IV Corso di approfondimento professionale per il Pediatra di famiglia. Alimentazione e prevenzione Le allergie. Siracusa, 13 giugno 2007

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1 Luigi Terracciano Melloni Pediatria, Milano IV Corso di approfondimento professionale per il Pediatra di famiglia Alimentazione e prevenzione Le allergie Siracusa, 13 giugno 2007

2 La prevenzione delle allergie 1.Vale la pena? 2. Si può?

3 Rinite Allergica e Asma presentano quadri di prevalenza simili Rinite Allergica Asma UK Australia Canada Brazil USA South Africa Germany France Argentina Algeria China Russia UK Australia Canada Brazil USA South Africa Germany France Argentina Algeria China Russia % prevalenza % prevalenza International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee Lancet 1998;351:

4 Prevalence and rate of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Europe 26% Bauchau V, V, Durham SR. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: ,5% 20,6% 24,5% 16,9% 21,5%

5 Aumento della prevalenza di asma in bambini/adolescenti Finlandia (Haahtela et al) Svezia (Aberg et al) { { { { { Giappone (Nakagomi et al) Scozia (Rona et al) UK (Omran et al) USA (NHIS) Nuova Zelanda 1975 (Shaw et al) 1989 Australia (Peat et al) { { { Prevalenza (%)

6 Prevalenza di sibili e asma in bambini ed adolescenti italiani Studio SIDRIA ( ) % Maschi Femmine 0 Sibili nella vita Asma nella vita Sibili nella vita Asma nella vita 6-7 anni anni SIDRIA Collaborative Group - Eur Respir J 1997; Eur Respir J 1999

7 Epidemiologia e impatto socio-economico dell asma L attuale prevalenza di asma in Italia, benché inferiore a quella di molte altre nazioni, rappresenta una notevole fonte di costi sia sociali sia uman Considerevole spesa sanitaria Costi diretti pari all 1-2% della spesa sanitaria totale Costi indiretti rappresentano oltre il 50% della spesa totale Costi simili a quelli degli altri Paesi industrializzati L asma è una delle cause principali di assenza dal lavoro o da scuola

8 The Melbourne Asthma Study: Phelan PD. The Melbourne Asthma Study: J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:189-94

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13 Il Papà di Riccardo faceva sempre il turno di notte.. Dottore.quello a casa nostra non si dorme da 4 anni!

14 Current understanding of atopy: the atopic march Progression Progression No sensitisation Early onset sensitisation to food allergens (in infancy) Sensitisation to inhalant allergens (in childhood) Potential manifestation as atopic dermatitis Potential manifestation as asthma 0 t 1 t 2 time

15 Fattori di rischio significativi per lo sviluppo di asma 100 bambini a rischio seguiti per 22 anni Nel 25% dei pazienti fu diagnosticata asma Il 28% dei bambini manifestò wheezing nei primi 2 anni di vita, senza correlazione con lo sviluppo di asma (OR 0,3) La positività dei test cutanei per latte vaccino, uovo o entrambi nel primo anno di vita era predittivo di asma (OR 10.7; 95% CI, ; P =.001; sensitivity, 57%; specificity, 89% ) Rhodes HL Early life risk factors for adult asthma: a birth cohort study of subjects at risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:720-5

16 Sensibilizzazione precoce e predizione di asma: fattori predittivi di asma in pz. ricoverati per wheezing nei primi 2 anni di vita Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A. Pediatrics 2003; 111:255-6

17 Allergia Alimentare ed asma: prevalenza in categorie a rischio Popolazione clinica Prevalenza stimata Popolazione generale di bambini con asma Bambini con CMA 5,7 % 29 % Broncospasmo durante reazioni acute da alimenti Pazienti con AEDS 2 % - 24 % 17 %- 27 % James JM. Pediatrics 2003;111:

18 Dietary treatment of childhood AEDS: lessons from the literature minor AD no food allergy moderate AD 33% severe AD 96%. The younger the higher the frequency of food sensitization. Guillet G, Guillet M. Natural history of sensitizations in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:187-92

19 Allergia alimentare ed asma grave 19 pazienti (1-16 anni) sottoposti a procedure rianimatorie per asma grave, 38 controlli asmatici Fattori di rischio per la necessità di rianimazione: Allergia alimentare (OR, 8.58; 95% CI, ) Ricoveri frequenti ( OR, 14.2; ). Roberts G. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112(1):168-74

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21 Conclusioni Prevenire la sensibilizzazione ad alimenti è vantaggioso: per il paziente ( minore severità dei quadri allergici associati) per il pediatra (minor carico di patologie associate alla sensibilizzazione) per il sistema sanitario ( minore spesa per ricoveri e terapie)

22 La prevenzione delle allergie 1. Vale la pena? 1.Si può?

23 1. Prohibitionistic approach 2. Proactive approach

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26 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:

27 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:

28 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:

29 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:

30 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:

31 Humble Proposals From Recent Epidemiological Literature 1. Don t vaccinate! 2. Don t give antibiotics! 3. Give antibiotics! 4. Let him get sick in infancy! 5. Don t let him get sick in infancy! 6. Don t learn either English or German! 7. Teach him Turkish! 8. Go and live in the countryside! 9. Go and marry a farmer! 10. Adopt a pet cow! 11. Don t marry a postman! 12. Don t keep a housecat! 13. Keep a whole cattery!.. But go on breast-feeding!

32 Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy and/or lactation for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD controlled trials No protective effect of maternal dietary recommended a normal diet allergen avoidance during pregnancy on during pregnancy and the incidence lactation of atopic dermatitis during the first months of life in high-risk infants. American and European guidelines

33 Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jul 19;3:CD Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a highrisk woman during pregnancy is unlikely to reduce substantially her child's risk of atopic diseases, and such a diet may adversely affect maternal or fetal nutrition, or both. Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a highrisk woman during lactation may reduce her child's risk of developing atopic eczema, but better trials are needed.

34 The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma Noah J. Friedman, MD, and Robert S. Zeiger, MD, PhD J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115: As such, consistent with the tenets of not interfering with Mother Nature and at the same time attempting to do no harm with interventions, exclusive breast-feeding for 4 to 6 months should remain the keystone for promoting allergy health, as recommended by the AAP and ESPACI/ESPGHAN.

35 Plasma fatty acids were measured at 18 months, 3 years, Plasma levels and of 5 omega-3 years. or omega-6 fatty acids were not associated with wheeze, eczema, or atopy at age 5 years Compliance Overall, fatty acid with exposure, the fatty measured acid assupplements plasma levels, dietary intake, and compliance with supplements, was not wassociated estimated with any every respiratory 6 months. or allergic outcomes Dietary intake was assessed at 18 months by means of weighed food record and at 3 years by means of food-frequency questionnaire. At age 5 years, 516 children were examined for wheeze and eczema (questionnaire)and atopy (skin prick tests, n 488) J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:

36 1. Prohibitionistic approach 2. Proactive approach

37 phf vs. ehf CMA (referred by parents) NanHA Nutramigen Profylac 7.1% 2.5% 0% (p=0.033) CMA (confirmed) BF Nutramigen/Profylac Nan HA 1.3% 0.6% 4.7% Halken S, Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2000;11:

38 GINI (German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group) 2252 newborns enrolled ( ) 945 formula-fed vs. 865 breastfed Randomised to four formulae: CMF: 16% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 1 ehf W: 14% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.86 phf W: 11% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.65 ehf C: 9% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.51 Von Berg A, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:533-40

39 Cow's milk protein avoidance and development of childhood wheeze in childre with a family history of atopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD Breast-milk should remain the feed of choice for all babies. In infants with at least one first degree relative with atopy, hydrolysed formula for a minimum of 4 months combined with dietary restrictions and environment measures may reduce the risk of developing asthma or wheeze in the first year of life. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that soya-based milk formula has any benefit.

40 Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oct 18;(4):CD Feeding with a soy formula cannot be recommended for prevention of allergy or food intolerance in infants at high risk of allergy or food intolerance. Further research may be warranted to determine the role of soy formulas for prevention of allergy or food intolerance in infants unable to be breast fed with a strong family history of allergy or cow's milk protein intolerance.

41 Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD Update Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oct 18;(4):CD There is no evidence to support feeding with a hydrolysed formula for the prevention of allergy in preference to exclusive breast feeding. In high risk infants who are unable to be completely breast fed, ther is limited evidence that prolonged feeding with a hydrolysed compared to a cow's milk formula reduces infant and childhood allergy and infant CMA. further large, well designed trials comparing formulas containing partially hydrolysed whey, or extensively hydrolysed casein to cow's milk formulas are needed.

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46 Infants, at higher risk recruited prenatally and randomized to prophylactic (n 58) and control (n 62) groups. Prophylactic group infants were either breast-fed with mother on a low allergen diet or given an extensively hydrolyzed formula. Exposure to HDM was reduced by the use of an acaricide and mattress covers. The control group followed standard advice. Development of allergic diseases and sensitization to common allergens (atopy) was assessed blindly at ages 1, 2, 4, and 8 years in all 120 children.

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48 Teniamo a mente : vi è un modello generale che esce rinforzato da questi dati. Evitare o ridurre l esposizione agli allergeni riduce l incidenza di sensibilizzazione e di malattie allergiche, almeno per alcuni anni

49 Definition of weaning To accustom an infant or other young mammal to food other than milk Thompson D, Fowler HW, Fowler FG, editors The concise Oxford dictionary. 9th ed. London: BCA/Oxford University Press, The process of accustoming an infant to a full adult diet (while maintaining breastfeeding) Savage King F, Burgess A. Nutrition for developing countries. 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1996:123.

50 WHO recommandations on weaning (2001) WHO Expert Consultation: exclusive breastfeeding for six months then introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding thereafter breastfeeding continue until 12 months of age (thereafter as long as mutually desired). breastfeeding can continue beyond 12 months WHO. Complementary feeding. Report of the global consultation. Geneva, December accessed February 6th, 2005

51 WHO recommandations on timing Early introduction of solid foods Less time on the breast, maternal milk production may decline The infant will reject the spoon (a hard object) Food allergies can develop Pathogens diarrhoeal diseases WHO. Complementary feeding. Report of the global consultation. Geneva, December accessed February 6th, 2005

52 Schema alternativo 1. non importa dare gli alimenti presto o tardi 2. possiamo introdurre gli alimenti anche tutti insieme Tempi e modi del divezzamento dettati dal farmacista? Dal 3. non è rischioso supermercato? esporre il bambino a molteplicità di allergeni in epoca precoce 4. non è necessario alcun timing di introduzione degli alimenti se non quello dettato dalla tradizione

53 Realtà in pediatria Dobbiamo svezzare i bambini a rischio allergico diversamente dai normali?

54 Dobbiamo svezzare i bambini normali come i bambini a rischio allergico?

55 sthmatic children born to families without allergy risk are more numerous than asthmatic children born to families with mono- or bi-parental allergy risk Wahn U. What drives the allergic march? 2000; 55: 591-9

56 Il bambino normale è un bambino a rischio allergico!

57 Kiwifruit anaphylaxis in an infant after breastfeeding September 2002 a fully breastfed 4-months old boy No familiarity of allergic diseases Vegetarian mother Weaning at three months (apple, pear, banana, prune, peach, apricot, strawberry, kiwifruit, ananas) Dysphonia, breathing difficulties, generalised urticaria, angioedema of the lips and face 30 minutes after breastfeeding Admission to PICU Epinephrine, chlorpheniramine, hydrocortisone sodium succinate Fiocchi A. Kiwifruit anaphylaxis in an infant after breastfeeding.

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59 Assessment ffspt (raw foods) Kiwifruit Ø (mm) 7 Ø (mm) Avocado 0 MelonEarly introduction 0 of Potato kiwifruit Peach associated with kiwifruit anaphylaxis 0 in a non-atopic Banana family Strawberry 0 Apple Mango 0 Pear 0 Fiocchi A. Kiwifruit anaphylaxis in an infant after breastfeeding.

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61 Perceived Food Allergies. A Report on a representative telephone survey in 10 European countries Foods reported to induce a FA (children) Children 40 38, , ,4 3,0 11,4 7,0 19,0 6,7 13,5 9,7 18,1 0 Fish Seafood Wheat Meat Eggs Milk Fruit Legumes Vegetables Nuts Others Valid cases: N=438 in % IFAV/REDALL

62 Setting 17,8 Early introduction of fish associated with reported fish allergy in children 12,6

63 Nel bambino normale non è opportuno anticipare l introduzione di alimenti allergizzanti!

64 Realtà in pediatria Può l introduzione di alimenti solidi modulare lo sviluppo di allergie?

65 A step-by-step introduction of solid foods: theorical framework can an early introduction of solid foods anticipate the development of food allergy? can their avoidance prevent the development of food allergy? are some foods more allergenic than other foods? are some food allergies more persistent than others?

66 L introduzione precoce di alimenti solidi può influenzare lo sviluppo di allergia alimentare? 135 bambini con familiarità allergica, alimentati al seno fino a 6 mesi gruppo a (70) - a 6 mesi: verdure cotte, mela, pera, cereali a 8 mesi: carne, pesce a 10 mesi: uovo gruppo b (65) - a 3 mesi: patata, carota cotta, cereali, carne a 4 mesi: uovo, pesce a 5 mesi: frutti diversi, "commercial foods" a 6 mesi: dieta libera ed estesa sia eczema che allergia alimentare vennero riscontrati in misura maggiore nel gruppo b rispetto al gruppo a Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M Prophylaxis of atopic disease: role of infant feeding. Lancet i: , 19 Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months' total solid foods eliminati

67 L introduzione precoce di alimenti solidi può influenzare lo sviluppo di allergia alimentare? Marini A, Acta Paediatr Suppl 1996;; 14: lattanti ad alto rischio atopico vs. 80 lattanti con lo stesso rischio (non-intervention group) Incidenza di sintomi allergici : 1 anno (11.5 vs. 54.4%,) a 2 anni (14.9 vs. 65.6%) a 3 anni (20.6 vs. 74.1%). Fattori più importanti nella patogenesi dei sintomi: (i) formula somministrata nella prima settimana di vita; (ii) divezzamento precoce (< 4 mesi); (iii) assunzione di manzo (< 6 mesi); (iv) introduzione precoce di latte vaccino (< 6 mesi); (v) fumo passivo e socializzazione precoce (< 2 anni di vita).

68 Eczema and early solid feeding Groups contrasted in adjusted odds ratio Adjusted odds ratio 95% CI Lower limit Upper limit Four or more foods by 17 weeks post-term n=203 Less than four foods by 17 weeks post-term n=54 3,49 1,51 8,05 Morgan J. Eczema and early solid feeding in preterm infant

69 Eczema and early solid feeding 642 term infants Follow-up 5½ years Outcome measures: 1. eczema 2. skin prick test inhalants 3. preschool wheezing - transient wheezing, at age 5 years 4. Introduction of solids assessed retrospectively at age 1 year Zutavern A. The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema

70 Eczema and early solid feeding a. Late egg risk for eczema b. Late egg risk for preschool wheezing c. Late milk risk for preschool wheezing Reverse causality? results do not support the guidelines for the prevention of asthma and allergy in general populations stating that the introduction of solids should be delayed for at least 4 6 months. Zutavern A. The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema

71 Timing of Solid Food Introduction in Relation to Atopic Dermatitis and Atopic Sensitization: Results From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study Anne Zutavern, MD, MSca,j, Inken Brockow, MD, MPHa,b, Beate Schaaf, MDc, RESULTS. Solid food introduction past the first 4 months of life decreased the odds of symptomatic AD but not for doctor-diagnosed AD, combined doctor-diagnosed and symptomatic AD, or atopic sensitization. Postponing the introduction beyond the sixth month of life was not protective in relation to either definition of AD or atopic sensitization. There was clear evidence for reverse causality between early skin or allergic symptoms and the introduction of solids.

72 A step-by-step introduction of solid foods: theorical framework can an early introduction of solid foods anticipate the development of food allergy? can their avoidance prevent the development of food allergy? yes yes are some foods more allergenic than other foods? are some food allergies more persistent than others?

73 GINI (German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group) 2252 newborns enrolled ( ) 945 formula-fed vs. 865 breastfed Randomised to four formulae: CMF: 16% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 1 ehf W: 14% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.86 phf W: 11% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.65 ehf C: 9% incidence of atopic manifestations OR = 0.51 Von Berg A, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:533-40

74 A step-by-step introduction of solid foods: theorical framework can an early introduction of solid foods anticipate the development of food allergy? can their avoidance prevent the development of food allergy? are some foods more allergenic than other foods? are some food allergies more persistent than others?

75 Directive 2000/13/EC (amended by Directive 2003/89/EC) 1. Cereals containing gluten 2. Crustaceans 3. Eggs 4. Fish 5. Peanuts 6. Soybeans 7. Milk and products thereof (including lactose) 8. Nuts i. e. Almond, Hazelnut, Walnut, Cashew, Pecan nut, Brazil nut, Pistachio nut, Macadamia nut and Queensland nut 9. Celery 10.Mustard 11. Sesame seeds

76 Clinical tolerance of homogenised kiwifruit 20 children (challenge-confirmed) SPT+ with kiwi Fresh - Steam-cooked - Homogenised [scalding at 90 C for 5 minutes - purée extraction at 115 C for 15 seconds - stabilisation at 110 C for 15 seconds - pasteurisation for 21 minutes at 65 C] Double-blinded placebo-controlled food challenge Steam-cooked Neg 19/20 Homogenized Neg 20/20 Fiocchi A. Tolerance of heat-treated kiwi by children with kiwifruit allergy

77 A step-by-step introduction of solid foods: theorical framework can an early introduction of solid foods anticipate the development of food allergy? can their avoidance prevent the development of food allergy? are some foods more allergenic than other foods? are some food allergies more persistent than others?

78 Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood 1-year birth cohort 1,749 newborns 39 CMA (2.22%) Age (years) Tolerance 22 (56 %) 30 (77 %) 34 (87 %) 36 (92 %) 36 (92 %) 38 (97 %) 95% CI

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80 Prediction of tolerance on the basis of quantification of egg white-specific IgE antibodies in children with egg allergy. Boyano-Martinez T, Garcia-Ara C, Diaz-Pena JM, Martin-Esteban M. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110: Age (years) Recovery 28 % 52 % 66 % 58 children allergic to egg, follow-up period of 7-86 months, (all the children were <2 years of age). The cumulative tolerance probability was 50% at 35 months of follow-up.

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82 Skolnick HS, Conover-Walker MK, Koerner CB, Sampson HA, Burks W, Wood RA. The natural history of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107: Tolleranza all arachide Autore N.pazienti % acquisizione di tolleranza Tariq 1996 Hourihane 1998 Skolnick ,5

83 Natural history of fish allergy Resolution of fish allergy is exceptional Bock SA. The natural history of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:900-4 Solensky R. Resolution of fish allergy: a case report. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;91:411-2 Possible resensitisation De Frutos C. re-sensitisation to fish in allergic children after a temporary tolerace period: two case reports. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:306-7

84 A step-by-step introduction of solid foods: theorical framework can an early introduction of solid foods anticipate the development of food allergy? yes yes can their avoidance prevent the development of food allergy? yes yes are some foods more allergenic than other foods? are some food allergies more persistent than others? yes yes yes yes

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86 Currently, evidence as to an optimal time for the introduction of any individual solid food in the infant s diet is lacking, and it may be better to think in terms of individual schedules.this area is in need of practice guidelines based on special epidemiologic and clinical studies.

87 Alcune considerazioni 1. L epidemiologia indica che l esposizione precoce si associa ad allergia specifica 2. L epidemiologia indica che ci sono nuove allergie anche in Italia 3. Non ci sono evidenze che un carico allergenico sia tollerogeno in epoca postnatale 4. Evitare gli alimenti ritarda o riduce la sensibilizzazione e l allergia 5. Gli alimenti processati possono essere meno allergizzanti 6. In assenza di evidenze, vale il principio di precauzione.

88 Schema classico 1. la precocità di introduzione determina allergie 2. il ritardo riduce il tasso di allergie Il pediatra detta i tempi 3. è meglio non introdurre troppi alimenti troppo presto 4. è bene introdurre gli alimenti uno alla volta