The role of virus-specific T helper cells for control of MCMV infection

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The role of virus-specific T helper cells for control of MCMV infection Author(s): Mandaric, Sanja Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO The role of virus-specific T helper cells for control of MCMV infection A dissertation submitted to ETH ZÜRICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES presented by SANJA MANDARIC Dipl. Ing., University of Zagreb, Croatia Born April 17 th, 1981 Citizen of Croatia accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Annette Oxenius (examiner) Prof. Dr. Manfred Kopf (co-examiner) Prof. Dr. Christian Münz (co-examiner) Prof. Dr. Stipan Jonjic (co-examiner) Zürich, 2013

3 English summary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a pandemic herpes virus that infects a majority of the human population worldwide and establishes life-long persistence. CMV infection is usually asymptomatic, however the virus carry pathogenic potential and causes severe disease in immune compromised individuals. T cell mediated immunity plays an essential role in the control of CMV infection. While much is known about the development and function of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses, CMV-specific T helper cell responses remained poorly defined. In this thesis, we used the mouse model of cytomegalovirus infection to study the regulation, induction, function and maintenance of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific T helper cells. We first identified the mechanism of how MCMV curtails the induction of virus-specific T helper cell responses during the acute phase of infection, namely by promoting the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We demonstrate that IL- 10 specifically suppresses the MCMV-specific T helper cell response by suppressing the bidirectional crosstalk between NK cells and myeloid dendritic cells. A consequence of the poor priming of MCMV-specific T helper cell responses was increased lytic virus persistence but reduced host immunopathology, highlighting an important physiological role of a balanced control of lytic MCMV replication. To investigate the protective capacity of virusspecific T helper cells in more detailed, we used an adoptive immunotherapy model and show that these cells can control MCMV replication in vivo by secretion of IFN-, indicating their therapeutic potential for adoptive T cell immunotherapy of CMV disease. Finally, we analyzed the long-term kinetics, phenotype and maintenance of virus-specific T helper cells 3

4 during the MCMV latency and show that virus-specific T helper cells display an effector phenotype even at late stages of MCMV latency and that they exhibit high proliferation activity in peripheral tissues which was dependent on MCMV antigen. These results imply an important role of effector-memory T helper cells in providing protection from local viral reactivation events. Taken together, the data presented in this thesis provide new mechanistic insights in MCMVspecific T helper cell activation, regulation, function and maintenance, collectively providing evidence for a pivotal role of T helper cells in antiviral immunity towards mouse cytomegalovirus infection. 4

5 1.2. Italian Summary- Riassunto Il Cytomegalovirus (CMV) è un herpes virus pandemico che infetta la maggior parte della popolazione umana in tutto il mondo e persiste nell' organismo per tutta la vita. L'infezione da CMV è di solito asintomatica, ma il virus è un potenziale patogeno e causa gravi malattie nei soggetti immunodeficienti. L'immunità mediata da cellule T svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo della infezione da CMV. Mentre molti dettagli riguardo allo sviluppo e alla funzione dei linfociti T CD8 + specifici per CMV sono stati rivelati, si conosce poco sulla funzione dei linfociti CD4 + T helper specifici per CMV. In questa tesi, abbiamo utilizzato il modello murino d' infezione da Cytomegalovirus per studiare la regolazione, l' induzione, la funzione e il mantenimento delle cellule T helper specifiche per il Cytomegalovirus murino (MCMV). Abbiamo dapprima identificato il meccanismo mediante il quale il MCMV limita l'induzione della risposta CD4 + T helper specifica per MCMV durante la fase acuta dell'infezione, ossia promuovendo la secrezione della citochina immunosoppressiva IL-10. Abbiamo dimostrato che l' IL-10 sopprime specificamente la risposta CD4 + T helper specifica per MCMV sopprimendo il 'cross talk' fra le cellule NK e le cellule dendritiche mieloidi. Una conseguenza dello scarso 'priming' dei linfociti CD4 + T helper specifici per MCMV è una prolungazione dell'infezione litica persistente ma al contempo una minore immunopatologia per l'individuo, mettendo in evidenza l'importanza fisiologica di un controllo bilanciato dell'infezione litica da MCMV. Allo scopo di investigare in dettaglio la capacità protettiva dei linfociti T helper specifici, abbiamo fatto uso di un modello di immunoterapia cellulare adottiva, con la quale abbiamo dimostrato che queste cellule sono in grado di controllare la replicazione del MCMV in vivo mediante la secrezione di IFN-. Questa scoperta suggerisce un potenziale uso terapeutico dell' 5

6 immunoterapia adottiva delle cellule T helper nelle malattie da CMV. Infine, abbiamo analizzato la cinetica, il fenotipo e il mantenimento delle cellule T helper durante la fase latente dell'infezione da MCMV e abbiamo mostrato che le cellule T helper specifiche per MCMV esprimono un fenotipo effettore anche negli stadi avanzati della fase latente da MCMV. Inoltre queste cellule esibiscono un'ampia proliferazione nei tessuti periferici che dipende dalla presenza degli antigeni del MCMV. Questi risultati implicano un ruolo importante delle cellule T helper con fenotipo di memoria effettore nel fornire protezione durante eventi di riattivazione virale locale. Nel loro insieme, i dati presentati in questa tesi forniscono una nuova visione della funzione e del meccanismo di attivazione, di regolazione e di mantenimento delle cellule T helper specifiche per MCMV, fornendo collettivamente delle prove a supporto di un ruolo centrale delle cellule T helper nell'immunità antivirale contro l'infezione da Cytomegalovirus murino. 6

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