt pù tc dl flsf gut f, lzzt fs vt dp l mt. NPOLI, MUSEO NZIONLE Tstm Sct vst d du mmt F l umvl tstmz sctt su Sct pstm du. Etmb s stt sctt d dscpl dl flsf. Il pm b è u cd psl d Sft. Nl scd b l flsf Plt pt u dscs d lcbd, u psgg l dll t dll pc, ch vv cmbttut sm Sct. D Sct sst ch tstmz fgutv. [Fg. ] Sft, Mmbl d Sct, I, 1 Egl dv smp t l gt: l mtt pssgg gs, ll pù fqutt sull pzz; plv mlt, chuqu vlss ptv scltl. [ ] Rgv dll cs um, studd ch cs s ptà, ch cs mptà, ch cs st, ch cs vggs, ch cs gust, ch cs gust, ch cs l Stt, ch cs l um pltc, ch cs l t d gv. Rtv vtus st gl um cspvl d qust qust m d sv gl lt. TRD. F. CRI, IN GRNDE NTOLOGI FILOSOFIC, MRZORTI, MILNO Plt, Smps, C tvmm sm ll bttgl d Ptd, là vm cmpg d ms. Pm d tutt, ll ftch sup sl m, m ch tutt gl lt. Qud, std slt d qulch pt, cm vv gu, vm csttt m sz cb, gl lt, l sst ll fm, vlv ull su cft. [ ] Nll su sstz, p, fdd dll v ch là s tbl, fc cs mbl. TRD. G. RELE, IN TUTTE LE OPERE DI PLTONE, BOMPINI, MILNO 2 Itduz Cptl 1. Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

12 . Rcstuz dll um dl Smlu c l su bbglmt. B. sc d m c mpugtu d lg lcc pll. U tl ch bb gg pù d sttt è t l tmp dll scd gu mdl ( ), è stt bmb dut l cstuz dl dpgu h vssut l gvzz u pd d ps cmc. H vst l Itl tsfms d ps pvltmt gcl ps dustl. E u gzz qud (l 1957) l Cmutà up muvv pm pss, ssst qud l u ps (l 2002) l pst dll vcch mt, l l. L su fz è tscs sz l tlvs ( Itl, l tsmss TV z l 1954); vv cqut qud l cmput cmcv dffds ll cs dgl tl. Cm Sct, ch u sttt d gg h vst mlt cmbmt l su md. Il tmp dll um dl Smlu Dl pv Ötz (csì è stt ffttusmt spmt) sppm mlt cs, ch s su tmp Eup l scttu c. Mì mt ttvsv u lt vlc d mtg. Il su bbglmt gl ttzz tvt cct l cp s stt studt c tcch mdssm gl chlg h cstut l su sptt fsc, l stt d slut, l dt, l mbt cu s muvv, l cscz tcch d cu dspv. D su st è stt pssbl cstu md lstc l sptt d u dvdu d lt 5000 f. Dut l su vt và vst l md cmb? Pbblmt, pché ll pst tmp dl cmbmt ltssm, l pplz mlt scs l vz tcch ss. Pò f su ttzz c u ggtt pzsssm, p l pc, «ll vgud»: u sc c l lm d m. Duqu Ötz cscv l pgss, ch s vvv u lug slt dffcl. Ötz, l um dl Smlu Tstm Ötz, l um dl Smlu Nl sttmb 1991 u cpp d scusst tdsch v, pss u lt vlc dll lp Vst ( lgu tdsc Ötztl lp, d cu l spm Ötz), sul ghcc dl Smlu l cf f Itl ust, l cp mummfct d u um, ud p mtà glbt l ghcc. Fu vdt b pst ch s tttv d u pt mlt tc. Nll mmdt vcz, ftt, fu tvt pt dl vst dll ttzztu ch qull um ptv c sé. F gl ttzz spccv l lm m d u sc, u lug c, u pugl d pt lvgt, lcu sch p ccd l fuc. I st dl vst dcumt ch qull um b ttzzt p fft l fdd dll mtg: clztu ctcc d btull, gmbl d pll, u gubb ch ss d pll, u mtll ftt d gmc c tcct, u cpcp d pllcc d s. [Fgg. -B] L um dl Smlu è csvt Blz, l Mus chlgc, u tc d cstll -6 C d tmptu c u umdtà dl 98%. P stud Ötz l su ttzztu s stt mpgt tutt l tclg pù vzt. L dtz l dcb pmtt d ffm ch mì tt l 3300.C., fs p stchzz ft d u fcc, dut u utu bbstz cld scc. Il vt dv v dsscct l cp pm ch vss smms dl ghcc. N scl l spss dl ghcc è cmbt mlt vlt; p ftu l mvmt ghcc h smmbt l cp, ch dgt u pccl cc dl t. l mmt dll mt Ötz vv 45-50, lt 1,60 mt. Il su DN l cllg c l ttul pplz dl Nd Eup. ccut stud su dt sull dt d Ötz h ptt cclud ch gl vv psst l vt u gg d 60 km dl lug dl tvmt. Il cc stumt ch ptv c sé f ps ch gl fss u dvdu ch gdv d pstg ll su cmutà. L um dl Smlu pbblmt u pst, u vllg; l su tvmt è mptt ch p dcumt l ptz d cmutà um ll lp dut l pst. Il lug dl tvmt è ptclmt sgfctv, pché c gg sst, su qu vlch glcl, l tdz dll tsumz f du vst dll lp Vst. Vdd l mmg d u ggg ch ttvs l ghcc l st tmp, pssm tu cm ct ttvtà d gg ffd l g tmp ltssm. [Fg. C] C. Tsumz Vl Sls. 3 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

13 Pl p cp L dtz scd l cst è l uc gg ptct l md. I musulm clcl gl pt dll fug d Mmtt Md (dtt «g»), u ftt dcsv p l fdz dll lg slmc, ch cspd l 622 d.c. (s plà l scd vlum). c dvs l bc, ch z c l 3760.C., dt tdzl dll cz dl md. I qulch cs, qud s vul vt l fmt ll lg, s tv, l pst d.c., l bbvz..v. cè «pm dll vlg» (l cst è dtt vlg pché è qull dll dffus dll lgu zl, dtt vlg, cè ppl). Pv clcl Il clcl dll mt d Sct può ss ftt cm sgu. Ptd dll dt «ll gc»: 94x4 = 376 ( cspdt 94 lmpd cmplt) = 400 (l qut dll 94 lmpd cspd l 400.C.) Duqu l pm dll 95 lmpd è l 399.C. Ptd dll dt «scd l cst»: = 377 ( tct f l dt zl l mt d Sct) 377/4 = 94,25 (cè 94 qud cmplt + 1 ) Duqu, l 399.C. è l pm dll 95 lmpd. Ct gl ttbu u dt ctt gl vvmt è sszl p cct p stud l st, pché pmtt d stbl u pm u dp, cè d dsp ftt d clgc. ch l cvltà tch s s pst l pblm d ttbu u dt gl vvmt, l h slt md dvs. Gl Egz ppl dll tc Ot, Ps Cs umv gl d g d cscu sv, csdd g g cm u sé stt. lgmt, Gc, scd dll cttà s fcv fmt gl d gv dl ( Spt) dl pm mgstt cttd (ch d t l ct dtt pòm, cè «ch dà l m»). Sl pt dl III scl.c. gl stc gc cmc clcl gl bs gch Olmpc: qust fu sttut l 776.C., s svlgv g qutt uv tutt l md gc. Og vvmt vv dtt csì: «ll dll Olmpd». P t l st smp zl, Sct mì l pm dll 95 Olmpd. I Rm dcv gl c l m d csl ( l pù lt mgstt), ch pput stv cc u ; dl I scl d.c. cmc ctl pt dll fdz d Rm. È sl gz l pzt lv d cft ctll d mlt gz d stc ch pssm csc l dt dll st tc «tdtt» l st sstm btul. Il sstm d cmput dgl us l md ccdtl dtt l sct d Cst cm put d fmt. Og vvmt può duqu ss ttbut u pcdt l sct d Cst (vt Cst,.C.) u succssv (dp Cst, d.c.). Qust sstm, dtt dll cst fu tdtt l VI scl d u mc udt, Dg l Pccl. Dg stblì ch Gsù t ll 753 dll fdz d Rm, m fc u d clcl: ltà, Gsù sbb t l 6 7 «vt Cst». E l dt dll Um dl Smlu? L fbc d dt stblt p lu h u g dvs, dl tutt tclgc mdssm. P l lt pch dll pst, ftt, l tà può ss clclt c tcch dmtch, cè msud c stumt mlt cmplss l sstz dttv (spttutt l Cb 14) ch glmt s ctut, pcclssm quttà, gl gsm vvt ch l tmp, dp l l mt, s duc ltmt f scmp. St p-st Rtm Sct Ötz: cm sppm cò ch sppm d l? P Sct dspm d fmz sctt. P l Um dl Smlu, vc, c s sltt l tstmz mtl: ggtt, dumt, l su stss cp, l mbt cu è stt tvt. L pssbltà d us ft sctt è dcsv, pché mltplc mmt l quttà d fmz dspsz. P mlt tmp gl stc h tut ch s ptss cct dvv l st sl c l us d dcumt sctt. Ncqu csì l dstz f st pst («pm dll st»): fcv pt dll pst l pch cu gl ss um cscv l scttu, ch fu «vtt» p l pm vlt Md Ot Egtt cc cquml f. Ogg s ttbusc pù mptz sclusv ll ft sctt pché, gz pgss dll chlg, sm gd d cv mlt fmz ch dll stud d ggtt, mumt g g d tstmz mtl. È cmuqu utl mt l dstz f l st l pst: m qust ultm v csdt smplcmt cm «l st pù tc» dll umtà, qull d cu s s m. 4 Itduz Cptl 1. Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

14 2. Tcc, dz, dcumt Pl p cp Gl dz s tcc fmz d g g ch pmtt d cstu u pts gvl d cm s s svlt ftt. D tt lmt pzl è pssbl cstu u qud gl. Il tm ft è pplct ll st ss f gut: g lmt d cscz (tst sctt, ggtt, cct l, mumt) lmt l f um dll cscz stc. L mt pss ss csdt dcumt sctt pché ctg spss l m dll cttà dll stt ch l h mss, l m dl psgg ch td clb, qulch lt bv tst clbtv. L dscpl ch stud l mt è l umsmtc. L pgf (dl gc: «sctt sp») s scz su pt mtll ftt p ss spst pubblc. S dcumt mptt pché g s fsc lgg, p pubblch, cmmmz fub, fstvtà clbz. Nl md tc u md d cmucz pubblc fdmtl. L pl ctc dv dl gc kì, «scgl, dstgu, gudc» kìss, «sclt, gudz». Idc l ttvtà d tpt ftt dcumt ttvs l sm, l dscuss, l gmt l cft. Dcumt ft P cstu l psst, gl stc f us d tutt l fmz dspbl, sctt mtl. Tutt cò ch v dl psst c ff dz utl è u dcumt può ss ust cm ft stc s è tgt, lzzt, cllct l tmp, cftt c lt dcumt. S ft p l st: dcumt sctt (scz, lb, ltt, mt ), l tstmz mtl (st d tch dfc, p d t, ggtt dll vt qutd, ffguz d g g, spltu). L tstmz ptt dll ft pss ss vlt (ccc, stumt d lv, x-vt, st d dumt, ltt sctt d ctt pvt), ppu vlt (dcumt ftt ppst p sst l tmp, cm lgg, tttt, p ltt, mumt clbtv). lcu ft ppst u tstmz dtt dl psst, cm dcumt d chv, l pgf, l ltt, l utbgf, st chlgc, l mmg dll pc; lt s tstmz dtt ch v ttvs u flt sggttv, cm l p ltt gl sctt dgl stc d bgf, ch cct tpt vt bsds, l vlt, su ft dcumt. L stud dll ft chd l scz dll ctc, gudt d u s mtd d dg: è qust l ss d mlt ttvtà ppst qust lb. lzz u dcumt Qust schd pp u ggl d dmd utl p dscv lzz ctcmt l ft sctt. Può ss utlzzt, sm gl scz d vlt vlt ppst, p lv su dcumt dll ubc «Tstm». Ntulmt s ttt d u ggl gl, ch v dttt scd l csstà. Dscz dll ft Ntz sull ut Tmp/spz Dstt Ch h pdtt l ft? è ctmp gl vvmt dcumtt? è cvlt d ps gl vvmt dcumtt? Qul è l dtz dll ft? I ch lz è c l dt dgl vvmt dcumtt? Qul è l pvz dll ft? I ch lz è c lugh dgl vvmt? P qul mtv l ft è stt pdtt? È dzzt qulcu qulch ctg d ps? D ch cs l s cpsc? È u ft tzl, cè ftt ppst p d fmz sugl vvmt, ppu tzl? D ch cs l s cpsc? Tplg È u ft: chvstc (dcumt mmsttv, lgg, cdc) pgf c umsmtc (scz, gff t, mt, mdgl) ltt (ps, tt, tv, z) mmlstc (ltt, utbgf ) stgf c (sgg stc, bgf ) ls dll ft V csdt u ft dtt dtt? Ctut ttdbltà Su qul gmt l ft può f fmz? Qul fmz s pss cv? Cm s cllg qust fmz ll tu cscz d pd stc sm dl tm spcf c? C qul lt dcumt pu f cllgmt? I bs ll tzltà dll ft, ll scp p cu è stt pdtt, l cvlgmt dll ut, s può csd ttdbl l fmz? 5 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

15 1. Esmp d ct tplgc. I cmbmt ll fm dll sc pstch ll utmbl pmtt d mtt gl ggtt u squz clgc. 2. U smp d scv sttgf c ll cttà sum d Nppu. d g ctll cspd u dvs lvll. L chlg L tstmz mtl dll vt dl psst s l cmp d stud dll chlg (dl gc «scz dll cs tch»). I mlt cs st ff dl t: bst ps tt tmpl gc ct tmb tumul tusch. I lt cs s splt l t mg vg ll luc csulmt gz lv d st d cstuz; spss l cttà md s cscut ll stss lug d qull pù tch sult dffcl cp l ctst cu s cllcv gl tch mumt. vlt s tv fd l m ltt d mbcz c l l cc; l chlg subcqu h ptt ll luc, tmp ct, ums cplv, m ch u cc dcumtz sul cmmc tc. vlt tvmt s ftut, m plpù s ttt d ttvtà pgmmt: p smp gl scv scp pvtv mcct dll svlupp ubstc qull dv l sptdz, l uvstà lt sttuz sgu scv d mplmt d st gà t. C mtd gs, gl chlg scv l t, spl gtt fdl m gstd ccutmt l stt cllcz d cò ch tv, p pt stbl cs è pù tc (pché splt pù pfdtà) cs pù ct. Cft gl ggtt, stud mtl l tcch d lzzz. I bs tp d muftt, ll dcz, lugh d tvmt cc d stbl l pvz l tà. L cscz chlgc Il mtd dll chlg s bs su pch lmt fdmtl: l tclg, cè l tcch d cstuz dgl ggtt, l tplg, cè l fm mtl c cu s ftt, l sttgf, cè l lvll dl t l qul gl ggtt vg tvt. Il ct dll tclg stblsc ch u ggtt può ppt u pd pcdt l dffus dll tcc c l qul è stt lzzt. Gl ggtt ch l um dl Smlu vv c sé ptv ss dtt tmp ss tch, m l psz d u lm d m mst ch ptv ppt l Plltc (u pc ll qul s lvv c l mtll), é l Mdv (u pc ll qul, p cstu u lm, s usv l m, m l f). L tplg dgl ggtt (cè l stl c cu s cstut, l l fm, l l dcz) cst d stbl l pfz, gl us, l cpctà tcch d u pc. Gl chlg h cstut l tmp dll s d tp d ggtt cttstc d u ct pc d u ct lug (p smp, vs ggtt d cmc); qust md, p cft, è pssbl cllc sull l dl tmp vtul uv tvmt. Bsdc su u ct lg pssm, p smp, f u scl dll tchtà d mdll d utmbl, bsdc sull l fm dms. [Fg. 1] Il pcp dll sttgf ffm ch l tstmz mtl dll ttvtà um s mmsst cs, m stt dl t ch v dl pù ct supfc, l pù tc m m ch s scv pfdtà. Il ctt mtd d scv chd ch p g stt vg lzzt u mpp pcs d tvmt, p vt ch l fmz vd pdut. Il t è p l chlg cm u lb d st; m g vlt ch s g u pg, qust può pù ss mss l su pst. [Fg.2] 6 Itduz Cptl 1. Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

16 3. Gl spz dll st tc Pl p cp L pl cum dv dl vb gc ké, «bt» dc l sm dll t btt. H l stss dc d ks, «cs, ucl fml»; d qust dv pl md cm clg d cm, cè, spttvmt, l stud dll mbt cu c è vt l stud d cm gzz gst l ss dll cs dll stt. 3. Il md scd Etst, III scl.c. L dscz dll t L pl ggf dv dl gc sgfc s «dsg dll t», s «dscz dll t». Nl su sgfct md l pl fu ust pbblmt p l pm vlt l III scl.c. d u tllttul gc, Etòst d C [> Cp. 12.4]. E u stm mtmtc fms, f l lt, clclò l lughzz dl md tst c bu pcs. L su p dl ttl Ggf è vt f, m sppm ch fms ll tchtà. Nll ct ch vv lbt, Etst dvdv l md du pt, dvs d u l zztl, u spc d plll, ch dv d Cdc (pss l sttt d Gblt) ll s ctl. L t btt (ch Gc chmv cum ) s dspv d sud d qull l, ch ttvsv l Mdt, l gd t dl md gc. [Fg. 3] M vgg d splz zt, su m fum, mlt pm, d u p d mll; d qulch scl dspbl l pm dscz sctt d lugh. U gd stc gc, Eòdt, l V scl.c. stt ch u vggt u ttt pt. Ism spz vssut pm ps vv tsmss l fmz cclt d lt, dscutv d pblm ggfc (qul s cf dl md? cm s spg l p dl fum Nl Egtt?) vv tut ch l t btt s mlt pù vst d qut s ps. ch ppl pù lt, ftt, csc lt ch vv l d là d l cf. Il md d Gc P Gc d tmp d Etst l md cscut dv dll cst tltch dll Eup dll ttul Mcc, Occdt, f ll Id Ot. I fc cmpdv u sttt fsc sul Mdt l vll dl Nl f l Sud, m ttvs l v cv dl dst lbc dl Sh, pcs d md bb ch llvv l dmd, c cttt c l g dll fc tpcl. L tt vl f l M Rss, l cst dll b mdl l Glf Psc b t d mlt scl, mt l cllgmt Tul O C E N O T L N T I C O O M R E E S T E R N O CELTI IBERI TURISCI Rm t MRE Rd SICULO Ct MURUSII Ctg C lssd C Btt Lb ETIOPI ssu Nl NUBI Bst M O C E N O T LNTICO PONTO EUSINO Bc Plud Mtd Euft CUCSO Bct Ecbt M. DEL TURO Ps Sus Pspl Bbl Tg b SBEI MRE ERITREO MRE CSPIO O M R E E S T E R N O Oss IRCNI Isst Id Gds Sgd Scz Gg Id Tpb (Cyl) 7 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

17 8 Pl p cp L dmz d Vc Ot ( ch tc Ot) è d us tdzl f gl stc dll tchtà, p dc l ch cmpd l Psl tlc, l Egtt tt f l cst dl Mdt l ttul Iq l I ccdtl. Qust g csttusc u cmp d stud ut p chlg stc. S ttt vdtmt d u tm ct Eup, sptt ll qul pput qull g s tv Lvt. Nll us ct p l st ttul s pl puttst d Md Ot p td, sm qust, ch l g pù st, f l Pkst ll fghst. Vd l tvl dll tlt pg. 13. Lv c l tlt ggfc Mlt scz l vlum chd l us dll tlt ggf c, sszl p v u d pcs d lugh, dll mbt f sc dll ttul stuz pltc. P slvl s suff ct l tvl d pp , m è csglbl l us d u tlt d mgg fmt. È cm s dvssm gzz u vgg. Dv s l sl dl M Eg, tt ftt ch d d qul ttt d m s vg sz vd t? Dv l gd cttà dll mp m? Qul s l cttstch fsch dl Md Ot, dv s svlupp l pm cvltà? L tlt sv ch p v u d pcs dll dstz, dgl stcl tul ch sct mct dvv sup l spstmt. Itduz Cptl 1. Ots l tmp, ll ft, ll spz v m c l vll dll Id, gà ptct du mll pm, stt sl d ct scpt l tmp dl gd mp ps ch vv ufct, l VI scl.c., l Md Ot. d l md cscut cmpdv l Eup, m d tutt l pt ctl cpt d u mptbl clt d fst l tz vgh. Sl l 325.C. u vggt vvtus, l gc Pt, vgò f ll sl btch ll cst vgs dscss l fm dl «sl mzztt». Dll vstssm pu stpp d dl M N dl Csp s spv ch btt d pplz md d llvt ch s stdv sz f: s vv tz dll pplz d ccct gclt ch btv dll lt pt dll stpp, bsch t fum dll Sb. D tt tt u pplz dll stpp pmv mccs su g l cttà dll Gc dll s M, ttvsv l vll dl Cucs vs l m l Msptm. U gd cqustt, lssd Mg d Mcéd, vs l 330.C. s spt vs st l d là dll ltp d dst dll I f dst dll s ctl ll ltssm mtg dl Pm, l ttt dl md. Il su mp s stdv f gl ttul fghst Pkst. M c pù st c g d, c qul l md gc tt cttt. Pù lt, spt d u mms dsts dstc ll qus supbl, l tt d u lt tchssm cvltà, l C. P mlt tmp du md st spt, m lug l pst dl dst d d gd ltp dl Pm dl Tbt s stbl cttt tffc f d tmp tchssm. Pbblmt ssu gc dl tmp d Etst vd m u cs, m l st l gd, gz u g um d tmd dl cmmc, ggus l Occdt. D ct, l II scl d.c. gl mpt dll C d Rm vv qulch tz l u dll lt. Null s spv dl md ldlà dll Oc tltc, dv sstv lt cvltà. L Oc csdt l cf ch ccdv l cum, l md btt. [Fg. pg. 1] L st tc ch è ggtt dl st stud s svlg qus tutt ll t d qul md, ch vv l su ct f l Mdt, l M N l Vc Ot, dv cqu l pù tch cvltà. Ggf st L st può ss spt dll ggf, qust è v du ss. Iztutt, l mbt ggfc, l mflg dl tt, l clm fluz l pssbltà d c sdmt. I md d vt, l cultu, l svlupp dll cvltà s ftmt lgt ll ggf d lugh. P smp, u dll pù dmch sctà tch, qull d Fc, s svluppò ll ttul Lb, u spz sttt f l mtg l m: pv d t, Fc dv blssm cmmct vgt. L ggf flusc ch sull fm d gggz pltc: dst, pccl gupp gzzt tbù ptcv l mdsm; ll g spt d lmt tul, cm l pccl vll dll Gc, l cttà fu gzzt cm pccl stt utm dpdt. I scd lug l z dll cmutà um mdfc l mbt. È qust u fm mlt mct ll tà md ctmp, m pmt tt ch l md tc: fum dvt clzzt, l plud pscugt, l fst tglt, pst std cv cllgmt tfcl, l cttà gzzv l tt ccstt. U dscpl spcfc, l ggf stc, s pp d dscv Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

18 gl mbt dll tchtà, svds d dcumt, dll chlg, dll tpmstc, dll cch d chbtc, d glg smm sfuttd tutt l cscz l tcch dspbl p l stud dl tt. L cst I lugh, gl mbt fsc psgg h subt mlt mdfch l cs dll pst dll st tc, pt dvut ftt tul, pt dvut ll um: l z dstch dll fc stttl s sts quttml f cus d cmbmt clmtc; l tduz dll gcltu vs l f dll pst mdfcò vsblmt l vgtz dll z tmpt duss l fst; l bfch d tà tusc m tsfm m dcsv l pu Pd. L ft stch c mtt spss cttt c gl tvt um sull mbt tul: dsbscmt, ubzzz, bfch sfuttmt dll cqu, mplmt dl tt gcl. Mlt tstmz f cp ch gl tch cspvl dll tcc f pblm mbtl pltc c mtt dttmt cttt c l ggf dll pc. Cm du l p dl Tv? L mdfch mbtl pblm clgc, duqu, s sclusv dl md ctmp; ch s l tclg dgl tch m ptt d gg, ptv ss ss dstuttv. P v u d d cm dvv ss l psgg vc ll tch m pssm clcl qut fst css dsbsc p f fuz f putll l gll. Pssm mmg qut lgm svss p scld l cs. Il md tc ( ch qull mdvl) vv «fm» d lgm lcu z, cm mt dl Lb, l psl Clcdc d dll Gc l Itl mdl fu sfuttt c gd tstà tà gc m, p f mt pm ll cstuz vl, ll lzzz d std ll fdz d cttà. N cptl dl tst, lcu pgf, ppstmt ctssgt, dscv cs ptclmt tsst cus d «cst»; f ch ss pt tgt dll ffsc stc ch cptl sgut dm scp. Tstm Cm du l p dl Tv? Tct, l I, 79. L stc m Cl Tct pt u dscuss st, l 15 d.c., p fft l qust d cm ptgg Rm dll p dl Tv. uz t dscuss p st s, p gl l p dl Tv, s dvss dv l cqu d fum d lgh ch l gf. Fu scltt l lgz d mucp dll cl: Ft pgv ch l Ch fss dvt dl su ltt dtt ll, pché qul pvvdmt sbb stt l l v. Qull d Itm 1 sps lgh mtv: 1 Itm è l cttà d T, ch vv qul m pché s tvv f (t) du m dl fum N. vbb vut d l cmpg pù ftl d Itl, s l fum N, dmt uscll, cm stt pgttt, vss fmt cqu stgt. Né tcv qull d Rt, vld ch s stuss l lg Vl 2 là dv sbcc ll N, pché vbb llgt l cmpg ccstt: l tu vv mblmt pvvdut ll cs dgl um, ssgd fum l l spd, l l cs, l sgt, l fc; s dvv ch v gud ll usz lgs dgl llt, ch pt fum vv ddct tmptt, bsch lt; ch z l Tv stss vbb, pvt d su fflut, vd dtt l msts bbz dll su cqu. ll f, fss l stz dll cl, l dffcltà dl lv gl scupl lgs, fu ccttt l p d G Ps, l qul vv ppst d ppt vz. TRD.. REST BRRILE, ZNICHELLI, BOLOGN S ttt dl lg d Pdluc, f Rt T. 9 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

19 u Zug Schwyz Lg d Zug Itlk S Gttd d lp Glus R 2115 Splug Bgz VDUZ l Zugsptz N B 12 hp. d lt Otls 3905 Blz/ dg (Sud Tl) dg M. Cstll C Cch Dv ch 945 t Lb 2277 Hchschwb Obdch S 849 Schbpss Es Klgfut C Tvs 15 t us Plp Sty u TI Lz 14 T R l t Bdgst B s s Mu T Mutdf Gssglck u 2863 Dchst ghs Slsbug 2941 Bschfshf Hchkg Lz Bss/ Bx Ct d mpzz l p t s Pss dl Vtt d Itl 2912 B Slsbu USlzchS Ktzbuhl Isbuck I I p Pl Rshm Mc I Schtz c Rs t 1507 l p Pll Bc 3738 t M/ R lp Vs M St. t 2962 I pst. Mtz Stlv dg lt 2758 C 11 v s B l p Gsch Kufst P Kmpt LIECHTENSTEIN ppzll Mmmg M R W Nustdt D v Mb Mu Gz ch 16 Széksfhévá I Lg Blt S l v Sófk 47 BUDPEST Ttbáy Dub Gyö Bltksztú Ngykzs Kömd Z 18 SLOVCCHI U N G H E R I Szmbtly Sp Esstdt Lg d Nusdl 17 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1 m Rt T Tmll 2216 Rm S Bdtt dl Tt 2912 P vzz 2795 Tvl L Mll S Dm Isl Tmt d Kt D t L. d Tml Ls T f S Sv Cht Lc Vst Psc Mtslv b u z z L qul C Gd G Sss d Itl P dlm b Sulm Fuc s uz C Mt E 2064 c z c l Mt s Mttd Tt Fm M. Vtt Tm Rst dgl buzz p CITTÀ DEL VTICNO C ll Fumc lb lb L. d Bcc L z Mt Cm Vtb L. d Bls Ggl M. gt sc Mtcst Gut Tqu Cvtvcch g Tv jcc l Obtll m p ( F. ) Csc p c T Nc Splt Ps Ovt 2476 l 42 Clv Om Flg Umb t P scl Pc Cvtv Mch M. C c M zc h hg 1738 Lg Pug Tsm 572 Es Fb Mct M b M. mt Pmb M Ptf U c -M Gsst t Mtpulc Tv bl S t Isl d Elb S Quc d Oc Fllc p. Gubb p Dug Otk Zd 1758 l K 1056 Gg L. d V Vst Hv t Lstv Kcul Bc Splt m Pschc Bsv Slt Tg Vdc Sbc O z Mljt SRJEVO Dubvk (Rgus) Cvsc 2228 Pljsc Bst zz b Cll Mtllf 1060 h S Tsc C m Cp I s M Cc Lv 1654 Rm Rcc Cttlc Ps SN MRINO F Ub Fz M. Fuml 1407 S Gmg Empl Em Cs Gg Lgu - Flì l M. Flt sc c dl P Rv Cv Cstc 43 M 932 T Pt Pst Lucc Ps 2165 P. d. Ptt bt Iml Fz C S L O V E N I Cs V t FulVz Gul l Vgg Vsl C Mss Ft d Mm M. Cm u h Nzz MONCO Glf d Gv 1945 L Spz Lc E m l - R m g Mc c pp p Vtmgl Chv lbg Sv Gv u d lp Imp Sm Bdgh g g I C N Tt d m lc L m b d d 44 d l p Cll M Td ttm gt P C Mddl T P m t L R lp h g 2323 t lm Tg L Tc F B. l c V D sc P D Um p s l Vb 4049 v Cvdl Bz Jôf d Bm 3769 S t Gtvc S Smp Md Mmld m v Mts 2558 Bllz B Pl d Vzd d Cmpgl d Pècs l Kj Tl R l 2939 S Mt Zmtt V l t l Tc Bllu Kpvc M. Chdt 46 D dd Lg Sd z L. d l p P M. Rs Mgg Lug Lg 3824 Flt Ud lp Ob 2473 Cv Tt 4634 d c 4478 S Vb Pd 4807 LUBIN Cm Bd Rvt M. Gpp Vtt Gz Mt Bc G S.st ZGBRI Vt Lcc D Cm V v Vs Cgl Psub C Nv Mst Lg P Bgm d Is Pccl Vll d st 2235 v S Gd Duv Pstj Lg S. Bd Tst Bss Tvs v z Bll Bust sz B Sch dl Gpp s d G. d Mz G 4061 Lg Tst Bsc Gd Bb Sbbd Vcz S. S. Gv p G Pds Iv Nv Klvc l Mst Cpdst V Jsl Ssk Dlc Ml bbtgss Nv Gdsk s Mcs Slvsk Bd Cll Vz v Vcll 2083 Ist Eug Pdv 2541 C T Pv Ld Glf d Vz Rjc Pc Féjus D v Csl Mf. Cm Ogl Chgg R. Rvl (Fum) Ckvc P S Lgg dg L m ll Ch Mgv 45 Mtv Rvj t 1851 Sst Vgh Kk Rvg stlssd P Sj f z Pcz M Tt Otcc Dubj Bj Luk 3841 Bhc lb F Cs Pm Nv Lgu Pul Mvs Bbb F Rb Sluzz Pss d Rgg ll Eml Bmd Gv L Md gu 472 l Vll d Gspc R Pss 1996 Sssul p BOSNI -ERZEGOVIN p Cmcch Blg Cu dll Cs Cll dll b Pg p Vzz Jjc Lg d Cstz S Gll R 10 ltp Svv-Bvs E Rvsbug G S V I Z Z E R us ltdf Gl Luc Wtthu R Duschg 9 s 4158 Lpt B Jugfu l p p l Pss dl Fbug Ls Bl 1607 Bsl BERN Nuchâtl Lg d Nuchâtl Lg d Gv G 47 Blft 1493 F R N C I Fdbg Mulhus 8 Fbug P l p 7 t S 48 G u Bs

20 S Sv B s c Ld d Ost Mfd Cmpbss c Is Fs Fgg Lt Bltt Lzl pl Nttu z Cgl v l Mls 2241 c Vllt Pt-Vcch p p S 2050 M. Mltt T Mlftt Ggl g Pt Vltu Bfc Bcch d Bfc St Ts B d 41 L Cs d Pugl Bvt Fm Tc Gt Mddl Cp s Cst Smld 41 Cst Glf d Gt Gllu Glf dll s Cghs M u Mlf Mpl C m p Cmp Ip S.M Cpu Vt P u g l Ostu g Gv Pugl Cmp Flg Bds ltmu Mt Fc Bd Vsuv vll 1281 Pmp Sl Npl Pzzul Tvl Olb p Pt Ts p Plml Pz Isl Pz Tmp Pus Sss Mssf Mt Bst Bttpgl Ptz Sl Isch Cstllmm d Stb Vtt lgh C. Ccc Gttgl Mtpt Lcc Pst C. Cm S l t Bslct Pstum Glf d Sl Cp 1200 Nu Ott Tt Mtpt d P Os Ndò S L u c M. S 2005 Clt Cp d Ott Plc Glf d Os S d g Gllpl Sp Glf d Plu Mt G. d Plcst C. Plu Ggtu 1834 btx s t C. St M d Luc M. Pll 2248 Ost Ths Glf d Ost Tt l Bbg Scl O g su Nux Ct Rss M T P. lc b 1067 Iglss Csz Cmpd L Sl l 1928 Ct Cb Qutu St El Cgl 39 Glf d St tc Cgl C. Cb Iglst S Pt C C l b 39 Ctz C. Rzzut Ctz Ld Lmz Tm Glf d St Eufm C. Sptvt C. Tuld Stmbl Glf d Squllc Vb Vlt Isl El Ustc P p G Tu Lp Flcud lcud Sl 38 M p Scll Mss Vulc spmt 1955 Mlzz Bcll Pzz d Gtt Sttt d Mss Glf d Cstllmm M 38 Rgg d Clb M.t Plt Cflù Plm Bgh Ptc C. S Vt Mt Nbd lcm C. Sptvt Tm Et Md Blc Sgst Smt Isl Egd Tp Lvz Mttm Fvg Msl cl Ptò S c l Mf I Ct E Cltsstt Mz dl Vll Slut Glf d Ct Sccc ugust Pzz m Cctt Fv M Bst Cltg ggt Scus Mt Ibl 986 Rgus Lct Gl C. B Glf d Tus Glf d Gl vl d b Ctg C. Pss C. Isl dll Ct t Ptll TUNISI Bj SCL 1 : km 36 Hmmmt G. Zghu 1295 Glf d Hmmmt 36 ITLI Gz VLLETT MLT T U N I S I LGERI Mlt Ls Isl Plg Lmp Lmpdus Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

21 Lg Blt Vbs Ntv Dv Bs M dtc C l d ' O t t Dub Ngykzs Szkszád 681 Mcsk Vvtc Osjk CROZI Vukv Bj Luk BOSNI- ERZEGOVIN M D Lm I Dub Shkumb Cfù D Tbsc Igumts I s Vjuss Mv chl Mus Csul lb Zjc ˇ SRJEVO Ttv Uzc ˇ Gzd ˇ Klv Nš Mst Dumt 2522 Ksvsk Plc ˇ Mk G Mtvc 2155 MONTENEGRO Pst ˇ Nksc ˇ Dubvk Ksv PODGORIC Pc (Rgus) Vj 2694 Ctt Jzcs L. d Scut Kukës B 42 Scut M. S M. Kb SKOPJE Djs l p D EUROP BLCNIC ITLI U N G H E R I Pécs Bds Zc c D l m z Lcc h C.St M d Luc Tuzl Kcskmét Duzz Vl Subtc TIRN Plp Elbs Ohd L. d Ocd Btl Édss Fló Tm Cz Vé LBNI gcst lákm P Vd Glf d Slcc Glf d Ct Stum Ju Mus Dub Mst ˇ Isk Vt Olt Mzz Ts Át G R E C I gs Jt lxdúpl Smtc Lm Dub Tudz St Ilmt Mzz Ddll T Kmcj ˇ Put T U Pgm M d Mm R C Dlt dl Dub M N Istbul Scpl Lsb khs Lmí Sc Ms Lucd M. Ps Dfs Lpt mfss Eub Ch Sm Itc Clcd Dlf Tb Cfl Ptss gstól ttc Ct TENE Efs M. Emt d Sm Zt M. Cll P Mc Nc Dzl Pg Olmp Eg C. Su T g Tt Mlt Tpl Epdu Mc Plps Dl M. P Sft P 1935 M. Tgt 2404 Nss Klmt Spt Msts mg C SCL 1 : Gíth Ml km Nápl Cp Mtp St Rd Cg l I Tms Smlc 2637 G MCEDONI P d Vjvd B t Nv Sd BELGRDO Vljv l f ö l d Sghd Vsc ˇ Pcv ˇ Pzvc ˇ S E R B I M Mt Tkl d Od c 1849 Mut Bhulu Pt d F B Pll d Ktí R O M N I Dv 2917 Olmp l Vd SOFI Kjustdl Lss Tssgl lb Iul p Tîgu Ju Dbt- Tuu Sv Cv Musl Rl Slcc P. Clcdc Vl Cluj-Npc T s l v P S St Cssd Plígs Vc l Vh T V R Tîgu Mus Sbu Mldvu2543 l c Rmcu VÎlc Ptst Lvc d p 2191 Plk Dám Plv Flpp Kávl Mt 2033 ths St M Spd Stttl C Xáth c B U L G R I Sd Mut Gughulu s Plvdv c c 2376 G C p z O t l Bsv l 1776 v 2507 Omu BUCREST T E g l Tv ˇ St Zg Hskv Juz Rdp 1827 Plst Rm h Rus S p d d Bcu Ghghu-Dj Buzu Slv c M Cls Ed Slbz Ckkl Glt Bl Dbč D Bugs Tkdg M O L D V I u g b V Bdm Blks d l Tulc D d c s Cstz H I Bsf Bus M M d t Ct C Cd M. Id 2456 Css Stí G. d Mss Fst Gvdhs 26 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1 Scpt 28

22 M Eg Spd MOLDOV ChsuUCRIN Tgg ROMNI Glt Mupl Cv Plst M d zv BUCREST Smfpl Kch SOFI Ksd BULGRI Sbstpl Nvssjsk Plvdv V M N Ed Tc Zguldk Sp 40 Izmt Smsu Tbsd Rdp Mc Ddll M d Mm M Bsf T Bus GRECI Blks NKR Sm Ms Esksh Kkkl t l Efs fy Mlt Dzl Ky k Dg 3014 dl Rd Ts d Iskdu NICOSI Lkt CIPRO Hmh Tpl BEIRUT Hms LIBNO 32 ISRELE lssd Tl vv Ibd GERUSLEMME Pt Sd Gz MMN PLESTIN Cl B d Suz Shv Pt Mdt Nl Bc Nl IL CIRO El-My syut Cpz Nl Lg Nss Istbul EGITTO tb T Nl zzu G. d Suz G. d qb M Lg Tuz M Dp t d T U R C H I u Suz S D s t O t l P l t s Wd Elt Rum G. Kth qb 2637 Tbuk Shm El Shkh Hughd ssu S U D N Omdum Nth Khtum KHRTOUM Kssl Wd Md Dpptvsk Odss l-wjh Kys Mlty R s Svs l s P Elzg Dybk Gztp DMSCO GIORDNI G. Dbbgh 2350 Pt Sud SMR DDIS BEB H g z Gdd Euft t D t 5123 m M s L-WIDYN St l-jzh Bb l-mdb Lg d V p V K u Tg t Vlg Lg d Um m Tg Euft M Ul C s p Shtt l-b Shz Bd- G Bushh l f G l f d d Glf d K- Bgz-Gl P s c Lg d'l K p t D g Rsht Gg Sluf Mghh lpp Ibl Zj Sbzv Ebl Msul Dy z-zw s-sulymyh Qzv 5604 SIRI Sd Ry Dmvd Kkuk TEHERN Plm Hmd Dst dl Kv bu Kml Ecbt Qm Ksh Bujd -Rutbh -Rmd B'qubh 4328 I R Q BGHDD Bbl Osht Dst Sc Kbl -Njf l-mh Esfh Ydz d-dwyh Sus -Nsyh hvz Bdh U Khmshh l-jwf Bss bd Pspl E R I T R E Mcllè Dssè Nzt Tym Md Dcl Ddu E T I O P I Dts k N f u d H l GIBUTI H Rfh Mt Shmm N L Mcc t-t f I. Fs RUSSI 5642 Elbus GEORGI TBILISI GIBUTI Bb d s t G u b Hgys KUWIT L-KUWIT R B I g d RIYDH S U D I T bh Jz C u c I. Dhlk Nb Shu'yb I. Km 3760 SN l-hudydh Gzy s 4466 Bzdjuzju RMENI BKU Ezuum EREVN ZERBIGIN Tbz Um Buydh Uyzh Shq T zz Sb 3006 Vlggd Rstv--Du Stvpl M t T u w Tpc dl Cc R u b M l - H l s l - K Bss h SOMLI t d-dmmm BHREIN MNM QTR DOH BU DHBI l Y E M E N d sth' y q dbl M tyu ktu t Hdmwt l-mukll Tukmbs Z Mgut Nbtdg E l b u g z EMIRTI RBI UNITI Cp Gudfu l-ghydh KZKISTN Dub Z u f Gbl sh-shm 1463 Sllh Hdbu Sct (Ym) mudj TURKMENISTN s 2248 I R N M t R u d MEDIO ORIENTE Nukus Dshvuz Mshhd Mghb Glf d Om Suh MSCTE Mt l-khd 2980 OMN Msh M bc O c I d Sydj UZBEKISTN SGBT Khs Dst d Lut Km L s t SCL 1 : l sk Ugc K k u m y Tdz Bjd Bd- bbs km Jsk Ht Zbl Zhd Buh Smcd 3594 Ppms 2560 B l u c M k Kzyl-Od Chbh 2457 M. Chg s Kkc FGHNISTN 32 t PKISTN Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum

23 Gl z dll st l pm cvltà 14 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

24 Cmpd l pmz mg d g dgl mp dll tc Ot, Fc tv l l spz cm cstutt d v, m mct. L l t sttt f l mtg, cch d bsch d lt fust, qull ch è gg l cst lbs. N fu pm é gl uc vg l Mdt, m fc ts dll cscz stmch dll tclg ch l vc (gl Egz ppl msptmc) vv lbt tmp lughssm tv uv tt f ll sttt d Gblt lt. E u ppl tl, m ggus gd ptz, pù td, ll Occdt mdt. L ctm d uv qud ctd Gc l z d fl uz cmmc p qud l cttà fc d Ctg cmbttà ct l uv ptz, Rm. Il dsg cstusc l mbt d u cttà fc vs l X scl.c., c l ttvtà dl ct vl dgl tg. Il m c l tm d vt l dz dll ct è u d ptgst pù fl ut d tutt l st tc. S l vl, s l ut s vz tchssm pms ll um d vgg, mltplcd cttt, cscz cchzz. P tutt l tchtà l v d cqu pù cmd pd fu pft, dv pssbl, ll pst tst p tspt cmmc. D Fc s pl l cp Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

25 Ntu cultu: l tpp dll pst 2. L um-l L sttutt ftt c l v d mmmut, d cc f, fu tvt l 1939 u gtt pss Ulm (Bv, Gm). È cfmt cm u f gu um, m c l cp d u ml pdt. L msclz d ttt ml um può llud u ss mtlgc ppu u dvdu mscht, fs u mdc-gut, u scm. ULM, ULMER MUSEUM Età plltc gupp um vv d ccc cclt Età ltc tm tul vg mdfct c l pm fm d gcltu llvmt 16 d f z dffus d Hm sps 30000/18000 f pttu ll cv: ml, sc d ccc, fgu um f f glcz d Wüm mglmt clmtc Eup 9000/5000 f pm vllgg Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

26 1. I du tmp dl pplmt dll T Cm s è dffus l g um sull T? Ch cs fvì l ffmz d Hm sps? Pché l dm dl fuc fu sszl p l svlupp um? Pl p clssfc Scd l clssf cz dll zlg, gl Omd s u fmgl pptt ll d d Pmt. ll stss d pptg ch l scmm, f ss l scmm tpmf (dl gc, «d fm sml ll um»): scmpzé, gll, gut. L fmgl dgl Omd s dstgu p l dtu bpd cmpd g ustlpthcus Hm. Cscu g è ppstt d dvs spc, vvt stt. D tutt l spc d Omd, l uc tutt sstt è Hm sps. Ct d dttà dgl ss um d gg Od: Pmt Fmgl: Omd G: Hm Spc: H. sps ustlptc sgf c «scmm dl sud»; dv dl lt ustls, mdl, dl gc píthks, scmm. 1. L fc tl pm md. I fssl d md ll fc cttl s stt vut plpù lug l Rft Vlly, u fttu ch ttvs pt dl ctt. Qust g, p tch mvmt dll cst tst, è spfdt sptt t ccstt; sul fd dll vll s fm ums lgh l cdz d vt dv ptclmt fvvl. D dv cmc? D qud? Sull T vv gg lt s mld d ss um. pptg tutt ll stss spc, Hm sps, cè «l um ch s». L sptt fsc dll pplz è mlt v: s dffz vdt, m supfcl, cm l cl dll pll d cpll, l fm dgl cch, l cptu pù m bust. Gl stud pù ct h ffzt l pts ch l g d g d Hm sps s l fc. D là, l st spc h cmct, cc ctml f, dffds gl lt ctt. S è cct d clcl qut ss um s vssut sull T d ll: s cc 84 mld. U um m. Qus tutt, pò, s vssut gl ultm dcml, dp ch fu «vtt» l gcltu [> Cp. 2.4]. Sl u pug d ss um «spt» h pplt l pt ll mmstà d mll pcdt. Ptmm z l st splz dll pst dll fc d ctml f, m scglm vc d pt d mlt pù dt, pché lt spc um pù cch h lsct mptt tcc d vt d tmp ltssm. I pm Omd I fssl tvt ll pt ct-tl mdl dl ctt fc h pmss d csc l pù tch fm d Omd, ltssm «pt» dgl ss um d gg. Cc 4-3 ml d f lcu spc d md, gl ustlptc vv ggut l stz tt: cmmv su sl t pst, sz uts c qull t, cm vc f l scmm tpmf. [Fgg. 1-3] L hbtt l qul vvv gl ustlptc Rft Vlly Nl Bc Lg Vtt MR ROSSO Nl zzu Hd SOMLI Gl d Olduv Ltl OCENO INDINO 2. Nll gl d Olduv l s dl sul h mss ud dvs stt cch d fssl; qu s stt tvt lcu dgl smpl pù tch d md. FOTO J. REDER 3. L stud dgl ustlptc fc u gd pss vt qud, l 1974, fu tvt pss Hd, Etp, l schlt qus cmplt d u dvdu d sss fmml, vssut pù d t ml mzz d f. V ffttusmt chmt Lucy dl ttl d u cz d Btls, u cmplss ll vg. 17 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

27 l sv, u mbt ftt d vst spz pt, b lt mcch d bust. Nll sv, l ftt d st pd ( vd lt) d pt us gl t t p tspt ggtt ppstv u vtgg dcsv. Impt ch cct u st Gl ustlptc vv mlt cttstch sml ll scmm tpmf, m lt cmm tt vv u cvll u p pù gd u dttu pù dtt. E lt pc pù d u mt; lcu spc vv u stuttu ss lgg sll, lt pù bust. N cpc d cstu stumt. Il g um dv d l. Tstm Impt ch cct u st Nl lugl 1969 tlspttt pt ssst u ftt cczl, l sbc dll um sull Lu. L mpt dgl scp d u stut sul sul lu smb l smbl d u std pgss tcc. S s stt ccllt d u mtt, qull tcc s c vsbl; sull Lu, ftt, v s fm tmsfc. [Fg. ] M d dc dp, l 1978, lt mpt c gd mz f gl studs gl ppsst d pst. Ltl, Tz, l pltlg My Lky scpì u «pssggt fssl». U pssggt d md d lt 3,5 ml d f. Su u tcc lug 27 mt s stt cscut 69 mpt fssl d ustlptc. T dvdu (du dult u pccl) vv cmmt l fg, lscd mpt cm ccd ch pssgg sul bgscug spgg. U d du dult vv pt svppst l su mpt qull dll lt, sppm s ll stss ccs u mmt succssv. È stt pssbl csc sg b mct dl tll dll lluc, dz d u md d cmm scu. L lluc plll ll lt dt, dvsmt d pmt um. I qulch mpt b cscbl l c plt. Qugl dvdu, sstz, cmmv cm. [Fg. B] M qull mpt cct ch u st, cm ftgmm d u tc flm. u ct mmt l tcc mst ch l md pù pccl h ftt u dvz, cm tttt d qulcs, sgut dll dult. Etmb h p ps l dz zl; vgv cs, spv dv d. Ismm, qust mpt cczl lsc mmg u mmt d vt d ll. Sl u cs ftut h ftt gug f qust tcc. Pm dl pssgg dgl md, u pd f l stg scc qull dll pgg, u vc vulc vv csps l t d c. Qud gl md fc l l «pssggt» zt l stg pvs, duqu l mpt st b mpss l fg. Il sl duì l t l c vulcc, cc d cbt, dv du cm l cmt. Sull supfc dut, l vulc ctuò vs stt d c, ch csv l mpt fssl f ll scv dl Impt dll scp dll pssggt lu dl 20 lugl NS IMGES B. Impt d md Ltl, Tz, t ml mzz d f. FOTO J. REDER 18 Gl z dll st l pm cvltà Cptl 2. Ntu cultu: l tpp dll pst Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

28 Pl p cp I blg l pl vluz dc mccsm ttvs qul l spc vvt ml vgtl s s mdf ct dffzt lug ml d, dll cmps dll pm fm d vt f gl ss pù cmplss. Mlt spc s s stt, mlt lt s s fmt. L t dll vluz è stt ppst d Chls Dw l 1859 pfzt l XX scl c gl stud d blg gtc. Dw dvdu l cus d cmbmt vlutv ll slz tul. Scd qust pcp, tu spvvv d pù gl dvdu ch mgl s dtt ll cdz mbtl; ss tsmtt p v dt ll l pl l cttstch «vct», scd u pcss vlutv ch tmp lughssm tsfm l spc. ll vluz blgc s dv l mz, cè l mg dl g um l su dffzz dll spc «cug». I bfccl s gd lgh schgg d pt lvt su tutt l supf c md d tt su du lt u mg ff lt, utl p tgl sch. Rfltt tpt L tplg Mv Hs cmc csì l cct dll pst: «I pcp fu l pd» (L st spc, Rzzl, Ml 1991). Ch cs td d? Il vtgg d cmm su du gmb N ltssm tmp dll vluz, l stz tt pduss cmbmt fdmtl ll stuttu dl pd ll cl vtbl fvì du mdfch fdmtl p l succss d lt spc d md. Iz tutt, l pssbltà d us smp mgl l m cm stumt d pcs, gz ll ppsz dl pllc, cè ll pssbltà d stg l pllc tutt l lt dt. P, u umt dll dms dl cvll, dvut l ftt ch umtv l css vs css p svlg lv pù cmplss. I pù tch smpl dl g um c fc tl mdl s dffus l g Hm, cu st pù tch slg cc du ml d f. I pltlg tg ch vss u lt tt cmu c gl ustlptc. U spc cc d ss um, Hm hbls, cpc d utlzz udmtl stumt: bst cttl zzmt schggt, dtt chpps [Fg. 4]. Hm hbls v c su stumt pt mpv l ss dgl ml uccs p mg l mdll. Il vlum dl su cvll d cc 800 cm 3, sup qull dgl ustlptc pù sml l st ll mfcz d vs sgug. C l cmps d Hm hbls d su pm stumt z lughssm tmp dll pst. Pm pplmt dll T c fc è stt dvdut u lt spc um, Hm gst, cu fssl s dtt f 1,8 1,4 ml d f. Gl stumt d pt schggt d Hm gst ( csddtt bfccl ) zz, m ffcc p u tmp lughssm sub mdfch sstzl. [Fg. 5] D Hm gst dv l spc um ch h lsct tcc fu dll fc. Rct tvmt d fssl stumt pmtt d ffm ch gà lt u ml d f l g Hm pst ch Eup Spg, Fc, Itl C, Id Ids: fu qust l pm sps dl g um sull T. S pl gl, qust ppst, d Hm ctus. Ogg, tuttv, gl studs ttbusc u spc dvs (Hm tcss, cè «splt») 4. U chpp, u d pm stumt dll pst. Pbblmt ust p squ gl ml uccs spcc l ss. Qust smpl sl cc 200 ml f. ROM, ISTITUTO ITLINO DI PLEONTOLOGI UMN 5. Bfccl, u stumt gà puttst vstl. FOTO J. VERTUT 19 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1

29 Lv c l ct «Il md l tmp d... Rmss II», pg. 116 L scl d qust ct è cc 1: ; 1 cm cspd 900 km. Clcl l dstz ppssmtv f l lsk l t dl Fuc. S gupp um h ftt qul pcs mll, d qut km g, md, s è dffus l spc um ll mch? pù tch dvdu vut Eup [Fg. 6]. N lugh mll dll su vluz, Hm ctus mglò l tcc d schggtu dll pt cmcò csv utlzz l fuc. L pm tcc scu d us ctllt dl fuc slg cc f. Scd pplmt dll T: l dffus d Hm sps Tutt l spc d Hm ch fu ptgst d qust pplmt, pò, ll lug s sts. l l pst tvm, mlt pù td, u uv spc um, ch ss gts fc, ptgst d u scd dfitv dffus l pt, ch bb z cc ctml f. P dc qust spc gl tplg h ct l m d Hm sps tmcmt md (s dc ch H. sps sps, cm d l um «sptssm»). Il c vv m fm tdt, c l ft lg lt, zgm pc spgt mt puct. L dms dl cvll d cm3 lgh qull dgl ss um d gg. I dt csv ml pù pccl sptt ll spc pù tch. L schlt m msscc, m l bc dvtt pù vvlgt, csì d pmtt ll fmm pù mp dms dl cl dl pt, css p f sc figl c u c pù gd. Hm sps s dffus tmp ltvmt bv su tutt ctt, gz u umt dll pplz ch ssu lt spc ptv vt. [Lbt 1, pg. 112] 6. Rcstuz dll sptt dl vlt d Hm tcss sull bs dl c tvt d tpuc, Spg, gl Nvt dl XX scl. BRCELLON, MUSEO DI RCHEOLOGI DI CTLOGN 7. Dffus d Hm sps. Nll ct s dct l dstbuz d ghcc l l d cst ft cc f. I Spg pbblmt l uv spc vò ttvs l sttt d Gblt, ch ll pc fu dll cqu. Eup mc stttl OCENO TLNTICO OCENO PCIFICO mc mdl Sb fc ct-tl Qfzh OCENO INDINO Gl z dll st l pm cvltà Cptl 2. Ntu cultu: l tpp dll pst Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1 Gpp OCENO PCIFICO Nuv Gu ustl

30 8. L um dl Cc, c dtl slt cc cqutml f, tvt u gtt dl pmt dl Cc l Lz mdl. ROM, MUSEO PIGORINI Pl p cp L pl cultu h qu u sgf ct mlt mp: sgf c tutt cò ch l um s f, s mtlmt (ggtt, stumt) s mtlmt (lgu, tdz, vs dl md, md d ppd). S cpctà ch s dt gtcmt cm ccd vc p l cttstch f sch l fuzltà dgl g vtl m vg sgt, cmuct svluppt ll vt scl. Nl lgugg qutd, s us l pl cultu ch p td l sm dll cscz d cscu dvdu. L mgz d Hm sps L Um tmcmt md è dcumtt d st fssl d f ll s ccdtl ( Qfzh, Isl). Cc f dffus Eup, C, Sb ll Idc. [Fg. 7] L Oc, qus ctmt, fu ggut d gupp um f f. S s ps ll dstz d pc v m, l mps sult std; sl ttml pù td u bc fc l su cmps l Mdt. E l mc? I tvmt pù tch s fbl cc f. L mgg pt dgl studs ps ch qull pc gupp um s ptt ll mch d d, gugdv dll Sb ttvs u cd d t ms ch ll sstv. I cc mll gupp um s dffus sud f ll T dl Fuc. U spc um cc m cmpttv Nl Vc Ot Eup l Hm sps v cttt, cc f, c u lt spc um pù cc: fu chmt Hm dthlss, Um d Ndtl, dll vll pss Düssldf, Gm, dv pm fssl fu tvt l P lt ductml Ndtl vv ccupt l Eup l s ccdtl. [Fg. 8] Pù tzz bust dll md spc um c u mss cbl d pc pù pccl, h lsct tcc d spltu d mt, ch tstm u ct svlupp pschc, m l stumt d pt udmtl. C l dffus dll spc md, pdmt l Um d Ndtl fu cft z smp pù sttt sfvvl dll Eup ccdtl stttl s sts cc f. L mmg d Ndtl, pg. 22 L m, l cvll, l lgugg Il succss plt d Hm sps fu dvut ll svlupp fuzl dl cvll ch mglò l cpctà d lv d cstu stumt ll pdspsz ll vt scl. L lmt dcsv fu l lbz d u lgugg tclt. Fu qust l sultt d u vluz ch cmbv mdfcz dll cd vcl c cmbmt ll stuttu dl cvll. Il lgugg pms gupp um d cd l z, d tsmtt cscz tcch tmd l mm dl gupp, d svlupp fm d t, d cstu u cultu. Ltmt mtu l cdz p u spss d fdmtl mptz, ch bb lug gl ultm mll dll pst: l vluz cultul (ttvs l tcc l ps) ptò gl ss um sup vcl dll vluz blgc. Il dm dl fuc L cc dl cb d u p chdv l cscz dll mbt. M l pm mdfc cspvl dll mbt fu l cpctà d pdu l fuc, d ccdl: smb pvt ch qust s stt u vz d Hm sps, ch csì dv m dpdt dll cdz mbtl. Qust scpt fu u mmt d pssgg fdmtl vs l fmz d u uv cvltà. Il fut dl fuc c tà mdvl md l fuc l ct dll cs; l Mdv «fuc» sm d ucl fml. Nll lt pch dll pst, l dm dl fuc ctbuì d pù stbl gupp um d ccsc l l scuzz. Cuc cb, mg sm t l fcl, sclt cct dgl z spt d ccct pù cggs fu u cllt sszl p qu pccl gupp dll vt dffcl pc. Pù td l pdz dl fuc fu ll bs dll tcch d lvz dll cmc d mtll. 21 Luc Msld PESGGI DELL STORI - Dll pst Rm pubblc Zchll 2011 Vlum 1