Job insecurity: definitions, determinants, effects

Transcript

1 University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Economics Marco Biagi Seminar 30 Oct 2018 Job insecurity: definitions, determinants, effects Sergio Scicchitano INAPP Antonio Chirumbolo University La Sapienza of Roma

2 Gli effetti della crisi e della flessibilità occupazionale Viviamo in un epoca di forte incertezza the society of uncertainty (Bauman, 2014) L età del caos (Rampini, 2015) Fattori di macro scenario (Shoen, 2017; 2018): Ciclo economico liberista globalizzazione dei mercati, forte competizione internazionale, crisi finanziaria ed ecomomica, ambiente liquido e turbolento (politica), focus su profitti a breve (brevissimo) termine Dura prova per tutte le organizzazioni 2

3 Gli effetti della crisi e della flessibilità occupazionale Ristrutturazioni, fusioni, ridimensionamenti, riduzione di personale, flessibilità occupazionale ( lavoro temporaneo, in somministrazione ) Risorse Umane considerate solo come costi e non più viste come risorse chiave per la competitività organizzativa Svolta epocale che ha cambiato la natura stessa del lavoro e la sua percezione (da sicuro a insicuro, precariato strutturale, Gig Ecomomy) (e.g. Sverke & Hellgren, 2002; Sverke, Hellgren & Naswall, 2002; 2006) Quale effetto/ricaduta sulle persone? Aumento dell incertezza generale e del senso di insicurezza (con evidenti ricadute sociali e politiche) Aumento dell insicurezza lavorativa ( job insecurity) 3

4 Monitoring the social impact of the crisis (Eurobarometer EU) ITALIA: 19% insecure

5 Monitoring the social impact of the crisis (Eurobarometer EU) ITALY: 62% insecure of being able to find a new job Employability

6 Job Insecurity Definitions and facets of Job Insecurity

7 Definitions of Job Insecurity Perceived powerlessness to maintain desired continuity in a threatened job situation (Greenhalgh & Rosenblatt, 1984). Two key aspects: (1) powerlessness ( out of control) (2) threat The subjectively experienced anticipation of a fundamental and involuntary event related to job loss (Sverke et al., 2002) Key aspects: Anticipation ( uncertainty) subjective involuntary event JOB INSECURITY IS A SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE/PERCEPTION Not equal of unemployement, being fired, temporary work JOB INSECURITY IS a very powerful STRESSOR

8 Definitions of Job Insecurity Job insecurity is an employee s expectations about continuity in a job situation (Davy et al., 1997) concern about the future permanence of the job (van Vuuren & Klandermans, 1990) perception of a potential threat to continuity in his or her current job (Heaney et al., 1994) subjectively perceived likelihood of involuntary job loss (Sverke et al., 2002)

9 Definitions of Job Insecurity Core aspects of different definitions: Subjective: JIS is a perceptual phenomenon Different perception of same objective situation Uncertainty about the future Not certainty of dismissal ( it s different from unemployment, being fired, or temporary job) Involuntary Discrepancy between experience and preferences

10 Diverse sfaccettature della Job Insecurity Cognitive (perceived likelihood/probability of job loss) vs. Affective (worry/fear about job loss) Quantitative (perceived threats to job as such) vs. Qualitative (perceived threats to valued job features).. Subjective (individual/personal perception) vs. Objective (contract type)

11 An Integrated View of Job Insecurity QUANTITATIVE Job insecurity : Perception of the risk of loosing one s own job (probability, cognitive evaluation) (Eurobarometer) I think I am not keep my job Anxiety, worry, fear of loosing one s own job (emotional, affective evaluation) I fear to loose my job Concern about the continued existence of the job as such (global, overall concern) -> dismissal QUALITATIVE Job insecurity : Cognitive perception Fear, worry... of loosing valued job features of loosing qualitative aspects related to the job that define its objective and subjective value Salary Career Tasks Job role Challenge Multidimensional Dimension more hidden, subtle and sneaky of job insecurity Because often not recognized as such

12 Focus of Insecurity Multidimensional Integrated Approach of Job Insecurity (Chirumbolo, Callea & Urbini, 2018) Quantitative Type of Insecurity Qualitative Cognitive The probability of loosing my job is high I think that my salary will not increase in the future Affective I fear of loosing my job I fear that I will not have career opportunity in my organization

13 Job Insecurity Objective vs Subjective Percezione di insicurezza e contratto di lavoro (dati INAPP 2015) Sicuri Insicuri Temp Importanza dell'insicurezza percepita e di come il tipo di contratto non sia una variabile che racconta tutta la storia Tra i lavoratori a tempo INDETERMINATO circa il 19,4% si dichiara insicuro: Indet

14 Job Insecurity Objective vs Subjective Percezione di insicurezza e contratto di lavoro (dati INAPP 2010 e 2015) Ind Det Sicuri Insicuri Tra tutti i lavoratori a tempo INDETERMINATO, gli insicuri nel 2010 erano c.a. il 10%, mentre nel 2015 salgono al 19,4%

15 Theoretical Frameworks for the Study of Job Insecurity

16 A Job Insecurity Integrated Framework

17 Integrated model of Job Insecurity as a stressor Sverke & Hellgren, 2002

18 Outcomes of Job Insecurity What are the consequences of Job Insecurity? Who is it affecting? Job insecurity perceptions Consequences?

19 Consequences of Job Insecurity Type of consequence? Psychological, Somatic, Behavioral For whom? Individual, Organization, Union, Social Relationships (eg. Family), Society When does it occur? Short-term vs. Long-term

20 Consequences for individual health and well-being Mental health, Psychological well-being Anxiety & depression (+) Stress, Strain, Burnout (+) Physical health, Somatic complaints More physical diseases in general (+) High blood pressure (+) Use of medical services (+) Occurrence of heart disease (+) Muscle-skeleton diseases (+) Life dissatisfaction (-) Bullying at the workplace, harassment, violence, mobbing (+) Acceptance of worse working conditions (+) For a review see e.g., Cheung & Chan, 2008; Chirumbolo, 2003; Chirumbolo et al., 2017; De Witte, 1999; 2005; De Witte et al., 2011; 2015; Sverke & Hellgren, 2002; Sverke, Hellgren & Naswall, 2002; 2006; Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, Chirumbolo, De Witte, & Goslinga, 2004)

21 Consequences for the job and the organization Job satisfaction (-) Job involvement (-) Work Engagement (-) Organizational commitment (-) Organizational Identification (-) Organizational Citizenship Behavior (-) Trust (in management, organization), Justice, Fairness (-) Turnover intention (withdrawal intentions) (+) Performance (self & rated by managers) (-) Innovative work behaviors (-) Safety behaviors (-), Injuries (+) Counterproductive Work Behaviors (+) Absenteeism, tardiness Deviant workplace behavior For a review see e.g., Cheung & Chan, 2008; Chirumbolo, 2003; Chirumbolo et al., 2017; De Witte, 1999; 2005; De Witte et al., 2011; 2015; Sverke & Hellgren, 2002; Sverke, Hellgren & Naswall, 2002; 2006; Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, Chirumbolo, De Witte, & Goslinga, 2004)

22 Consequences for individual health and well-being Work family conflict (+) Crossover to partner (+) Marital dysfunctioning (+) Effects on children s school performance (-) Interpersonal strain/conflicts (+) Sacrifices of life projects (e.g. buying a home, marrying, or having children) and also daily consumption (e.g. buying groceries, apparel, or entertainment) For a review see e.g., Cheung & Chan, 2008; Chirumbolo, 2003; Chirumbolo et al., 2017; De Witte, 1999; 2005; De Witte et al., 2011; 2015; Sverke & Hellgren, 2002; Sverke, Hellgren & Naswall, 2002; 2006; Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, Chirumbolo, De Witte, & Goslinga, 2004)

23 Consequences of Job Insecurity: Meta-Analytic Evidence

24 Consequences of Job Insecurity: Meta-Analytic Evidence

25 Consequences of Job Insecurity: Meta-Analytic Evidence Sverke et al, 2002 Cheng & Chan, 2008 Job satisfaction Job involvement Org commitment Trust Performance -.17ns -.21 Turnover intention Physical health Mental health Results of scientific studies converge in showing a negative impact of job insecurity on individual and organizational well-being

26 Job Insecurity in Italy: Chirumbolo Individual outcomes Mental health (GHQ) (-) Physical health (somatic complaints) (+) Perceived Stress (+) Psychological strain (+) Vocational strain (+) Interpersonal strain, burn out (+) Life satisfaction (-) Self-efficacy (-) Self-esteem (-) Wage Inequality (-)

27 Job Insecurity in Italy: Chirumbolo Organizational outcomes Job attitudes (-) Job Satisfaction (-) Work engagement (-) Work empowerment (-) Organizational attitudes (-) Committment (-) Identification (-) Reputation (-) Empowerment (-) Organizational based selfesteem (-) Trust in organization (-) Justice, fair treatment (-) Organizational outcomes Withdrawl cognitions, turn over intentions (+) Extra-role performance Organizational citizenship behaviors (-) Non cooperative/deviant work behaviors (+) Absenteeism, latenees (+) In-role Performance (-) Task Performance (-)

28 Moderators of Job Insecurity How can the consequences of Job Insecurity be mitigated? Are they conditioned by other variables?? Job insecurity perceptions Consequences

29 Integrated model of Job Insecurity as a stressor Sverke & Hellgren, 2002

30 Moderators of Job Insecurity Research on job insecurity has been focusing on those intervening variables that could mitigate and reduce its negative consequences (e.g. De Witte et al, 2015; Sverke, & Hellgren, 2002) Some variables buffer the job insecurity-outcomes association, some other however boost it Moderators are relevant for practical implications, interventions and policy making Internal Resources Contextual Resources

31 Moderators of Job Insecurity Individual differences in personality traits negative affect and self-care self-esteem and optimism locus of control Honesty-Humility External resources social support perceptions of process and work control participations in decision processes fairness of treatment and organizational justice

32 Antecedents of Job Insecurity Who feels job insecure and why? Antecedents? Job insecurity perceptions

33 Antecedents of Job Insecurity Why do people feel insecure? Individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender, personality, employability) Objective work situation Job insecurity perceptions Consequences Organizational and social factors (e.g., social support, information, turbulence) Sverke, Hellgren, Naswall, Chirumbolo, De Witte, Goslinga (2004)

34 Antecedents of Job Insecurity Why do people feel insecure? Subjective : individual differences and personality traits internal locus of control: perceive less threat/strain negative affectivity: perceive more negative emotions many other more Trust in people, self-esteem, positive affectivity, selfefficacy, core self evaluation positivity (?)

35 Why do people feel insecure? Antecedents of Job Insecurity Objective : socio-demographics, individual features weak/disadvantaged position on the labour market Blue collar workers, low skilled workers & industry Temporary workers ( objectively job insecure) Private sector employment Employability Age and gender (unclear, mixed evidence)

36 Antecedents of Job Insecurity Why do people feel insecure? Characteristics of the environment MACRO STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS Huge country and regional differences High unemployment in region/country (+) Evolution of unemployment in region or country (+) Rate of temporary employment (+) Employment protection legislation (-) Generosity of unemployment compensation (-) Inequality at Regional/Country level (+)

37 Antecedents of Job Insecurity Why do people feel insecure? Characteristics of the environment ORGANIZATIONAL DETERMINANTS Organizational uncertainty about the future (crisis, firing ) Organizational change (merging, downsizing ) Information Communication Leadership, Management style Opportunities for participation, involvment Fair treatment

38 Antecedents of Job Insecurity

39 Antecedents of Job Insecurity

40 Thank you!!!