Studio degli effetti chimici e biogeografici delle avvezioni di polveri sahariane sul Ghiacciaio del Calderone (Gran Sasso d Italia)

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1 SNOW-DUST Studio degli effetti chimici e biogeografici delle avvezioni di polveri sahariane sul Ghiacciaio del Calderone (Gran Sasso d Italia) David Cappelletti1,2,*, Ermanno Federici1, Chiara Petroselli1, Roberta Selvaggi1, Stefano Crocchianti1, Beatrice Moroni1, Elena Montalbani1, Pinuccio D Aquila3, Massimo Pecci2,4 1Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 2Comitato Glaciologico Italiano, 3Geologo, CNSAS-CAI Chieti,, 4CAI Roma *david.cappelletti@unipg.it

2 desert dust: an efficient carrier of pollutants and bacteria adapted from Kellogg et al (2006)

3 desert dust: an efficient carrier of pollutants and bacteria adapted from Kellogg et al (2006)

4 M.Martano SDS-WAS station Sand & Dust Warning Alert System (WMO)

5 M.Martano SDS-WAS station sample / PM_MM_ Sand & Dust Warning Alert System (WMO) EC OC sulphate phosphate nitrate chloride fluoride Fe Ti Ca Co Mn V Cu Ni Cr Zn always larger than the high levels of dust loads high levels of Fe, Ti, Ca

6 M.Martano SDS-WAS station Sand & Dust Warning Alert System (WMO) specific bacteria communities associated with PAH

7 Calderone glacier (al Gran Sasso d Italia) may 2010

8 end the ablation season sept 2011 sept 2012

9 monitoraggio ( ) idrocarburi policiclici aromatici

10 Saharan dust inverno-primavera estate-autunno

11 impact on the snow surface giu 2013

12 impact on the snowpack Sahariana febbraio Sahariana gennaio feb 2014

13 present & future studies elemental vs organic carbon

14 PROGETTO SNOWDUST ROMA, 5 OTTOBRE 2017 Effects of Desert Dust Depositions on the Microbiota of the Calderone Glacier Ermanno Federici Laboratori di Microbiologia Applicata e Ambientale Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie

15 Culture-Independent Characterization of Microbial Communities High complexity Culture-Based Approach Metagenomic DNA Next Generation Sequencing Microbial diversity

16 Bacterial Diversity in the Glacier: Clean and Dust-Impacted Snow

17 Bacterial Diversity in the Glacier: Melting (h) and Source (l) Water

18 β-diversity Among Dust-Impacted Snow, Clean Snow and Water Samples Dendrogram based on Bray Curtis distances between microbial communities of Clean Snow (Sn), Saharanimpacted snow (SH) and water samples (Wat). Snow was collected on the surface (s), median (m) and deep (d) layer of the snow pit. Water samples were melting directly on the glacier (h) and from a natural source (l).

19 β-diversity Among Dust-Impacted Snow, Clean Snow and Water Samples

20 β-diversity Among Dust-Impacted Snow, Clean Snow and Water Samples

21 The Monte Martano Sampling Site

22 Bacterial Communities in PM 10 Samples Distributionofthemostabundantbacterial genera(averageabundancehigherthan0.5%)inthepm 10 samples.

23 Impact of Saharan Dust Intrusions on the Bacterial Diversity of the Glacier Average distribution of top-abundant bacterial genera (more than 1% of total) of particulate matter collected during Saharan intrusion (SH), in the four different groups of samples (clean snow, Saharan-impacted snow, melting water from the glacier and source water)

24 Impact of Saharan Dust Intrusions on the Bacterial Diversity of the Glacier Genus SH Clean Snow SHimpacted Water Water Melting Source Hymenobacter 3,99% 6,02% 19,64% 1,17% 0,31% Massilia 2,42% 1,19% 19,40% 0,99% 1,25% Acinetobacter 1,23% 6,73% 11,03% 0,01% 1,44% Pseudomonas 1,08% 0,23% 1,62% 1,04% 15,36% Naxibacter 1,81% 3,40% 1,59% 7,51% 0,85% Stenotrophomonas 6,98% 0,31% 1,41% 0,08% 0,21% Acidovorax 7,78% 0,50% 1,08% 0,48% 2,21% Streptophyta 3,38% 0,20% 1,05% 0,00% 0,24% Sphingomonas 12,97% 0,34% 0,84% 0,23% 0,29% Bacillus 2,30% 0,21% 0,81% 0,00% 0,02% Adhaeribacter 3,14% 0,06% 0,58% 0,00% 0,02% Geodermatophilus 0,75% 0,09% 0,58% 0,00% 0,00% Microvirga 0,92% 0,05% 0,49% 0,00% 0,00% Rubellimicrobium 1,05% 0,54% 0,47% 0,03% 0,00% Domibacillus 1,74% 0,10% 0,29% 0,00% 0,00% Phenylobacterium 1,32% 0,18% 0,28% 0,19% 0,12% Staphylococcus 0,82% 0,04% 0,22% 0,00% 0,01% Pontibacter 0,91% 0,01% 0,16% 0,00% 0,00% Porphyrobacter 0,77% 0,03% 0,11% 0,08% 0,02% Methylobacterium 2,79% 0,03% 0,10% 0,00% 0,06% Dyadobacter 0,54% 0,02% 0,06% 0,00% 0,00% Mycobacterium 0,75% 0,01% 0,05% 0,01% 0,06% Pedobacter 1,06% 0,29% 0,04% 0,71% 0,07% Rhizobium 0,76% 0,00% 0,02% 0,00% 0,00% Clostridium XI 0,87% 0,00% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% Lactobacillus 0,89% 0,00% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% Pseudoxanthomonas 0,60% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,05% 27 bacterial populations representing a core dust microbiome 12 of these populations are also abundant in the SH-impacted snow

25 Conclusions The striking differences observed between the bacterial communities of the two groups of the snow samples, clearly indicated that Saharan dust deposited in the Calderoneglacier strongly impacted the bacterial diversity inthesnow. Several of the bacterial populations that were enriched in the Saharanimpacted snow were also abundant in PM collected during African dust intrusions, confirming that these airborne, dust-carried bacteria were able to colonize the glacier. Some of the deposited bacteria were also retrieved in the water from the glacier, suggesting that the bacteria transported over the Mediterranean from Sahara can have the potential to impact the entire mountain environment.

26 Acknowledgments Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia Prof.D. Cappelletti, Dr.B. Moroni, Dr.C. Petroselli, Dr.G. La Porta, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e della Terra, Università di Milano Bicocca Prof. A. Franzetti, Dr. I. Gandolfi ELENA MONTALBANI