Lo stato della ricerca sui fenomeni ormetici: gli effetti delle basse dosi di Radon. Ing. HES Olivier Bessire p

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1 1 CIFA NEWS 44 Janvier-June 2011 Supplement to Ricerca Aerospaziale XXVII n.1 Index : Comitè International De Recherche et D Etude de Facteurs de l Ambiance Association Internationale a but scientifique. (Monit. belge,28 Aug. 1969) Editorial, Vincenzo Valenzi (President of CIFA director ISREP/LIUM) p. 2 Statistical Analysis of Piccardi Chemical Tests F. De Meyer and C. Capel-Boute p.3-6 The adventurous flight of our planet trough the space. P.Faraone.(Vc.Presid. CIFA) p.7-12 Quantum ElectroDynamical mechanisms of resonant effects development inside Coherence domains at combined magnetic fields action M. Zhadin, N.Bobkova,V.Valenzi,F. Fontana p Lo stato della ricerca sui fenomeni ormetici: gli effetti delle basse dosi di Radon. Ing. HES Olivier Bessire p From drug intolerance to a SEP( Skin electric Parameters) driven therapy. Some preliminary observation. By Vincenzo I. Valenzi, Maria Luisa Roseghini p About Electromagnetic Signals and Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences Luc MONTAGNIER1;2, Jamal AÄISSA1, St ephane FERRIS1, Jean-Luc MONTAGNIER1, Claude LAVALL EE1 Abstract for Yalta conference. p Information = a potentialform of energy Paolo Manzelli General Secretary CIFA p Projects Storm Glass, Heavy Metal, Heliomed, SEP in therapy p Meetings and others p News from CIFA p. 42 Special Report: Reflections on the Second Principle of Thermodynamics Maurizio Vignati p Address Cifa-News:Centro Studi di Biometeorologia onlus,via Caio Mario 6/a Roma centrostudi.biometeo@ .it Tel skipe: vivalenzi web:

2 2 Editorial Italian Version Hoover's recent bacteria in meteorite fragments discovery, published in the Journal of Cosmology, has opened again the debate on the origin of life that in recent years was seen by protagonists like Rhawn Joseph and many others. In fact the question of how the leap realized from the primordial universe of Mendeleiev's table and its structuring in particular conditions such as living matter, with all the subsequent implications, from Hoover's Cyan Bacteria to the human neuron, more or less the most advanced material, it's debatable. In wanting to continue in this important scientific question, (on which, we should remember, we know little, or better, we are immersed in the primordial mists) it's useful to clarify that there are ready answers which people usually resort to, due to the elegance and the refined development of thought which underlies the existence of a creator God who's in heaven and earth and everywhere, and creator of all things. The solution of the creator God solves all problems at once with the necessary unknowability of the same men, who, should not insist too much on repeating Adam's mistake. For those who don't have the strength to believe in a devine solution and are animated by a more or less scientific doubt, the actual answer is not the best, having to come to terms with the greatest enigmas of nature, the creation of the big bang (or many of the big bang as scientists recently think) and how it rose from the primordial chaos to ordered forms of chemistry and biochemistry, with the formation of the first bacteria, the evolution towards higher forms of life, from fish to birds, plants, animals, to humans. In Italy we've been debating for years on thermodynamics and life, focusing on the apparent contradictions between the first and second law of thermodynamics. According to Ubaldo Mastromatteo (a physicist who builds chips for STMicroelectronics), the second principle would be violated in the genesis of life, and brings in support of this thesis, the enormous work and expenditure of energy, to build a chip that it's weak compared to a grain of wheat which is organized by creating negentropic order, on absorbing energy and nutritive materials from the system environment, and reducing the entropy of the system. Ubaldo 'was accused of introducing a kind of thermodynamics orgonic (also to be guilty of having written at my request for a chapter in the appendix to the book by William Reich). Indeed, Reich, a student of Freud, influenced by the theories of ethics in vogue in the thirties, had guess that psychic energy is a biological form of a primordial energy in the atmosphere that pervaded the universe and that was negentropic type (ie 'in the form of Maxwell's demon) saw potential reversed to operate in the processes of creation potential in nature: the formation of a cloud before discharge into a storm saw a gradual accumulation of energy and matter, mainly water in this case, the birth of a living bacteria or in other forms evolved. Many researcher have worked over time on this line of research, from the ancient East with their theories on Chi or Prana, studies Fantappiè 'and the Arcidiacono syntropy (a synthesis between entropy and negentropy), which could interpret the dynamic based on meteorological and biological processes of creation and the potential use of entropy of the same, more 'or less ordered, as occurs in biological processes where the levels of higher order are maintained for decades until it goes to death, Many scientist have worked over time on this line of course the issues at stake for those who venture on to these areas of research are numerous and shake your wrists, but maybe it 's time that you look at it without fear and armed of scientific method, as the Polar Star must continue to guide those wishing to go beyond the dogma, to decode the latest secrets of life, to live with respect for the laws of its own. Apirl 2011 Vincenzo Valenzi Presidente CIFA Director ISREp/LIUM

3 3 Int. J. Biometeor., 1987, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp /87/ $3.00 _9 Swets & Zeitlinger Statistical Analysis of Piccardi Chemical Tests by F. De Meyer* and C. Capel-Boute** * Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium. ** International Committee for Research and Study of Environmental Factors, Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles (CP 196), av. Roosevelt 50,1050 Brussels, Belgium. ABSTRACT. -- The numerical data collected daily for the longest series of inorganic chemical tests, carried out in Florence (Piccardi and co-workers, ) and in Brussels (Capel-Boute, ), have been submitted to a statistical analysis for the purpose of searching an answer to the questions which led to start the collection of long-term series of data with the Piccardi chemical tests in different places. The question was to study the variability in the course of time of various effects observed on aqueous systems, even in the most rigorously standardized conditions, for a chemical precipitation reaction. Since significant long-term perturbations and an annual variation are present in all data sets, the observations cannot be conceived as purely random fluctuations. No common long-term pattern is observed and the measurements are not unambiguously correlated with climatologically effects or the solar cycle. The statistical information content of the chemical tests is time-dependent, which implies non-stationarity of the observations. These results suggest the necessity of search for disturbing geophysical and cosmological factors to understand the mechanisms of the interaction. 1. INTRODUCTION Since the Piccardi chemical tests have started in Florence (1951) and in Brussels (1952), many publications have shown the strange fluctuations of their results in spite of the fact that these tests, based on simple precipitation reactions, are repeated in the course of time in so-called "identical conditions" for any chemist. The patterns of diurnal, annual and long-term variations observed in the data collected in Florence (till 1972) and in Brussels (till 1978) have suggested working hypotheses of some cyclic variations related respectively to the movements of the Earth or to solar-terrestrial relationships. Facts in favour of Piccardi's solar hypothesis have been reviewed in two interdisciplinary symposiums held in Brussels in 1958 and 1968 and in other international meetings. The subject of this research is thus well-known already by many scientists from different disciplines all over the world, concerned like us with the origin and way of action of some usually uncontrolled environmental factors responsible for nonreproducible results in physical chemistry. But this fact in itself seems still ignored or unacceptable for the major part of the scientific community as a challenge to the traditional methodology requiring that laboratory experiments could be repeated in any place or time with reproducible results. In this view the following statistical analysis aimed at an answer to the basic questions which led to start the collection of long-term series of data in rigorously standardized conditions in different places of the world. The methods of statistical analysis chosen and the results for the data collected in Brussels and Florence are discussed. 2. METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PICCARDI TESTS A. THE CHOICE OF THE LABORATORY METHOD. -- Why and how were the Piccardi chemical tests devised? When C. Capel-Boute met G. Piccardi* for the first time, in October 1950, it appeared that they had encountered, quite independently, similar difficulties in studying various effects of different methods for physical treatment of water, used in industry to prevent scaling in boilers. In fact, many usual laboratory test-reactions and experimental conditions, that were tried also by other research workers, did not ensure reproducible results in view to characterize effects of treated (activated) water against untreated (normal) water, as the differences observed could

4 vary considerably and even change from positive to negative results. Such methods of "physical treatment of water", using controlled low-energy electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields, suggested that some physical factors, possibly of similar nature, existing and varying in the environment could act, uncontrolled, in the same way on water itself with evident effects on the building of a new phase in a test reaction. This working hypothesis raised, for chemists and biologists, the fundamental question of an enlarged concept of possible control of our physical environment: it was tested since the first of March 1951 in Florence by the Piccardi chemical tests F and D. The question was to study the variability in the course of time of any effect observed in the most rigorously standardized conditions concerning the internal parameters of the system itself. Although biological effects of some physical treatments of water had already been observed, with the same disturbing variability, it was clearly easier to standardize a sensitive physico-chemical process such as an inorganic precipitation reaction, so that it could be repeated daily in identical conditions, for sufficiently long periods of time to provide data for a statistical analysis. A hydrolysis reaction (BiCI 3 + H20 = BiOCI + 2 HCI), with either pretreated or untreated distilled water, was particularly adequate to observe the variability of the effect of a suitable physical treatment of the water on the germination, growth and sedimentation of the resulting precipitate, in otherwise identical laboratory conditions. This was called F-test (F = fuori = outside) by Piccardi. The conditions of the experiment had to be chosen rigorously and had to be simple enough to enable a single operator to carry out simultaneously the couple of reactions to compare and to repeat the test in function of time in a statistically sufficient number of experiments. As much as ten couples of reactions at three fixed different hours were carried out daily in Florence from 1951 to 1972 (for technical details and full discussion of experimental conditions, see Piccardi, 1960 and Capel-Boute, 1960). The anomalous variability observed on the sedimentation rates, even for the most rigorously standardized control conditions, led to characterize the effect only by the visible positive or negative sign of the difference in the level reached by the precipitates for each couple of reactions carried out simultaneously at room temperature, neglecting deliberately its absolute value. The numerical result of a series of Piccardi chemical tests is thus expressed as the frequency of a positive result (accelerated sedimentation) obtained repeatedly as apparent effect of the controlled factor differentiating the two reactions compared. This numerical "variability index" may be given in function of time as percentage for the daily series of experiments or calculated as weekly, monthly or annual means of these daily percentages. B. DIFFERENTIATING THE CONDITIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The question raised of possible disturbing factors in the environment of the same nature as those applied in different physical treatments of water led Piccardi to carry out the same test in a Faraday-cage (made ofa 1 mm thick copper sheet) and he called it D-test (D =dentro -- inside). The puzzling question of non-reproducibility of the controls (all precipitation reactions with untreated water) led him also to differentiate only the couple of reactions by their environmental conditions, that is, comparing precipitations carried out inside versus outside the Faraday-cage, studying with this P-test the variability of the screen-effect itself. The different patterns of fluctuations observed in Florence and Brussels led us to organize systematically since 1956 in Brussels and other places of the world, the collection of data on four standardized tests: F-test and D'-test, similar to the D-test but using only a horizontal copper screen (0,1 mm thick) instead of a whole earthed Faraday-cage, to differentiate environmental conditions. This new type of screen-effect was observed on both reactions with untreated (normal) water (PN-test) or with treated (activated) water (PA-test), carried out simultaneously for either the F or D'-test with the Piccardi Synchronous Mixer (Capel-Boute, 1960, p. 91). 4

5 The numerical results, expressed in percentage, for the frequency of a positive effect observed daily on ten couples of reactions for each of these four tests have been subjected to a statistical analysis. Attention is focussed on the time variation of the monthly and weekly means. C. RESULTS OF THE PICCARDI CHEMICAL TESTS. -- The numerical results of all Piccardi chemical tests, collected in Brussels by C. Capel-Boute from 1952 to 1978, have been published in 7 volumes, containing monthly and weekly means, computed fromdaily values, and running means for 10 consecutive days*. Daily results from Florence, collected by Piccardi and coworkers from 1951 to 1972, have also been published in separate volumes. Figure 1 shows the monthly means of the Piccardi chemical tests obtained in Brussels and Florence. Figure 2 displays the weekly means of the tests F, D', PN and PA (Brussels). As possible candidates for the description of the influences of external factors the time series of atmospheric temperature (TEMP), barometric pressure (PRES), the Wolf sunspot numbers (WOLF) and the 2800 MHz flux, measured at Ottawa (FLUX), are represented in Figure 3. *Available from the International Committee for Research and Study of Environmental Factors, CIFA (ULB CP 196), Av. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels. The Full article is on the link 6. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to answer by appropriate statistical methods the two fundamental questions which led to start the long-term series of Piccardi chemical tests, carried out daily in Florence (Piccardi and co-workers, ) and Brussels (Capel-Boute, ). The purpose was to investigate the anomalous variability in the course of time observed in the effects of a physical treatment of water, even in the most rigorously standardized conditions for a chemical inorganic precipitation reaction in an aqueous medium (F-test). Secondly, the intention was to test the hypothesis of possible disturbing factors of external origin, by executing the same test in different places and in differently screened environmental conditions (D,D'-tests) and to investigate simultaneously the fluctuations observed on the screen-effect itself(tests P, PN, PA). It is apparent that the time variability of the observed effects in Piccardi's precipitation reaction tests cannot be considered as being purely random, in the sense of a purely white noise fluctuation, because the statistical information content changes in time, which implies non-stationarity of all time series considered. The sample means of either treatment-effect tests (F and D') versus screen-effect tests (PN and PA) are almost certainly unequal and the sample means of all three tests in Florence (F, D and P) are definitively different. For all chemical tests mean values and standard deviations are significantly different for successive subdivisions in the observing interval. Different significant trends, changing sign, appear in all tests in Florence and Brussels. They seem to be dependent on the time interval chosen, whether apriori or in function of periods of different intensity of the solar activity. Significant annual and long-term variations are present in all data sets, but no common long-term pattern is observed. The observations of atmospheric temperature, baro metric pressure, EM flux and Wolf sunspot numbers are included a prior in the analysis as possible candidates for the representation of environmental factors, but no unambiguous results point to a single or dominant cause. Nevertheless it is concluded that at least a part of the influences responsible for non-reproducible results in space and time, in such physico-chemical processes in aqueous media, must come from physical factors of external origin. These results stress the necessity of search for disturbing geophysical, climatological and cosmologicalfactors to understand the mechanisms of their interaction in aqueous media. 5

6 6 REFERENCES 1. ANDERSON, T. W. (1971): The statistical analysis of time series. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 2. BRANDT, S. (1973): Statistical and computational methods in data analysis. North- Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 3. CAPEL-BOUTE, C. (1960): Observations sur les tests chimiques de Piccardi effectu6s b. Bruxelles de 1950 fi In: Symposium International sur les Relations entre Ph6nom~nes solaires et terrestres en Chimie-physique et en Biologie. Presses Acad6miques Europ~:ennes, Bruxelles, CAPEL-BOUTE, C. (1974): L'oeuvre scientifique de G. Piccardi. Medicina Termale e Climatologia, 22, CAPEL-BOUTE, C. (1980): Assessment of origin and effects from natural fluctuations and man-made alterations of our physical environment. Biometeorology, 7, Part 2, Suppl. to Int. J. Biometeorology, DE MEYER, F. (1986): Modulation of the solar daily geomagnetic variation. J. Atm. Terr. Phys., 48, JENKINS, G. M. and WATTS, D. G. (1968): Spectral analysis and its applications. Holden-Day, San Francisco. 8. PICCARDI, G. (1960): Expos6 introductif- Les tests chimiques. In: Symposium International sur les Relations entre Ph6nom~nes solaires et terrestres en Chimie-physique et en Biologie, Presses Acad6miques Europ6ennes, Bruxelles, PICCARDI, G. (1962): The chemical basis of medical climatology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield. 10. SNEDECOR, G. W. and COCHRAN, G. W. (1978): Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, Iowa. 11. SNEYERS, R. (1975): Sur l'analyse statistique des s6ries d'observ

7 7 The adventurous flight of our planet through the space. Faraone Piero A.R- (. Med. Hyg. Microbiologist, Vice Presid. CIFA,Internat.Academy of Sciences of Milano ) The Earth with its atmosphere, can be considered a large vehicle traveling in the space, running many risks for itself. Possible dangers indeed, may derive from the spreading of high cosmic energies in the same space. Our planet is always exposed to these insidious forces. If the earth has a protective shield called magnetosphere as a viable defense but in despite of this, some amount of space-energies ( particled or not ) reaches our planet and some of them exceedes thicknesses that till now were considered to be insurmountable ( i.e.: the neutrinos may even exceed the thickness of the whole Earth). Extensive Air Showers[EAS]of primary cosmic rays cause series of interactions with the planet's atmosphere, producing a number of secondary particles (like neutrons) which interact with the atmosphere to give still other particles that are named tertiary. And so it s on until collapse of total residual energy of the particles which blocks at all, the energy triggered by the primary showers ( see,please,also the editorial of C.News 38, 2006 in ). The primary cosmic rays of the sun have less energy than galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays but they can arrive nevertheless on our planet. The particles arriving on the earth can ellarge upon areas of several square kilometers. Dozens of particles pass through our bodies every second,and this phenomenon is more intense with increasing of the altitude. Detection systems are used on our planet to trap EAS of cosmic particles. The presence of mutations was observed in bacteria of the space-shuttle environment.these bacteria after showed a manifest increasing of their virulence.this is derived from comparison with interesting observations remarked in the same bacteria on the earth. We now have the advantage to make a better assessment of the risks on our Earth, after the several travels of space-shuttle. These risks were indeed, most evident at altitudes as high as those achieved by the space-shuttle on our planet. This is a comfortable Standard of Earth-Space-Comparing in biology. An interesting biological test for this comparison, could have been achieved perhaps also with CSD test (1-2),especially in the long term.. Moreover the cosmic rays and solar activity combining their influences ( see please, editorial of C. News 43, 2010 in ) work on some type of substrates ( i.e.: the biological substrate of CSD utilised from the A. or the colloidal substrate utilised from Piccardi in their test ) may make evident some periodical phenomena which occur on the time in our planet. We are indeed, at the beginning of another long journey of the Science. The A. want here recall something of the scientific researches about the influence of cosmic rays in our planet and in a space-shuttle. The A. daily conducted experimental researches in Italy from 1970 to1991 (1-2) on more than 4 million of bacterial colonies, with cyclical variations in the frequency of some forms of atypical colonies (named Sectoring Colonies or CSD) showing one or more sectors differentiated. These forms could be related, according to the literature, with probable bacterial mutations.

8 Correlations were realized between the frequency variations of CSD with Solar Activity and Cosmic Rays Activity (1-2). These correlations were negative and significant with the solar activity (Wolf's number) and positive and significant with the cosmic rays ( Neutron Flux ). This suggests an undeniable influence of these physical phenomena on microrganisms, this was even more interesting for the possible involvement of the DNA of bacterial cells, not only in the dependence of the solar or the cosmic radiations but also of the electromagnetic waves of low frequency or ELF, and also of the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field (1-2), for change of polarity( 1, Publications ; 2 ). The ability to detect bacterial mutations in correlation with the external energies is corroborated beyond any doubt, from a U.S.studies done on four bacteria isolated in a space-shuttle during spaceflight ( and the bacteria were obviously on higher exposure to cosmic radiations, in this vector ). The researchers G. Fox and Wilson R. (3) shown that genetically the bacteria isolated from the space shuttle, suffered relatively frequent mutations, giving modified microbial strains, able to causing disease risks for the health of astronauts. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella grown in the space, aboard the space-shuttle, have shown unusual genetic activity becoming more virulent ( 4 ). The discovery could provide valuable guidance in the development of drugs for our terrestrial use in the prevention and medical care for extended missions in the space.it is well known that the permanence in space has significant effects on human physiology.this permanence weakens the muscles and skeletal system; is also detrimental to the human immune system. A study also shows that the space-effect on microorganisms could be so much radical : a Salmonella strain grown on the space-shuttle, is several times more deadly than a Salmonella strain grown in the land. This research indicates that NASA and other space agencies should consider that the extended space travels will increase the virulence of microorganisms that inevitably will be brought by the astronauts on board. The research team, led by Cheryl Nickerson, an associate professor at Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, found that Salmonella grown in the Space Shuttle mission STS-115, in 2006, expressed deep genetic modifications. When this Space-strain was administered to mice, after returning to the Earth, this Salmonella was more deadly than the strains grown on the Earth-strain. This was the first experiment that has studied the genetic changes in microorganism on the space.the researchers have shown that a particular gene of Salmonella regulates the most part of the detected molecular changes. This global regulator, which seems to help the bacteria to react to the stress by becoming more virulent, is a possible target for developing therapies against Salmonella. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium, has caused, in the1970, the unique severe infection till now, of an astronaut.in returning to our planet with Apollo 13, the astronauts left the main part of the space-shuttle to close themselves in the lunar module, on returning to Earth after an explosion on board of Apollo 13. There, they suffered conditions of low oxygen, water and energy.in these difficult conditions, the astronaut Fred Haise developed a severe prostate infection caused by Pseudomonas. He was seriously ill for weeks, after his return. Most of the infections contracted by astronauts in space, were light still now, even though it was never caused by Salmonella.And so as it s seen in the examples just mentioned(3.4), the cosmic rays are therefore of great importance to give genetic changes in biological substrates. D.M.Klaus and H.N.Howard (5) remarked that various factors associated with the space flight environment have been shown to potentially compromise the immune system of astronauts, increase microbial proliferation and microflora exchange, alter virulence and decrease antibiotic effectiveness. An acceptable resolution of the above concerns must be achieved to ensure safeguard and efficient space habitation. 8

9 Peter W. Taylor and Andrei P.Sommer (6) hypothised that in the next years, very extended space flights will become a reality and astronauts will be likely to spend at least very long time away from Earth. Time spent in such extreme environments will result in a diminution of immune status and profound changes in the human bacterial microflora. In microgravity, the efficacy of antibiotics is reduced and microbial mutation rates increase very much. These factors will impinge on the capacity to treat effectively the infections that will doubtless arise during such long and stressfull..travels. Concluding MC.Maccarone,-First-Reseacher of the Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo(IASF-PA)(7), confirmes that cosmic rays can be considered. of great importance in biology, contributing to their genetic changes especially in the long term. These energies are likely to have ever played and continue to play an important role in the evolution of life on the Earth. She deduces that the cosmic rays may have done and are continuing to conduct, perhaps, to having a crucial role in the same evolution of life on the whole our planet. And now, what impedes that the A. can conclude his article, hypotithing that the role of cosmic energies could be very much important as determining factor in influencing not only the human health but also his same ageingprocess and perhaps the end of his same existence? 9 REFERENCES (1) CIFA-Site Publications,1970 / 2002 ; Cifa News Bulletins, n 29 / 44, 2001/2011. (2) I. O rmenyi Ph.D., Hungarian Section of the Internat. Comm. of Study and Research of Environm. Factor, 1061.Kiraly u. 52.Budapest. Long Term Experiments of Meteorological and Solar Wave and Particle Radiation on Air Bacteria / CSD / Level. Tecnologiezentrum, TNOVA,K.Berichte,band 43, ,2000. It s possible to ask this paper writing to passfahren@tin.it (3) Fox G., Wilson R., Getting to grips with mistery space bugs. New Scientist,2003,177,20, (4) Site Simili News Letter N.5,Sept-Oct (5) David M. Klaus, Heather N. Howard. Aerospace Engin. Sciences Dep. Univ. of Colorado, USA, Antibiotic efficacy and microbial virulence during space flight,. Trends in Biotechnology Volume 24, Issue 3, March 2006, Pages Source : Antibiotic efficacy and microbial virulence during space flight (6) Peter W. Taylor a, Andrei P. Sommerb Towards rational treatment of bacterial infections during extended space travel.journal of Antimicrobial Agents Volume 26, Issue 3, Pages (September 2005) Source: (7) Maccarone M.C. "Dall'esperimento di Hess alla missione EUSO: alla ricerca dei raggi cosmici. Sources :C.Maccaroneselectedpublications1980/2009; ; ricerca dei raggi cosmici di più alta energia Formato file: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Visualizzazione rapida Alla

10 10 L avventuruoso viaggio del nostro pianeta nello spazio. Faraone Piero A.R. ( Medico Igienista.Microbiologo, Vice Presid. CIFA, Internat.Academy of Sciences of Milano ) La Terra con la sua atmosfera, può essere paragonata ad un grande veicolo che viaggia nello spazio tra le numerose insidie date dalla diffusione in esso, di elevate energie cosmiche. A questi pericoli il nostro pianeta è continuamente esposto. Se la terra ha uno scudo protettivo chiamato magnetosfera,che rimane una valida difesa, ciònonostante, una certa quantità di energie spaziali (particolate o non) raggiungono il nostro pianeta e una parte di esse, supera spessori prima giudicati insuperabili (ad es. : i neutrini possono anche superare lo spessore della Terra). Sciami di raggi cosmici primari (da alta energia) innescano una serie di interazioni con l'atmosfera del pianeta, producendo un numero di particelle secondarie (come i neutroni) che a loro volta interagiscono con l'atmosfera, a dare ancora altre particelle chiamate terziarie. E così via, fino al calo di ogni energia residua delle particelle, che bloccano questa sorta di cascata, innescata dallo sciame primario( vedi pure l editoriale del C.News 38, 2006 in ). I raggi cosmici primari del sole sono di minore energia rispetto a quelli di origine galattica ed extragalattica e possono arrivare sul nostro pianeta. Le particelle che raggiungono la Terra possono interessare aree anche di diversi chilometri quadrati. Decine di particelle, attraversano i nostri corpi ogni secondo e tale fenomeno è più intenso con l 'aumento dell' altitudine. Sistemi di rilevazione sono utilizzati sul nostro pianeta per intrappolare gli sciami delle particelle cosmiche. È stata osservata presenza di mutazioni nei batteri presenti nelle navette spaziali che hanno presentato pure un aumento della loro virulenza. Ciò è ricavato dal confronto con interessanti osservazioni verificate pure a terra negli stessi batteri Avendo già fatto viaggi nello spazio con le navicelle, oggi abbiamo il vantaggio di fare una migliore valutazione di certi rischi sulla nostra terra per il motivo che essi restano più evidenti a delle altezze tanto elevate come quelle raggiunte dalle navicelle sul nostro pianeta. Ciò infatti permette di fruire di un comodo termine di confronto biologico. Un altro intressante confronto biologico terra-spazio si sarebbe potuto pure realizzare, peraltro attraverso un test come quello CSD (1-2), e soprattutto nel lungo termine. Inoltre in numerosi casi, l influenza dei raggi cosmici combinata con l attività solare ( vedi editoriale C.News in ),agendo su un tipo di substrato ( ad es.come quello biologico delle CSD usato dall A o come quello colloidale usato da Piccardi ), potrebbe evidenziare alcuni fenomeni, detti periodici, che si verificano nel corso del tempo sul nostro pianeta. Siamo cioè solo all'inizio di un altro lungo viaggio della conoscenza... L'A. ora, vuol qui ricordare qualcosa di ciò che si è letto in vari articoli scientifici sull influenza delle energie veicolate coi raggi cosmici sul nostro pianeta e sui veicoli spaziali. Ricerche abbastanza recenti condotte dall A. in Italia dal 1970 al 1991 (1-2) su oltre 4 milioni di colonie batteriche, hanno evidenziato variazioni cicliche di frequenza di alcune forme atipiche di colonie (colonie a uno o più settori differenziati o Sectoring Colonies o C.S.D.). Forme queste da mettere in relazione, secondo la letteratura, con la presenza di probabili mutazioni batteriche.

11 Attuando correlazioni fra le variazioni nel tempo della frequenza di tali C.S.D.con le variazioni sia dell attività solare che dei raggi cosmici(1-2) tali correlazioni sono risultate negative e significative con la prima (Wolf s Number) e positive e significative con i secondi ( flusso di neutroni ). Ciò lascia intendere un indubbia influenza di tali fenomeni fisici sui microrganismi, cosa resa più ancora interessante dal coinvolgimento del corredo DNA delle cellule batteriche, fatto che non si limiterebbe a realizzarsi solo in dipendenza dell attività solare o di quella delle radiazioni cosmiche ma che si avrebbe pure per le onde elettro magnetiche di bassa frequenza o ELF e per l influenza dell attività del campo magnetico interplanetario(cambio di polarità ) ( 1, Publications ; 2 ). La possibilità di riscontrare mutazioni batteriche in correlazione con le energie esterne, sarebbe avvalorata al di là d ogni dubbio, da uno studio USA fatto su 4 batteri isolati a bordo di un vettore durante i voli spaziali, nei quali era ovviamente maggiore l esposizione alle radiazioni cosmiche. Facendo rilevamenti sul corredo genetico di germi isolati dall interno della navicella spaziale, i ricercatori Fox G. e Wilson R.(3) appuravano che i batteri presenti a bordo, subivano mutazioni relativamente frequenti, dando ceppi microbici modificati con conseguenti rischi epidemiologici per la salute degli astronauti. Dei batteri del genere Salmonella coltivati nello spazio, sullo space shuttle, hanno mostrato un attività genetica inconsueta, divenendo molto più virulenti La scoperta potrebbe fornire indicazioni preziose nello sviluppo di farmaci per l utilizzo terrestre e nella prevenzione medica per missioni prolungate nello spazio. È ben noto che la lunga permanenza nello spazio ha effetti significativi sulla fisiologia umana indebolisce la muscolatura ed il sistema scheletrico e danneggia pure il sistema immunitario. Una ricerca dimostra inoltre che l effetto-spazio sui microorganismi potrebbe essere altrettanto radicale: la Salmonella fatta crescere sullo space-shuttle è svariate volte più mortale del suo corrispettivo terrestre. La ricerca indica che la NASA e le altre agenzie spaziali dovranno tenere conto del fatto che missioni lunghe con equipaggio nello spazio aumenteranno la virulenza dei microorganismi che inevitabilmente gli astronauti portano a bordo. Il gruppo di ricerca, guidato da Cheryl Nickerson, professore associato alla Arizona State Univ. Biodesign Institute, ha scoperto che la Salmonella coltivata nella missione dello Space Shuttle STS-115 del 2006,ha manifestato profonde modificazioni genetiche. Somministrata poi a topi, al rientro sulla Terra,si è dimostrata molto più mortale dei ceppi equivalenti cresciuti sulla Terra. Questo è stato il primo esperimento che abbia studiato le modificazioni dei geni di un microorganismo nello spazio. I ricercatori hanno dimostrato che un gene particolare della Salmonella regola la maggior parte delle modificazioni molecolari rilevate. Questo regolatore globale, che sembra aiutare i batteri a reagire allo stress divenendo più virulenti, è un possibile obiettivo per mettere a punto terapie. contro.la.salmonella. ll batterio della specie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nel 1970, ha causato fino ad oggi, l unica infezione grave a un astronauta. Infatti per tornare sulla Terra dopo un esplosione a bordo, gli astronauti dell Apollo 13 abbandonarono la parte principale della navetta per chiudersi poi nel modulo lunare, dove affrontarono condizioni di scarsità di ossigeno, energia ed acqua. In queste condizioni difficili, l astronauta Fred Haise sviluppò una grave infezione prostatica causata dallo Pseudomonas e fu gravemente malato per settimane dopo il rientro. Gran parte delle infezioni contratte dagli astronauti nello spazio, sono risultate comunque leggere anche se nessuna finora è stata causata da una Salmonella. Come si è visto negli esempi prima citati (3-4), i raggi cosmici sono dunque di grande importanza, provvedendo, come si è detto, a dare mutazioni genetiche in substrati biologici. D.M.Klaus e H.N.Howard (5).Rimarcano che vari fattori associati presenti nell'ambiente di un mezzo.spaziale,.hanno.dimostrato.di.compromettere potenzialmente il.sistema immunitario.d un. astronauta, di aumentare la proliferazione e il cambiamento della sua microflora batterica, di alterare la virulenza batterica e di diminuire l'efficacia antibiotica.per le preoccupazioni prima 11

12 elencate devono essere quindi raggiunte risoluzioni idonee, atte a garantire una sicura.ed efficiente permanenza nello spazio. Peter W. Taylor e Andrei P.Sommer (6) riferiscono che nei prossimi anni, in voli spaziali sempre più prolungati il tempo trascorso in estreme condizioni indurrà un calo delle condizioni immunitarie e dei profondi mutamenti della microflora batterica umana. Precisano che in condizioni di microgravità,l'efficacia degli antibiotici.è ridotta mentre il livello delle mutazioni microbiche aumenta di molto. Questi sono i fattori che incideranno quindi sulle possibilità di trattare con efficacia le infezioni che emergeranno durante l impegno fisico in voli molto protratti e stressanti nello spazio come si prospetta che sia nel nostro futuro. Concludendo,Maccarone M.C. (7), Primo Ricercatrice dell Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo ( IASF-PA, conferma che i raggi cosmici possono ritenersi di grande importanza in biologia,contribuendo ai loro cambiamenti genetici, specialmente nel lungo termine. Tali energie probabilmente, ella aggiunge, hanno sempre svolto e continuano a svolgere tuttora un ruolo importante, nell'evoluzione della vita sulla Terra. A questo pounto cosa impedirebbe all A. di concludere questo suo articolo, ipotizzando che il ruolo di tali energie esterne, potrebbe forse essere molto importante nel determinare nell uomo non solo l aspetto evolutivo ma pure la sua salute in generale, il suo invecchiamento e magari la fine stessa della sua esistenza? 12 Sources from M.C. Maccarone ( References 7, Alla ricerca dei raggi cosmici di più alta energia ) BIBLIOGRAFIA ( see before please, english text ).

13 13 Quantum ElectroDynamical mechanisms of resonant effects development inside coherence domains at combined magnetic fields action M. Zhadin 1, N. Bobkova 1, V. Valenzi 2, F. Fontana 2 1 Institute of Cell Biophysics Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 2 QCT Aosta IT In 1985 Liboff (Liboff, 1985) and Blackman (Blackman et al., 1985) discovered unusual resonance effects simultaneous weak (several tens of µt) DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields (MFs) in the form of a change in calcium ion concentration in the nervous tissue. These effects were only observed at the cyclotron frequency of calcium ions. Later, many works, which were performed in different organizations and on different biological objects, confirmed the real existence of such sort of effects for three biologically active metal ions: calcium, potassium and magnesium. They proposed a model for this effect of MFs activity (Liboff, 1985; McLeod, Liboff, Smith, 1992). This model pioneered the mechanism like the cyclotron resonance for occurrence of multiple resonance peaks with the most prominent effect at the cyclotron frequency under the action of combined DC and AC magnetic fields. The model explained these effects, but highlighted some difficulties. The main of them were the following: 1) the huge magnitude (about a meter) of the radius of free Ca ion rotation at room temperature; and 2) the massive hydrated shall around the ion in the aqueous medium which would hardly increase the moving mass, making the cyclotron frequency to be much less than one observed experimentally. Then another model appeared. Prof. V. Lednev (1991) proposed to consider a bound ion within the molecular cleft where the ion movement is limited by the small place and does not have the hydrated shell. This cleft are usually located in a calcium-binding molecule. The Ca ions are releasing out of the calciumbinding molecules to the intracellular medium under the influence of combined fields. It was a very forward step because a bound ion is practically without a hydrate shell, which essentially increases free ion mass. This model was able to explain the strange effects of amplitude windows. But it ran into the following serious difficulty. The parametric resonance is the most prominent at the double reference frequency of the exposed harmonic oscillator. In the experiments, the most prominent effect was observed at the cyclotron frequency, equal to the double frequency of Larmor precession under the influence of the DC field in this case. But Larmor precession is not a harmonic oscillator by no means, because there is not any restoring force in this process. The basic frequencies in parametric and cyclotron resonsnces are no way to connect each other. We proposed our model, which showed the multiple splitting of natural frequency of the ion thermal oscillation within a macromolecule under the influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields. The highest

14 14 peak arises at the cyclotron frequency due to mutual superposition of Zeeman peak and of one of the highest peaks of multiple splitting at this AC field frequency (Zhadin, 1998). Appearing of amplitude windows for each peak was shown at these conditions (Zhadin, 1998). The numeral estimation revealed the sufficiency of the resonance energy to change a macromolecule conformation state at the fields compared with the geomagnetic one. As in the previous two models, the main difficulty for this model is the necessity of very low damping in the ion oscillations within a macromolecule. It should be as small as of order of 10 in the third power of cycles/sec. The idea on multiple splitting of resonance peaks under the influence of combined fields was also suggested in article of Del Giudice et al. (2002). Similarity between biological effects of combined DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields and biological effects of combined DC and low frequency modulated RF fields became clear in the framework of the model of multiple splitting the resonance peak (Zhadin, 2000). At the modulated field, the natural frequency of the ion thermal oscillations within a macromolecule splits into two groups of resonance peaks. Both the groups are symmetrical regarding the natural frequency of the ion oscillation in a macromolecule. The structure of each of these groups is similar to the structure of the group of resonance peaks created by the combined DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields, and all the effects of the above fields are qualitatively similar to each other. For all the three models the main difficulty is the viscosity of the surrounding medium where all the considered processes take place. Statistical physics, in essence, denies the possibility of weak damping in aqueous solutions. Recent works by Del Giudice at al. (2002) opening a new page in physics of electrolytes showed that in the microscale the water viscosity can strongly fall. But it is important to know the order of this value, as well as how the experienced damping is connected with the size of the moving particle, its velocity, and with its transitions from the coherent area to the non-coherent area and vise versa. It is interesting also, how about a huge radius (near a meter) of the charged particle rotation at the cyclotron resonance in these conditions. In the beginning of 90-th (in Laboratory of Prof. Zhadin, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russia) we performed a series of experiments for investigation of action of weak low frequency AC MF combined with parallel DC MF on an aqueous solution of an amino acid. The main attention was paid to the glutamic acid solution, because it gave the most prominent effects as compared with other amino acids. Choosing this simplest system for investigation, we hoped to understand whether MFs are able to influence on the ensemble consisting of free particles alone and to estimate the minimal threshold of the AC MF for inducing an effect. The value of DC MF was chosen to be close to the geomagnetic one (about 40 µt). In the experiments we measured the value of an electric current passing through the solution. Fig.1 shows the our experimental installation.

15 15 For each tested value of the AC MF amplitude we scanned the AC MF frequency around the cyclotron frequency corresponding to amino acid ion. To our great surprise, we revealed the prominent effect already at the AC MF amplitude measured with several tens of nt in the form of narrow (less than one Hz in half-width) resonance peak (shown in the next slide)(fig.2.) In 1994 Zhadin submitted the manuscript with these results to Bioelectromagnetics journal. But its publication was delayed till the time when Zhadin would give the physical explanation of a possible mechanism of this phenomena. The manuscript was published (Zhadin et al., 1998) four years later, after Zhadin submitted another manuscript with a theory of action of combined MFs on thermal motion of an ion within a macromolecule or microcrystal (Zhadin, 1998) elaborated by him. These results were replicated by Del Giudice et al. (2002) and Comisso et al. (2006) in Italy, and Pazur (2004) in Germany.

16 16 At the beginning of the experiment the effect was failed to get. Then it appeared and was distinctly observed for several tens of minutes, but it relaxed or even completely vanished at too frequent application of the combined fields. At the further continuation of the experiment, the effect disappeared irretrievably. It is important that glutamic acid was not so highly soluble in water, and because of it, solution was heated up the 24 C higher at its preparation immediately before the experiment. But, of course, it gradually refrigerated till room temperature during the experiment. All the described above suggested that, when cooling, the solution was becoming to be saturated one and that the invisible nucleating centers arose within it. In essence, in the framework of our model of multiple splitting resonance peaks, the ion behavior in the depth of a microcrystal differs not at all from the ion behaviors in the depth of a macromolecule under the influence of the combined fields. So at the cyclotron frequency, the combined fields could cause the local heating of the ions in the heart of a microcrystal. This could cause partial melting the microcrystals and the increase in the ion concentration within the solution and the increase in the current through it. Obviously, before saturating, the solution was unable to give the effects which only arose as the proposed microcrystals were formed and the fields were able to melt them. Melting the microcrystals should lead to the decrease in their volume and perhaps, could cause disappearing the effects due to the enhancement of damping. It could be a reason for the peculiar refractoriness in the effect. When further cooling down the solution, the microcrystals should become more massive, and the energy of MF fields could become insufficient for their quick warming-up. Such sort of processes could be the reasons for rise and disappearance of the combined field effects Unfortunately, the disappearance of the effect at the AC field amplitude near 1 µt stays incomprehensible. But some thoughts about it were advanced by Del Giudice et al., (2002) and G. Preparata (1995). Preparata s theory of MFs influence on conductivity in aqueous solution During last ten years due to the works of outstanding Italian physicist Giuliano Preparata, unfortunately passing away in recent years, the new line of QED was brought to the forefront: QED of condensed matter, the subject of investigation of which are processes of matter condensation: the transition from gas to liquid medium and from liquid to solid medium. Among different liquid media the specific attention was drawn to water because its viscosity, diffusion of foreign molecules, dependence of its density on temperature, as well as the nature of practically all its electrical constants presented a complex of puzzles inexplicable by Theoretical Physics before the development of QED of condensed matter. In the solution of various tasks, QED demands the account of different forms of interaction between matter molecules and of interaction between these molecules and external, as well as internal electromagnetic (e.m.) fields. These interactions are described with a Hamiltonian the operator of matter energy in different approximations in dependence on a problem put by. The Hamiltonian, which considers all particles

17 17 as non-interacting with each other, is usually chosen as an initial approximation. The further approximation is made with the account of electrostatic (usually, dipole) interaction between each pair of matter particles. Since the electrostatic fields quickly decrease when the distance between two particles increases, only particles distant from each other at a range of several Angstroems can be considered as interacting ones. In the presence of external e.m. fields, the following approximation is made with the account of their influence on the energy of particles in a matter volume considered. The influence of internal e.m. fields radiated by the multitude of matter particles on the matter particles of these multitude was considered as very weak comparatively with the above approximations and therefore was not taken into account. Prof. Preparata (1995) investigated this approximation in detail and, deriving and solving the complicated system of equations corresponding to this task, showed, that in this case the quite new effects appear with essential changes in energy of liquid matter particles. Especially prominently they were manifested in changes in water features within the temperature range from 0 till 100 centigrade. Preparata showed that in these conditions all over the water volume the self forming of a multitude of stable molecular ensembles with surprising features. The shift of the quantum ground states of all molecules in these ensembles from the incoherent ground energetic state of the ensemble of water molecules to the lower coherent ground state (the so called spontaneous superradiant phase transition), and the forming of coherent oscillations of e.m. field and water molecules generating it take place in such sort of self-organized ensembles. The former provides the minimum of potential energy of the coherent ensemble and the stability of this ensemble, and the latter leads to quite unique features of the coherent ensembles called by coherent domains (CD). The stability of these CD is great, and the binding energy of water molecules holding them within spherical CD borders much exceeds the thermal fluctuations. By Preparata s estimate, the CD diameter is measured with tenths of a micron. It is comparatively large value because dimensions of small cells, for example neuron bodies containing multitude of diverse organellas are measured by several microns. In such CD, millions of water molecules are oscillating with the same frequency and in the same phase with e.m. field generated by these CDs which, in its turn, support the coherent oscillations of these molecules. The common frequency of all molecules within CD coherent with the e.m. field oscillation has the value corresponding to the energy of quantum transition of ev (Preparata, 1995). The general tuning of the molecules in CD to common unified frequency and to the same phase occurs, as Preparata (1995) writes, in the following way. At forming of CD the e.m. zero-point fluctuations with frequency ω = ev start to build up and the water molecules will begin to oscillate between the ground state and the excited level at ev: all the other levels will be from now on totally ignored by the dynamical evolution of the physical system: water molecules plus e.m. field." The e.m. field connected with oscillation of CD molecules becomes trapped by CD and gets to be its integral part.

18 18 Its amplitude increases to high value: in the center of CD it has the value about 10 9 V/cm (Del Guidice, Preparata, 1994). This provides stability of CD to external hindrances, including thermal noise. The space between CDs is thick with the multitude of water molecules in the usual incoherent state which oscillations are not connected with each other. When the temperature of water increases, the size of CD decreases and the total volume of incoherent surroundings increases. Within CD the water features drastically differ from the ones of usual water: viscosity of the medium and decrement of oscillation are great times depressed and fluidity is essentially increased, and all this is at the temperature close to room one. Considering two components of water: coherent and incoherent ones, QED of condensed matter first theoretically got all the electrical constants of water, close to experimentally obtained, and theoretically derived the dependence of water density on temperature close to real one (Preparata, 1995). And finally, discovered possibilities of understanding the mechanisms of biological action of weak CDAMF (Del Giudice et all., 2002). G. Preparata and his coworkers not only paid their attention to the our experiments with aqueous amino acid solutions, giving them a high estimate and successfully replicating them. In their work (Del Giudice et al., 2002) they studied the motion of amino acid ions in coherence domains (CDs) where the coherent water has essentially reduced viscosity. They showed that under the influence of DC MF the ions rotate along CDs borders without loss of their kinetic energy, constantly suffering internal reflectance, and that AC MF with the cyclotron frequency corresponding to charge-to-mass ration of the given ions leads to the gradual increase in the energy of these ions and to their escape from the CDs to the incoherent surrounding medium. These processes cause the short-term increase of the current through the exposed solution. Thus all main objections of critics of this line in Bioelectromagnetics were overruled. The fruitful theory by G. Preparata and his coworkers provided further development of understanding of forming of resonance phenomena in aqueous solution of amino acids. Preparata promoted formation of mutual connections between Italian and Russian scientists that led to their successful collaboration. Leaning upon the above elaboration by G. Preparata and his coworkers we were able to understand some problems in more details: 1) How and in what forms do the amino acid ions enter inside coherence domains (CDs)? 2) How do they participate in formation of coherent oscillations of molecules within CDs, and 3) What is the mechanism of successive cyclic change in different ionic forms in the solution under the influence of MFs? These problems were considered in our recent work (Zhadin and Giuliani Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25: ).

19 19 Mixed CDs in aqueous amino acid solution Amino acid ions can have different ionic shapes depending on ph of the aqueous solution. At ph~3, as in our experiments, glutamic acid ions have a zwitterionic form, that is dipole with a rather long distance between its two charges and with a comparatively big dipole moment. After preparing the solution, zwitterions take places in the solution by big clusters and, at the forming of CDs, are inevitably captured by them. Owing to the carboxylic and amino groups, a zwitterion spectrum has transition close to basic coherent frequency ev of water molecules and its molecule easily transform into the usual ionic form, because this frequency is close to the ionization potential of a glutamic acid molecule (Fig.3). Thanks to low viscosity inside CDs, MFs increase kinetic energy of these ions and withdraw them out of CDs. When escaping CDs, the glutamic acid ions come back into the surrounding incoherent medium with ph~3 and acquire the zwitterionic form again. zwitterionic form (ph~3) ionic form (ph~7) HOOCCH2CH2CH(NH3) + COO - HOOCCH2CH2CH(NH3) + COOН HOOCCH 2 CH 2 CH(NH 3 ) + COO - zwitterion coherence domains HOOCCH 2 CH 2 CH(NH 3 ) + COOН Ionic form Incoherent water ph 2.8 ph Fig.3. Cyclic changes of ionic forms of glutamic acid in an aqueous solution under the action of weak low frequency AC MF combined with parallel DC MF

20 20 Far from all soluble matters are able to form the mixed CDs, but only ones which have the main spectral lines, common with the ones in water spectrum. Interesting that all alpha-amino acids are namely such sort of substances. Preparata s theory opens possibilities for understanding of many important problems in Biology and Medicine. The molecules which are capable of participation in CDs forming can be not only in single form, but in the form of molecules bound in a complicated macromolecule like amino acids within a protein molecule. In the first case, CDs include these molecules, and in the second case, when the macromolecule is bigger than CDs, the CD sits on them. One mixed CD can bind two macromolecules or two parts of the same macromolecule, including two particular amino acids at two parts of the same protein molecule. High stability of CDs evidences high binding energy of molecules within them which is much more than energy of thermal noises and of hydrogen bonds. Such CDs can provide strong bonds between macromolecules or different parts of the same macromolecule (tertiary or quarternary structures). Earlier we (Zhadin, Giuliani, 2006) have shown the important role of coherence domain in molecular processes in a living organism functioning. The works performed by us could throw some light on the problems of biological action of magnetic fields on the Earth and in the near-earth space. The action of extremely weak near-earth magnetic field in combination with weak geomagnetic field can influence on alpha aminoacids and proteins in living organisms. There are the basis to think that here we have the task similar to one we solved in Biophysics of aqueous solutions. But the task with near earth space is much more difficult due to complicated form of the solar wind and AC and DC MF of the Earth. Literature. 1. Blackman CF, Benane SG, House DE, Joines WT. (1985): Bioelectromagnetics, 6, Comisso N, Del Giudice E, De Ninno A, Fleischmann M, Giuliani L, Mengoli G, Merlo F, Talpo G. (2006): Bioelectromagnetics. 27, Del Giudice E, Fleischmann M, Preparata G, Talpo G. (2002): Bioelectromagnetics, 23, Giuliani L, Grimaldi S, Lisi A, D Emilia E, Bobkova N, Zhadin M. (2008): Biomagnetic Res. Technol. 6:1. 5. Lednev VV. (1991): Bioelectromagnetics, 12, Liboff AR. (1985): J. Biol. Phys., 9, Liboff AR, Smith SD, McLeod BR. (1987): In "Mechanistic Approaches to Interaction of Electric and Electromagnetic Fields with Living Systems". Blank M, Findl E. (eds). New York: Plenum Press, McLeod, B.R., Liboff, A.R. (1987): Cyclotron resonance in cell membranes: The theory of the mechanism. In Blank, M., Findl, E., eds Mechanistic Approaches to Interactions of Electric and Electromagnetic Fields with Living Systems. New York: Plenum Press, pp