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91 ) '',, ', + ',!!!$$ + ' 7 $' ' $%! $ %9! %*!! '!!!!!! $!%,!!$$ 9 "!! '!!% $ & ' '* & ' $' *, * '&8 '* B$ %% &$ % "" IE ' "!% $%!! '* "!! #!! '? $!%! '?!!!%!!!!($!% ")!, $% ))!!!!!%! & ) '? "! &!!%& # %% **$ & %!! '' )! $ *& '&8 ) $!, "#$!%!! In campo letterario è molto forte la presenza del greco classico, specialmente nella denominazione delle figure retoriche Il mondo latino è permeato di elementi greci. Il greco era conosciuto da molti intellettuali; la lingua greca era usata negli scritti e parlata dagli aristocratici che l apprendevano nelle scuole, perché la conoscenza del greco costituiva uno status simbol. &"$' aferesi: soppressione di una vocale o di una sillaba iniziale [aphaíresis sottrazione ] allegoria: figura retorica per mezzo della quale si affida a una scrittura (o in genere a un contesto anche orale) un senso riposto e allusivo, diverso da quello che è il contenuto logico delle parole [allgoría l argomentare con immagini diverse, comp. di allos altro e agoréyo dico, esprimo ] anacoluto: costrutto sintattico per cui il primo elemento appare, rispetto ai successivi, insieme campato in aria e messo in rilievo [anakóluthon (skhema) (costrutto) inconseguente, comp. di an- privativo e akóluthos compagno di strada, seguace ] anadiplósi: figura retorica per la quale si ripete la parola a cui si vuol dare maggiore evidenza [anadiplósis ripetizione, raddoppiamento ] anafora: figura retorica che consiste nella ripetizione, in principio di verso o di proposizione, della parola o espressione con cui ha inizio il verso o la proposizione principale [ anaphorá l atto di portar su ] ;J

92 anagramma: permutazione totale delle lettere di una parola in modo da ottenere altre parole di significato diverso [anágramma, comp. di ana sopra o anche contro, indietro, in senso inverso e grámma lettera ] analogia: rapporto di somiglianza tra alcuni elementi costitutivi di due fatti od oggetti, tale da far dedurre mentalmente un certo grado di somiglianza tra i fatti o gli oggetti stessi [analoghía der. di analoghízomai calcolare proporzionalmente] antifrasi: figura retorica che consiste nell esprimersi con termini di significato opposto a ciò che si pensa, o per ironia o per eufemismo [antiphrasís contro-espressione ] antitesi: contrapposizione di idee espressa mettendo in corrispondenza parole di significato opposto o in contrasto [antíthesis contro-posizione, comp. da anti contro e thésis posizione ] antonomasia: uso di un nome comune, un epiteto o una perifrasi al posto di un nome proprio, per esprimerne una qualità caratterizzante [antonomasía contro-denominazione ] apax: (variante di hapax) parola o espressione che ricorre una sola volta [ápacs legómenon detto una sola volta ] apocope: caduta della vocale o della sillaba finale di una parola [apokopé taglio, troncamento ] apostrofe: figura retorica consistente nel rivolgere enfaticamente il discorso verso o contro qualcuno, anche non presente [apostrophé deviazione, mutamento (di tono, di espressione)] asindeto: accostamento di frasi o costrutti verbali senza l'uso di congiunzioni [(asýndeton non legato, comp. di a- priv. e sindeo lego ] brachilogia: concisione nell esprimersi, ottenuta mediante ellissi e abbreviazioni [brakhýs breve e lógos discorso ] catacrési: metaforico di una parola per designare un idea o un oggetto per i quali la lingua non possiede un termine proprio [katákhresis abuso ] crasi: contrazione della vocale finale di una parola con la vocale iniziale della parola successiva [krásis mescolanza ] diafora: figura retorica che consiste nella ripetizione e amplificazione di una espressione [diáphoros diverso ] diallage: figura retorica per cui vari argomenti convergono ad una stessa conclusione [diallaghé da diallásso mutare ] diatesi: funzione del verbo come espressione del rapporto intercorrente tra il soggetto e l azione; si distingue in attiva, media e passiva [diáthesis disposizione ] dieresi: divisione di un gruppo vocalico nel corpo di una stessa parola, in modo che le due vocali non formino dittongo ma appartengano a due sillabe diverse [diaíresis divisione ] enallage: scambio di una parte del discorso per un altra [enallaghé cambiamento ] enfasi: figura retorica consistente nel conferire particolare rilievo a singole parole o espressioni [émphasis, der. di emphaíno manifestare ] epanalessi: figura retorica consistente nella ripetizione di una o più parole nello stesso periodo [epanálepsis ripresa ] epentesi: immissione, nell interno di un gruppo fonetico o sintattico, di un suono non etimologico [epénthesis inserzione ] ;K

93 ) '',, ', + ', eufemismo: figura retorica che consiste nel sostituire, per scrupolo religioso o morale o per riguardi sociali o per altro, l espressione propria e usuale con altra di significato attenuato [euphemismós, der. di euphemizo dire parole di buon augurio ] iperbole: intensificazione di un espressione esagerando la qualità di una persona o di una cosa [hyperbolé gettare oltre ] ironia: figura retorica consistente nel dire il contrario di quello che si intende affermare [eironeía contro-denominazione, finzione ] metàfora: sostituzione di un termine proprio con uno figurato, in seguito ad una trasposizione simbolica di immagini [metaphorá trasferimento ] metonìmia: sostituzione di un termine con un altro che ha con il primo un rapporto di contiguità logica [metonymía scambio di nome ] onomatopea: descrizione di oggetti per mezzo del suono della parola o delle parole che li esprimono [omomatopoiía, comp. di ónoma nome e poié faccio, formo ] ossimoro: figura retorica consistente nell accostare, nella medesima locuzione, parole che esprimono concetti contrari [oksýmoron, comp. di oksýs acuto e morós sciocco ] perifrasi: complesso di parole, di frasi, per meglio sviluppare un pensiero, chiarire una espressione, estendere ed ornare un discorso [períphrasis da periphrázo parlare con circonlocuzioni ] pleonasmo: figura retorica con la quale, per dare maggior chiarezza, eleganza, energia al discorso, si aggiungono lettere o parole non strettamente necessarie [pleonasmós, da pleonázo sovrabbondare ] polisindeto: ripetizione insistita di una congiunzione in un periodo [polysýndeton comp. di polýs molto e di sýndetos, der. di syndéo legare insieme ] sincope: caduta di un suono o di un gruppo di suoni all interno di una parola [synkopé rottura ] sinèddoche: figura retorica per la quale si usa figuratamente una parola di senso più ampio o meno ampio di quella propria [synekdokhé, der. di synekdékhomai comprendere più cose insieme ] sineresi: contrazione di due vocali in una sillaba [synaíresis restringimento, der. di synairéo prendere, mettere insieme, comp. di syn con, insieme e hairéo prendere ] zeugma: figura retorica che consiste nel far dipendere da un unico predicato due complementi o due costrutti diversi, dei quali solo uno propriamente gli si adatterebbe [zeugma legame, unione, aggiogamento ] $!&!!$! Un gran numero di termini medici derivano dal greco; un buon medico, quindi, può curare meglio una malattia conoscendo a fondo il significato dei termini medici attraverso l etimologia. ;;