Tecnologie per l astrofisica in Arcetri

Transcript

1 Tecnologie per l astrofisica in Arcetri Emanuele Pace Dip. Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio Università di Firenze INFN, Sezione di Firenze

2 ARCETRI Dip Astronomia INAF Osservatorio VIRGO THEMIS LBT IR instrumentation Adaptive optics INOA Radioastronomy

3 Ricercatori Assegnisti Contrattisti Dottorandi Laureandi Dip. di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio Università di Firenze Emanuele Pace Marco Romoli Gianni Corti Luca Gori Alessandro Gherardi Alessandra Giannini Simone Puri Rosaria Brescia Antonio De Sio Mauro Focardi Lisa Gambicorti Federico Landini Guglielmo Rossi Fabio Tosetti

4 Activities UV polarimetry Electronic imaging Research on new materials and detectors VIS-UV-X ray characterizations Participation to space missions (ASCE, Solar Orbiter, SDO, EUSO, HERSCHEL rocket)

5 Structure of activities VIS-UV detectors Innovative detectors Space missions CCD New materials Optical design PMT Material processing Mechanical design CMOS-APS Device fabrication Detectors Electronics Photo-electrical tests Calibration Electro-optical optical characterizations

6 HERSCHEL HElium Resonant Scattering in the Corona and HELiosphere The HERSCHEL experiment, to be flown on a sounding rocket, will investigate the helium coronal abundance and the solar wind acceleration from a range of solar source structures by obtaining the first simultaneous observations of the electron, proton and helium solar corona. The HERSCHEL payload consists of EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) Ultraviolet and Visible Coronagraph (UVC)

7 UVC UVC is an imaging coronagraph that will image the solar corona from 1.4 to 4 solar radii in the EUV lines of HI nm and the HeII 30.4 nm and in the visible broadband polarized brightness. The UVC coronagraph is externally occulted with a novel design as far as the stray light rejection is concerned.

8 Ultraviolet & Visible Coronagraph Polarimeter M2 + Lyot stop Visible detector EO UV detector Filter IO M0 Boom M1

9 Tasks Optical design Stray light analysis and suppression Instrument alignment CCD cameras for the VIS & UV(?) channels

10 CCD req s and spec s Wavelength range Frame format Pixel size Pixel rate Dynamic range Readout noise 30.4 nm and nm pixel 17 µm 2 Mpixel/s 16 bit < 10 electrons E2V CCD42-20 Back illuminated full-frame frame imager Frame format: 2048 x 1024 pixel Pixel size 13.5 µm Peak signal: 150 ke- (typ) MPP Mode Operation Peak QE ~ 400 nm and 20 C Low noise output amplifiers: 3 e- rms Number of outputs: 2

11 CCD operation mode

12 Hivecam Richiesta di brevetto da parte dell Università di Firenze

13 Main features Modular concept enhancing versatility Control, configuration and diagnostics via TCP/IP User friendly software to configure the CCD Portable and stand-alone alone operation Lightweight and limited size (1.5 kg, L=12 cm, Ø=9cm) Max allowable frame format pixel Vacuum tight up to 10-6 mbar Min. cooling temperature: -70 C Ultra-low low noise preamp (1.1 e (1.1 e - r.m.s.).)

14 CCD camera

15 CCD camera modules Liquid-cooled heat sink Vacuum flange 12 cm CCD Peltier cooler

16 Controller

17 Portable closed-loop loop heat exchanger

18 Test frames Test 100kHz Test 2MHz Noise level ~ 6 e -

19 Test w RGB optical filters

20 Quantum Efficiency

21 Present Previous Projects VUV high resolution spectroscopy Laser produced plasmas High-order laser harmonic generation Tests of the XMM mirrors at CSL Synchrotron radiation at ELETTRA VIS-UV channel of HERSCHEL Ground-based visible polarimetry Robotic telescope to study GRB s

22 R&D on Detectors CCD & CMOS Imagers Wide Bandgap materials Electronics

23 Ideal UV detector Requests radiation hardness visible very blindness low noise chemical stability high sensitivity

24 UV applications Pollution, ozone, flame, gasses monitoring Solar UV monitoring Photochemistry Toxic gas detection (ammonia, hydrocarbons) Toxic or flammable-solvent monitoring in air-ducks Toxic chemical storage sites and hazardous waste disposal areas Germicidal water disinfections Biotechnology safety systems HPL Chromatography UV curing applications Protein crystallography Skin cancer caused by UV radiation Observation of fluorescence Spectroradiometry Dermatological diagnosis Treatment and dental polymerisation Quantification of UV exposure to personnel Monitoring UV radiation in workplace activity such as welding Flame monitoring in aircraft engine Burners monitoring in gas turbines UV spectroscopy of gas on electric discharges Mass spectroscopy laboratory analysis UV spectroscopy of plasma in reactors XUV photolithography Excimer laser applications Industrial process control systems Detection of gasses in high temperature environments such as furnaces or reactors Flame monitoring in commercial hydrocarbon-fuelled heating systems and in furnaces Semiconductor processing Turbine air intake and exhaust Control of chemical processes involving gaseous compositions UV analysis of material degradation and ageing. Monitoring of flammable liquids or gases during the task of cleaning and maintenance work on an empty tank. Oil and gas platform (off-shore and on-shore installations) monitoring Petrochemical and chemical industries and refineries monitoring Transportation of dangerous materials Fuel and gas storage loading and distribution Aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene etc.) Desulphurisation process in refineries, oil platforms, pipelines, refuelling stations Missile threat warning UV search and track Astronomy Sinchrotron radiation

25 Novel photosensitive materials Diamond is an appealing material for the EUV photon detection. Its main properties are hereafter sumarized : E g = 5.5 ev dark current < 1 pa visible rejection (ratio 10-7 ) high EUV sensitivity Highly radiation hard Chemical inertness Mechanically robust (high Young modulus) High electric charge mobility = fast response time Low dielectric constant = low capacitance

26 Diamond photoconductors

27 Typical dark current Single crystal HPHT Ib Polycrystalline CVD 100 Current (pa) ,1 0,01 R eq(hpht) (HPHT) 10 R eq(cvd) (CVD) Ω 14 Ω Voltage bias (V)

28 Photocurrents Single crystal Polycrystalline E-9 Photocurrent (A) nm 160nm 200nm Photocurrent (A) 1E-10 1E-11 1E-12 1E-13 1E nm 160nm 200nm Voltage (V) Voltage (V)

29 Diamond Solar blindness Single Cristal Ib Polycrystalline E. Pace et al., Diam. Rel. Mater. 9 (2000) External quantum efficiency ,1 0,01 1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 1E-6 1E-7 1E-8 E = 2.8 V/µm Wavelength (nm) Absorbance (%) Wavelength (nm)

30 VUV EQE 1000 Single crystal Ib (HPHT) Polycrystalline (CVD) External quantum efficiency ,1 0, Electric field = 1.0 V/mm Wavelength (nm)

31 Comparison with other VUV detectors [1] 10 EQE (%) 1 0,1 0,01 1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 EQE CVD Diamond EQE HPHT Diamond EQE UV enhanced CCD EQE MCP + KBr [2] 1E Wavelength (nm) [1] [1] Naletto, Pace et et al, al, 1994 [2] [2] Wilhelm et et al.,1995

32 EUSO Extreme Universe Space Observatory km primario Fluorescenza sciame sciame Čerenkov atmosfera λ = nm terra 220 km Artist view

33 EUSO groups in Firenze INFN Firenze Dip. Fisica Dip. Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio INAF Osservatorio di Arcetri INOA

34 Technological activities in Firenze Low Pressure Mercury Lamp LIDAR UG11 Filter Stop Internal blackened pipes MAPMT R M64 Power supply Integrating sphere Tests on detectors Tests on microcella Vibration and thermal tests In flight calibration Optical adapters Collaborazioni: INFN INOA MPI CAEN- Genova Münich Fi Galileo Hamamatsu Avionica INFN Torino

35 Optical adapters: filter lens Weight of a single lens 3.74 g Total Weight 20.7 kg Wavelength (nm) Geometric Efficiency (%) Radiometric Efficiency (%) Transmittance (%) Wavelength SiO 2 /HfO Transmittance (%) INFN-B2: Transmittance MgF 2 /HfO Wavelength Interesse Hamamatsu Richiesta di brevetto

36 Calibration Measurements to determine the transfer function to get the incident photon flux from the photo-electron signal. A S = εkηtt l ftet α 2 4πr Q Calibration concerns: Fresnel lenses Phocal surface detectors / Filters / Optical adapters FE electronics and trigger Calibration involves: sub-systems pre-flight on orbit ground-based in flight

37 In orbit calibration system Light Source Type: LED Single/Multiple Multi-wavelength emission Monitor Detectors Photon counting / analog regime Optical configuration and arrangement Mass & power budget Ground based calibration / cross measurements Data archive

38 Calibration design in the Red Book Flux on FS = 5 x 10 9 ph/s = 950 ph on FS = 0.2 ph / MAPMT ~10-2 ph / px

39 Diffuser on the lid + multiple source 5x5 mm square LED (30 full angle) FL1 FL2 FS 54 LEDs Lambertian Diffuser Optical fiber (60 full angle) coupled with a LED on FL edge

40 Multiple-LED source 30 mm Electronics box 50 mm Pinhole Ø 0.2 mm Photodiode UV LED Lambertian emission pattern Teflon sheet (0.5 mm thick)

41 Reference detectors Detectors on the FS Embedded detectors on the lid

42 6 LEDs on FL2

43 Riferimenti Emanuele Pace / 750 Marco Romoli romoli@arcetri.astro.it

44 Osservatorio di Arcetri Laboratorio di Radioastronomia Ricevitori per radioastronomia Analisi digitale del segnale radio Software di controllo della strumentazione

45 Ricevitori per radiastronomia Ricevitori radio criogenici per i radiotelescopi italiani (Medicina, Noto, Sardegna) Bande di frequenza tra 5 e 50 GHz Ricevitore multicanale GHz Ottica elettromagnetica a microonde polarizzatori, illuminatori, caratterizzazione di grandi riflettori

46 Analisi digitale del segnale radio Spettrometri per i radiotelescopi italiani Correlatore a Medicina e Noto Correlatore per Sardinia Radio Tel. Correlatore digitale per interferometro millimetrico ALMA Scheda di filtraggio digitale a 4 GHz Ricevitori radio digitali per sonde interplanetarie Tracking Doppler della sonda Cassini misura di deflessione gravitazionale del segnale radio

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48 Spettrometro IR Strumento di II generazione TNG Modo ad alta risoluzione (R = , fenditura 0".5) Modo a bassa Risoluzione (R = 300, fenditura 1") Copertura completa µm in una singola esposizione Fase Attuale: PDR (Dic. 2003) Dopo l installazione di GIANO al TNG si potra fare in qualsiasi momento, imaging, spettroscopia HR e LR sia nell ottico che nel vicino IR

49 Fasti è un'elettronica modulare e flessibile pensata per il vicino infrarosso. La versione per NICS ha un rumore equivalente a 5 e- a 250 Khz Una nuova versione verrà usata per Giano

50 1st Light AO 4 LBTb Secondario Adattivo Sensore di fronte d onda (WFS) Arcetri responsabileper perlolo Light from Arcetri èèresponsabile sviluppo delsistema sistemadi di LBT M3del sviluppo Otticaadattiva adattivadi diprima primaluce luce Ottica Esapodo (Gennaio05) per il telescopio (Gennaio05) per il telescopio ACQ LBT. IlIlunita`: sistemacontiene contienedue due Ogni LBT. sistema CCD elementiinnovativi: innovativi: elementi 672 attuatori Unospecchio specchiosecondario secondarioadattivo adattivo Uno Elettronica WFS 911mm diam. Un sensore di fronte d onda a piramide Un sensore di fronte CCD d onda a piramide Shell deformabile (spessore: 1.6mm)

51 Secondario adattivo: : tecnologia provata al telescopio MMT (6.5m diam.) Primo secondario adattivo al mondo Oggetto debole Oggetto debole 336 attuatori 642mm diam. Gen Courtesy of CAAO

52 Loop chiuso con prototipo di Laboratorio Integrazione unità sensore da telescopio LBT WFS board CAD Una vista del Prototipo di WFS Tech. CCD WFS CCD In questo prototipo Stiamo usando tutta la optomeccanica del sistema per LBT, eccezion fatta per il secondario Adattivo!! LBT WFS board integration (2) Fascio laser (1) Il loop di controllo é stato chiuso con successo utilizzando L integrazione uno specchio delle delle unità deformabile WFS da da telescopio commerciale è in in corso e dovrebbe (1)e un generatore terminare di a marzo04 turbolenza realizzato ad arcetri (2).

53 Optical Test Tower Secondario adatttivo LBT672 Winch Sensore a piramide Prima di essere inviato al telescopio LBT in Arizona il secondario ed il sistema adattivo verranno provati e caratterizati nella torre solare di Arcetri, ristrutturata a questo scopo. Lab

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55 Facilities VUV VIS optical bench 2 Vacuum monochromators ( nm) Calibration and measurement chamber Reflectivity experimental chamber 2 m vacuum spectrometer ( nm) VUV sources and calibrated detectors 1 m Optical bench in vacuum Electronic lab to develop cameras and detectors UV polarimeters and analyzers Clean-rooms for device fabrication and treatments

56 Clean rooms Bonding machine Metal evaporator Plasma asher Microscopes Chemical benches Class 1000 Mask aligner

57 Metal deposition

58 UV applications Pollution, ozone, flame, gasses monitoring Solar UV monitoring Photochemistry Toxic gas detection (ammonia, hydrocarbons) Toxic or flammable-solvent monitoring in air-ducks Toxic chemical storage sites and hazardous waste disposal areas Germicidal water disinfections Biotechnology safety systems HPL Chromatography UV curing applications Protein crystallography Skin cancer caused by UV radiation Observation of fluorescence Spectroradiometry Dermatological diagnosis Treatment and dental polymerisation Quantification of UV exposure to personnel Monitoring UV radiation in workplace activity such as welding Flame monitoring in aircraft engine Burners monitoring in gas turbines UV spectroscopy of gas on electric discharges Mass spectroscopy laboratory analysis UV spectroscopy of plasma in reactors XUV photolithography Excimer laser applications Industrial process control systems Detection of gasses in high temperature environments such as furnaces or reactors Flame monitoring in commercial hydrocarbon-fuelled heating systems and in furnaces Semiconductor processing Turbine air intake and exhaust Control of chemical processes involving gaseous compositions UV analysis of material degradation and ageing. Monitoring of flammable liquids or gases during the task of cleaning and maintenance work on an empty tank. Oil and gas platform (off-shore and on-shore installations) monitoring Petrochemical and chemical industries and refineries monitoring Transportation of dangerous materials Fuel and gas storage loading and distribution Aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene etc.) Desulphurisation process in refineries, oil platforms, pipelines, refuelling stations Missile threat warning UV search and track Astronomy Sinchrotron radiation