Giuseppe Toniolo, apostolo del cattolicesimo sociale

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1 Gupp Tl, ptl dl ttlm l Frru Mr Gupp Tl (Trv, P, 98) è tt u tllttul ttl d p d prtlr u pt d put dl pr l rt, m prttutt u um d fd prfd vut md t m pr, mrt, pdr, ttm tgrrm ll u mltpl ttvtà. Lurt Gurprud ll Uvrtà d Pdv, dl 868 dv tt dl 873 fu lbr dt d Em plt. qu dp, v l ttdr ll Uvrtà d Md l 879 fu mt prfr rdr P, dv rm f ll mrt. Nl 878 vv pt Mr Shtt, dl u mtrm qur tt fgl. m tllttul, fu lg d mt. Autr, prtlr, d u mprtt lvr gvl ull dtrbu dll rh (878), hé d u mumtl Trttt d Em l tt vlum (98-), h vluppt u tmt h, prtd dl mrt, t frr gl trvt dll Stt, putd l rul dl gl ttd-prtr, m lldl ll tr dll tà (gg, drbb, dll tà vl ). Opptr dl mdrm h, vll tr l XIX XX, bb Itl l u u pggr l ldrhp d d Rml Murr, fu mpr u ttm dl ttlm l, dtfd ll p vt Lv, dgl 9 dl 8, dl rdl Déré Mrr, fdtr dl -tmm. Fu mltt drgt vr rg ttlh, h dl, prpugd tt dbttt, m Flpp Md, l bl dl N xpdt, l t prb gà tblt d P IX ull prtp d ttl ll vt plt Itl. I prtlr, fdò l U pplr (96), u guì, l pubbl dl tt L U pplr tr ttl d Itl (98), l lbr dl prgrmm pr u prm ul d Prtt pplr ttl Itl. ì, Tl trbuì prr l prm pr l lbr Ptt Gtl h, m t, l 93 fvrì l vt d ttl pr qu ddt h, ll lt dl Prtt Lbrl pr l l plth, fr dtt fvrvl ll p h tv ur ll h ( tm d dvr, tru ttl ll ul, tr). Pr tutt l vt, Tl v d l mpgt l l l u pprt rt ll h. Dgl 8 vv mt ddr ll Opr d gr, qud v lt, bb d P X l mpt d rfdr l rg uffl d ttl tl dv tr U. Dv llr prdt dll U Pplr, l pù mprtt. Spfmt, l u pr l u ttvtà dm fur mpr prt prp rt. Elbrò ì u tr ul prmt dll t ull lgg h rgl l m. I prtlr, dvt gl fltt l dll p, prp lu p d trvt h prrr tmp: l tutl dl lvr dll d d rg, l rp ftv, l lmt d r d lvr. Dv grd ptl dll Rrum vrum d L XIII (89) put d rfrmt d ttl l tl. Prm vr tv, qul l U ttl pr gl tud l l 889 l Rvt trl pr l l l 893. Pr tutt qut mtv, mpltt l tr dll u d btf, è tt prlmt bt l 9 prl d qut. L mt d D è bt: l u tr d ttà ll prfl è u rpt ll r fr d t h ut l md Frru Mr, dt d Em plt ll Fltà d S l dll Aglum d Rm, mrt dll Uvrtà L Sp d Rm 3

2 4 I qul h gu, tud d prdt lvr u L Pr u Om, u r pt pr u lu tllttul ttl dl tr tmp, dl rtm l, m uprò d Gupp Tl pf rfrmt rt mtr, d u mt ll u prdu tf mbt m. I prtlr, m rfrrò d u prdu tf, m l u, ll qul mpr h vut p prfrl pruppt t dl dr m. Qut, prttutt, l Trttt d Em l (tgrlmt dpl Opr Om, ttà dl Vt, 949.), tt è l utr t drvr l truttur dll pr, l qul vrbb dvut mpr d quttr vlum: Itrdu, Prdu, rl, Dtrbu um. qut u, Tl tdv rpttr, m rv, l rd lg dl l m dll rh, frd l l d prp d ttut d rd ttutv, prtv, ful fl, ll tt d pgr «l br mtrl pr bf dll vltà» pr tutt dttr. Tuttv, pr l mrt dll utr, l Trttt rm mput, d tt pubblt ltt prm du vlum. Il tr, l rl, rvut b qud l utr mò, v pubblt ptum ur dl dpl p Jp M, mtr pr l qurt vlum, Dtrbu um, è vut u rtru, b d pput dll utr, d pr dll vv. Bgg. S t, prò, h, gà l vlum rult mpmt trttt l tm dll dtrbu dl rddt, ghé, pr Tl gutmt può m trurr, d u v rt dll m, l trtt rpprt fr gl ptt prduttv qull dtrbutv. I qut d 3, v tutt hrt h, ll mpt mplv dll pr, l Tl h mtrt d r u mt l. M tl ffrm, t, vul r ltt u mmt d tp tr ll tr pr; ò qut prt l p mrxt, dubbmt lt dll mpt mplv dll utr r llr ltr prdgm rgr d l m. Tuttv, h pfrl pltmt, Tl dt dll l l ul tm rul d tr dll dtrbu dll rh, vl dr u mp mlt v ll tà d ptttv dll gt. I tm d prdu dll rh, Tl df putulmt l rddt tt dll prdu d brv h d lug prd, prvt l. Pr l brv prd, gl f rfrmt gl trm tmprl dl l prduttv, dfd l rddt tt m dffr tr l ttltà dl prdtt ( rddt lrd) l d prd l rh tpt pr l prdu l prm prd 4. drd pù prd, l rddt tt dll m l rult dll umulr l tmp d gl rmt h rmg ì dpbl «pr tutt l ddf um, dtrmt dl grd d pt prduttv u l tà è prvut». Tuttv, l drr l rddt tt l «u lug prd tr», Tl vldmt t h l u «mp md grl» è «l rultt l pr dll grd, dll ff dll dr dll prdu rpprt ll t, ttà qultà dl um dll t qul mdm prd». Il um dll, t, mprdrà l qull dgl dvdu m h qull dll Stt. muqu, l um è mpr trttmt lgt ll dmd d b rv, qud, l ddfmt d bg um. I fftt, l rddt tt l «è l fd d mp d tutt prduttr rrpd ll mm d rddt tt d tutt l m prvt», ì h l u mp l u rmt l tmp tr tutt l l l dttmt rd pbl, m rt, l umt d lr rddt. Nl pr dl rddt tt l vlr dl rddt tt, Tl dtf l prm l u vlr d u, mtr l d l vlr d mb (mb), ttld m l l umt dl prm, h è umt rl, prt d u ffttv umt dl br l. Tuttv, l vlr d mb dm l tbltà l trl d è pr qut mtv h «l vlr dl rddt tt ( l rddt pr mdm) d u mpr d gl grupp d dutr dd pr mp rl d prduttr h v rpttvmt ddtt». I t, vldmt, l Autr dr l rddt tt u grd flu u tk, qut l df rptt ll mp d u rt trvll tmprl, fd rrttmt rfrmt l flu d b fl d

3 mr ludd dl mput l tr trmd. L mprt dt l rddt tt rl, l vlr d u dl rddt, ll ffttv ddf um, rmd t d rgmt ff ll m dl br. D ltr t, l trttr l rgmt rltv fttr dll prdu ll rpttv l l, Tl gugrà d u tr dll dtrbu d tp ful 5. Tuttv, h mpr prt du lgg h rgg l prdu m flu l dtrbu: l lgg d rd l lgg dll prpr dft 6. L prm ffrm h tutt fttr dll prdu gulmt dpbl, qut l l gut mult d tr fttr può ttur l prdu. L d r h, pr ttr u rultt utl, tr fttr dv trvr u dtrmt rpprt. I d qut prp l dtrbu l lr mpl tt p rpr b vdt dl M 7. L du lgg rd prltr mpbl, dl put d vt dtrbutv, l mput ltt d u fttr d u qut dl prdtt prprl ll u ptà prduttv l vlut d mrt prduttv d gl fttr, qul, d lrmt dpdt, v, tutt r, tutt prtmt ff. L prdu è l ftt rultt d tr : l fltà um tt, l tur tr l ptl. Il pr dl Tl dffr dll df l l d fttr prduttv 8, qut dà trltà l lvr trtt, m ll um, prtlr, qull fltà ptltà um h vg m tt dll vltà dvdul ttrvr l lvr 9. S fltà l rgh m h tllttul mrl, m pprfd l vlum ull Prdu. Il prdtt l l rd l qud l frutt d u rd turl dpdt dll vltà dll prtà dll um. I tm d dtrbu dll rh, vdd h trbut pprtt dll trgrf, Tl prp d mtrr m l prblm dtrbutv r d drr u ptt t fftt mrgl dl fm m, bì «l» prblm m-l pù urgt dl XIX l. I tl, l Autr rvl u tt uprmt dll dvdulm t ll v l, h, pr ì dr, dll dggt v l dll dtrbu. I fftt, pr Tl, rd p ttl l u p ll mbt dl ttlm l, l dtrbu è u ftt mpl, l m m prplmt t, gurd d vltà. mpt dll m rgurd dl fm dtrbutv è, d u lt, qull d drr ll u prl l ptt flg, l «mgtr rml d qut lgg 5 Il rdl D Grg l trm dl Rt d btf d Tl, lbrt ll bl rm d S Pl fur l Mur l 9 prl r (ft Al Gul/PP)

4 6 rpprt ll rt d gl ttut h vlg d mprmrv u pù lt grd d ff», h l ptt ptlg, vvr «l prl dv d qull d l rrpdt pr d dlvmt rtur»; dll ltr lt, prò, qull d drr tt l tà h, trmt vr mur d gr ll m, rl trvt d mdf dll tu d ftt prvlt. I prpt, ftt, l M h dvdut l bttv mplv d tutt l tr tl ll vr frt d rt pr l plt m, pfmt mbt dtrbutv. S t prltr h, pr Tl, l ptt rml t ò h l fm dvrbb r td d r, ll p l lug prd, b rg dg rltv ll tur dl ftt t. L ptt ptlg, v, rgurd l drd dl fm dl u tt rml. S prl llr d r dtrbutv d qut l; d u l rul dll plt m, è dll trvt pubbl ll m d mrt. I dftv, qut ll dtrbu dll rh grl, pr Tl trtt «dll tud dll lgg turl mh, pr l qul ll um tà l rh prdtt v rprtr fr lr h trbur prdurl». Tl fm trp tr prdu um, d qut du ftt «mult tu», d gu h l dtrbu dll rh vv d tu m m h qut v prdtt. I fftt, l prdtt dtrbu tr tutt lr h h prtpt ll prdu, dd lug quttr rmur. Iftt, d prtlr, h l mprdtr, h rd rg l tr pr prduttv um l rh dll prdu, h ttl rvr u rmur: l prftt trtt. L prm tr frm d rtrbu (lr, rdt, tr) qud tp d rddt mpl, «qut u d rrpd rpttvmt l mp d u l fttr dll prdu, drt m u ft d rddt pr l pr l l u pprt»; l prftt dll mprdtr è, v, u tp mp d rddt mpl, drvt dll mb d pù fttr utlt pr l t fltà prduttv. D ltr t, Tl df l lgg grl dll dtrbu l md gut «tutt fttr dll prdu prtp l rddt d rg dl vlr dll rpttv pr». Qut lgg è pr d u td ultm mtr l llgmt dll dtrbu l lgg dl vlr 3. D qut lgg rv h l prtpt ll prdu h ttl dvdr l rultt. Il ttl m plt rgurd l pr l pr prduttv, mtr qull gurd, mplt, drv dll r tutt gurdmt mprprtr dl prdtt 4. L prprtà rult l fdmt gurd dll lgg dll dtrbu. Dp vr l ptt m dll dtrbu l ptt gurd, Tl pfmt vd m l lgg dtrbutv, dffr d ltr lgg mh, um h u rttr trplg plg, dpdd «d u gud d utltà mprtv tr qull prt dvr» 5, gud p flut d mltpl tmt h ll um tr qull dll tr prl. Pr qut, l prdmt rml d dtrbu prupp, h lmt xtr-m, qul: tllg, l dtrmr l vlr mprtv dll prt; lbrtà gut, l frtr gl ppt tr d prtpt; qutà mrltà prl vl ut dll rtà. A qut lmt dvdul ggug, ultm pr mprt, l rml tutr dutr dll Stt. L dtrbu dll rh v, f, vlutt rfrmt ll u rlv ll rd m, plt l. Nll rd m, m vdrm gut, l prblm dll dtrbu llg tmmt l f dll rh «h è l ppgmt d bg», l u mp è ptvmt rrlt l prgr dll vltà. Nll rd plt, l rrtt prprltà dll dtrbu tr l dvr l l è ptvmt ll pù mp dffu dl ptr. Nll rd l, «l rptt dll rv prfttbl dll tà», u qu dtrbu prdp ll rv vlupp dll rd l, mtr u dtrbu qu td dlvrl 6. Sd l Tl, l lr «rrpd l vlr dl lvr ( mgl dll u ff)» qut u lmt : l utltà dl lvr fu d f prduttv l lmt dl lvr, l dffltà rf mpt ll um l mttr tt l utltà dl lvr

5 mr t. I fftt, «Il vlr è l tm d u mtrl l dupl rgurd dll u utltà, dll lmt dll utltà t». Pr, gv vdr h, d F. Vt, ll tr ul vlr, Tl t «l rv dl tt d utl, [] l rdu dll utl tgr trumtl rl f um» 7. Iftt, gl tt l utltà ll ddf d bg um, mtr l lmt è lgt rf pt tt dll vltà. Il prm è u lmt l dl vlr, mtr l d è «lmt dr [ ], m tgrt». I prtlr, Tl gug d ur u rm prt pr l ll dl lr. Iptd tt, u dt P u dt tt, du lmt (l mm mplv dgl fr l tm dl rf), ffrm h l lr può «dumr murr dll ttltà dll ddf rputt r pr l pr» 8, l qul rrpd bg um. L rm prt d ll dl lr t l mmurr l lr rml ll quttà qultà d «um btul dll l lvrtr» 9. Prtt, l lr dvt qull mmtr d rh h td ddfr bg btul d lvrtr d è l mtv h du l vltà dll l lvrtr frr lvr prduttv. Tuttv, d du fft gl um m rtr dl lr rml l qull lgt l ddfmt d bg f dll vt, prdd d rf dl t d prdu. L pbl dffr tr l fftt utl pprtt dl lvrtr rf l m dll ddf quprt um, drbb rmurr l mprdtr. Ed um l d trl dll vlut dl lr, Tl vlg u mplt trt lf dgl t. I um d drr l ll dl lr l qull mtrl dvdul, m pr mlt pt dll ul l, m trgg rg d bg d rd frr (lgt ll vt f dll dvdu: vtt, llgg, vtr., qul dfflmt vr) m prttutt d qull d rd uprr, hé d bg l (qut rr pr vvr rl gl ltr turl, qul l fmgl). Rgurd bg l, Tl pp ll dvdulm ttld l tur l dll um, prtr dl u r ll tà fmlr. Prltr, um rgurd l bg prt m h pt futur rrpdt qull h gg hmrbb um vtl um mmurt tutt l r dll vt, rgurd l bg prd prduttv m h qull rltv prd mprduttv (dl, mltt dup vltr, ltà). Il lvll md rml dl lr dpd prtt d mltpl fttr, l d um t drt, m h d tutt l rt h d u um bg dll um qud dl u tr d vt. L dt tr d vt, lgt l grd d vlmt dll tà, dvt qut l l tmp t fftt u dll umt d lr gr dll tbltà dl lr rmt. D ltr t, l lgg rrt dl lr drv d rg trh dpdt dl mrt dl lvr ffrm h «l lr vr rg drtt dll dmd d vr dll ffrt dl lvr dl mrt grl dll h dr». L dmd prm l bg dgl mprdtr d dprr d lvrtr pr l prdu, ut m r pr rmurrl l pr rml. L ffrt prm v l bg d lvrtr d trvr lvr gut ll ffttv pbltà d prtr lvr. Iflu ull dmd ull ffrt rpttv bg dvdul l dll du prt. Imm, gutmt, pr Tl, g l l prtp ll rt dl rddt m prpr dl vlr dl prpr r ll prdu. Allr, rptt qull d, l vlupp m prtrà rmt d u prpr tr lrt l ltr l 3, ll r dtrbutv, ll dugugl d br, f, fltt l. I fftt, qut ll r dll m dtrbutv u rmd, Tl dtgu l r l dll r dll m dtrbutv. L r l è u tt grl 4, h prupp l d u tt rml dll tà. L tt rml prv d u qulbr d tutt l fr l 5 mtr l tt rml dpd d u dqulbr rpprt l, mft ll tbltà dll vt llttv l prtt trt fr gl tr dll dvr l l. Tl tt ptlg è turl ll t tà l qul, d mpt d r mprftt m mglrbl, può mpr prfr. L r dll m dtrbutv è, pr Tl, l «tt d ffr h drv d u dqulbr ll prtp dll gl l ll rh l» 6. I du qulbr flu rprmt mft vt rttr ml, grl pf. 7

6 8 I rttr grl dll r drv dll dblmt dll flu rlg, h è u «prm d fft» d tutt l r l. I rttr pf, v, rrpd ll u «l prm» d g r vr ll p l tmp. L r m è mftt, prltr, u pp fr l l l, l qul h prdtt u lgrh dll rh dll l uprr vvr l puprm d qull frr 7. Qut pggrmt dll d dgl pr, h h dt mpul ll t qut l, è l rultt d lu rt 8 d mlt fttr. Tr qut Tl l l mutt d t-mh dll dutr h h prtt u prvvlut dl ptl rptt l lvr, l trfrm dutrl, l ub dll dutr ll ttà, l prprt vlupp dll mpr mftturr rptt qull grl, l dmu dl ptr d qut dl lr. L r dtrbutv rult h prt d ultrr dqulbr: qull «fr l tt m l d vl plt dll pr» 9 qull «fr l tt m l vrtù mrl rlg», prttutt dll l flt 3. Sgu h tl drd l: ) è r lmt m, d u fltt fr ptl lvr ( qut pr ), m è mplt d rg plth; ) mft rgm d lbrtà vl, m plt, ggrvd l tu d lvrtr; 3) f r ll rd d ftt l mvmt lt mpr rmt rut ll rd dll d tutt qull dttr h gutf l vvrtmt dll rd l, l gl lmt m plt, m h u ttut fdmtl (prprtà, fmgl, rlg, Stt,.). D ltr t, l rtr ll rd l può, pr Tl, r ul, bì ttd l prtp dll um l qul dvrà prr tt pprtu rmd, rtmt mpl d multfrm l rg h h grt l r. I rmd d vr tur, «rlg, mrl, vl, m» 3 m, ll L, rtrg l l l rmd m, qul dum dll «lgg turl dll vlmt ll m dtrbutv dgl fftt dll u vl» 3. D qut pt prd, gl d u bttv prrtr pr l plt m lu m pr rggugrl: «gvlr l qu lgttm l mpg utl dl ptl d prt dll l lvrtr grl d fvrr u pù drtt lr prtp vtgg d qut, ì d rdurr l qulbr L Aglu dl Pp trm drtt S Pl fur l Mur l trm dl Rt d btf d Tl. Bdtt XVI h ltt l fgur dll mt d D (ft Al Gul/PP)

7 mr fr l d dll l frr uprr, d rgugrl ltr, pr m dgl t rpprt m, u pù trtt vl mrl» 33. r m, Tl dtgu tr trr d trr. S trumt trr r «l prt d rf, d gut d rtà, u d qul h vlr mm lmt ll m prvt, m r ll vt l, p qul ltt l tr prl mmdt rd ll tr durtur grl» 34. Gl trumt trr, u b trh, lft tr tgr 35 : l pr ( lf-hlp ), pr dll utm dll l frr; l ptrt, h prm dll tv dll l uprr; l lgl, frutt dll tutr prmtr dll Stt. A prt l ptrt, mpr l Rvlu Fr, l pr è drtt m u ttut fdt ull mutu llbr tr l l lvrtr, l p d mglrr l lr tu m. E prm tr frm d um, d rdt, d prdu l prm dll qul h l p d prmuvr l rprm ll tt dl um qud gvlr l frm dl ptl ll m d t frr. L uv ttu l rdt vdvl tr l l frr h l p d rmtr l ptl 36. L ultm rl l df dll pl dutr prmuv l fd d mpr llttv, ll qul gl pr l tmp ptlt. Il lr p è qull d fvrr rgr l mpg fft rrtt dl ptl ll dutr, h dvt d prprtà h pr. L p mu tutt tr tp d pr è l frm d u t d pl md mpr, h fvr l pr d dpd d mglr lvrtr lm l b tr «lrt grd mprdtr» 37. Iv, l lgl l, rt u dll vl dll rdmt turl dll tà, h l p d «mtr d vtulmt rturr l tgrtà l rglr vlupp dll rgm l» 38. L Stt h l dvr d vlgr l u fu prtttv prmtr ll p d mtr l qulbr l. Qut pr Tl dv r vlt ull b dl prp d ugugl rltv lut: prprt ll rt d dll l dbl, ttut mggr ttà fvr dll l frr qut qut h pù tà d tutl r. D frt ll trgh gu dll uv rg m, lu ul d pr tuv prprr l d dl trvt dll Stt m, u l l-fr r vt m rm l trfr dll Stt r drt l. Altr ul vdv m u lv l rvlgmt mplt dll tà. Il lbrm m l lm, pr Tl, lu ttbl. Egl prp v u trvt ttv dll Stt fu l lgltv d tutl, m h dtrbutv. I u u rtt trr, dl , lgg h l Stt h u dupl fu: tutr prmtr. L fu prmtr, d l Autr, dv prmr rt ttà «dl mpl uff d llumr qull d rmuvr gl tl, l vvr ptvmt d f l fr mmdtmt d é». L t p prmg h gl rtt uv prplmt l Trttt 4. I lu, l pr dl Tl ppr m dgut dll t m: bbm, ltr prl, u tr u l rg d ff m d rg d gut dtrbutv d qutà. S trtt d u ttggmt h r gg v m du d pù, bhé tt d br utltrtmt t, d vlupp murt rmt dll umt dl PIL, d pvrtà rltv lut, d tr d vt, vg mpr pù ut m prmtr d rfrmt d rgm trl, qul l UNDP (è, l Prgrmm dll N Ut pr l Svlupp). I prtlr, prm lug, bbm u rgl tr dll dtrbu dl vlr, l é l, m rft ll trd tr rttl-tmt, u rpprtt dll Ottt v dvdut Itl Mtt Lbrtr Lug Tprll D Agl, rpprt rtmt u trbut d grd rgltà. I d lug, v ttlt l dvr d u h prlt M, d tdr mpr d u lu rt d prblm dl prblm l prtlr, lddv tl dvr plt ll vltà d dr m l ptt tf-tr qull ppltv, l tr m dll plt m. Qut tm lgm tr pul, mbr r u rul lmt dttv dll gmt m d Tl. rt, dl put d vt dl md d rgr ut dgl mt, l trbut d Tl può b rultr trd. Tuttv, è hr h, pur dd utm ll m, gl l tt mpr mpl d tp t gurd, gt dll mpt, llr m r, mggrmt rrt. I fftt, ll b dll u tr t mpr l tt d um tgrlmt t, qull d hm 9

8 mu, gut drtt dvr h, pput, drbbr rmpr ll tr. Ah rgurd l ptt ppltv, l mprtt rul dt ll fu dll Stt l rptt dll lbrtà prl, hé dgl ttut turl trmd, è u ultrr lmt h dtgu pfmt l utr d tt prpgtr dll m - m u tmpr uv. NOTE G. TONIOLO, Sull dtrbu dll rh. L. Vr-Pdv, Drukr & Tdh, 878, prt Opr Om, ttà dl Vt 95, Sr II, Vl. IV, pp G. TONIOLO, Trttt d m l, Lbrr dtr frt, Fr 95, d, rvdut d mplt dll t utr, prt ID., Opr Om, ttà dl Vt 949, Sr II, Vl. I, pp Vl. II, pp M è grdt tttr h, ll rtru dl pr d Tl h gu, m rftt mlt dll t frt, ll u t d Dttrt Str dl pr m, dll dtt. Fr Ml. Nturlmt, pr l mpt dl gg, l rpbltà è luvmt m prl. 4 Pr rh tpt Tl td l qut d rh prdtt trrmt h v trfrmt pr f prduttv md ttl prl. Tl prt d rh tpt mprd l ptl f l ptl rlt. Il prm è l uppllttl trumtl h um prlmt grdulmt, d è qud ggtt d mmrtmt, mtr l d mprd l mtr prm l mtr ulr, prdtt h ub ll tt dll prdu u «trfrm ttl mmdt». I fftt, pr mtv t, gl lud fr l tp l rmur dl lvr, m vv ftt l tr dl fd-lr, ltr prtlr tll Quy. 5 L dtrbu ful l, m t, l md u l prdtt rprt tr lr h h r ll u frm dtgu d qull prl. I fftt, l prm h pr ggtt l prduttv mg rggruppt fu dl lr trbut ll prdu (Lvrtr, ptlt, Prprtr trrr), mtr l d h pr ggtt gl dvdu. L prm f rfrmt l l, l d ll gl pr, prtlr ll fmgl. 6 ò, prtlr, l Trttt d m l: L prdu dll rh, Opr Om, ttà dl Vt 95, Sr II, vl. III, pp S t prltr h l du lgg r gà prt ll pr gvl, bhé md mplt, u u h rtt prtlr P. PEORARI, Sull pr m dl gv Tl, ID. ( ur d), Gupp Tl tr m tà, Dl B, Ud 99, pp J. MAZZEI, L utrtà rpprt ll dtrbu um dll rh, Rdt dll XI dll Sttm Sl d Itl: L utrtà l ll dttr ttl, 94, Vt Pr, Ml 95, pp , d ptlr pp I l vr l uddvd fttr dll prdu Trr, Lvr ptl ppur pù mplmt Lvr ptl. Tuttv, gà Mrhll r dffrt dgl ltr l qut, l prm ptl d u Prp, dp vr drtt fttr dll prdu (Ld, Lbur, ptl, Orgt), mplf l lf ffrmd h «I thr r ly tw gt f prdut, tur d m. ptl d rgt r th rult f th wrk f m dd by tur» (A. MARSHALL, Prpl f Em: trdutry txt, 89, Lbr IV, p. I,. ). 9 L dffr tr l pt l tt è, m t, dt rlvt ll flf d Arttl (fr. L Mtf, Ru dtr, Ml 978. Ed mmtt urt d G. REALE.), rpr ttlmt dgl lt mdvl d lt dll Ottt (fr. prtlr u utr u Tl f p rfrmt, qul L. TAPARELLI D AZEGLIO, Sgg trt d drtt turl ppggt ul ftt, 845. L d rt è qull dl 949 8, l qut d dll ultm rrtt rut dll utr, ). G. TONIOLO, Trttt d m l: L prdu dll rh, Opr Om, Sr II, vl. III, p. 7. Il lr l lvrtr, l rdt l prprtr trrr, l tr l ptlt. Il rddt rdu, l prftt, rm v ll mprdtr, dp vr pgt lr, rdt d tr. Il prftt «è pput mpl qut ttl lmtr d ttrbu, bb p pl md d mprtr mft m u rddt mpl vt prpr lgg utm (N)». Il rfrmt è d Eml N, u mt mrxt trbut ll tr l dl vlr. 3 Qut lgg è ll prl dl Tl - «qull t dl vlr pplt, hé prdtt ( rultt dll prdu), ll prt rv utl d prduttr ll pr mpl dll prdu». 4 Il Prr h gutmt ttlt h tl lgg «mpd h l rprt p h ffttur fvr d h mh d tl qultà, m vv pr rddt d bf dll Stt», m qut dll mbt dll dtrbu p qull dl um (fr. P. PEORARI, Sull pr m dl gv Tl, p. t. pp. 9-5, qu p. 3). 5 G. TONIOLO, Sull dtrbu dll rh. L, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p.. 6 Iltr, Tl dtgu. gutmt, l lr ml ( mtr) dl lr rl, ttld l mprt dl lr rrtt utl. Iftt, l lr v prpt u t lug tmp, u l rpprt tr vlr d b h um l vlr dll mt rm ltrt v è fl, llr rbb dffrt drr l lr rl ml. M l

9 mr d dvrtà d tmp, d lug d dvr d mrmh, llr l l dv prdr dr, ll dtrbu dll rh, l l lr rl. L, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p F. VITO, Il trbut d Gupp Tl ll m plt, Gupp Tl. mmmr dl rv d D prm dll Uvrtà ttl dl Sr ur dll prtur dl pr, p. t., p. 69. Sull tr dl vlr Tl, fr. A. AMAITI, Gupp Tl d l rupr ttl dll utl dl vlr, R. FAUI ( ur d), Gl tl Bthm. Dll «fltà pubbl» ll m, Ml,98, pp Ibdm, p G. TONIOLO, Sull dtrbu dll rh, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p. 8. Tl gutf l trdu d qut rtr prt rg trh rg d rd rl trh (ID., Il lr, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, pp ). Qut um dm d rd uprr prhé rgurd l vt dll prt. mprd um h mmdtmt ppg l tlltt l ur qull h pur d f ut d mpul mtrl ttv, rrpd «bg dl pr, dl bll, dl bu, dl dr, dl md, qull dl ult rlg, dgl fftt dmt, dll prtp ll vt pubbl, dll ur tr gl vt tr dll vvr» (G. TONIOLO, Il lr, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p. 5). Tl um h «mggr lttà tttud d pdr trr [ ]; prò pù lv è l lr dftv ul lr» (bd., p. ). Tutt um dvdul «rpd mmdtmt bg f dll vt dvdul. M f dll t mp ll dvdu m tu prf ll tà» (G. TONIOLO, Il lr, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p. 7). Il prm bg l è qull dll fmgl «prttp d g frm tv, prmum rrum pubblrum rudmtum (V)» (bd., p. 7). Pr Tl è l fmgl, l dvdu, l utà lmtr dll tà qud è l fmgl d trr ll lgg -mh qud h qull dl lr pr qut tutt ò h trbu tutlr l fmgl, td fr rr l lr, mtr ò h mr dtruggr l fmgl «pr dll lmt dvdul td d dvdur» l lr (ID., Sull dtrbu dll rh. L, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p. ). G. TONIOLO, Sull dtrbu dll rh. L, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p.. 3 «[ ] l prgr m mdm mft u td d umtr l prpr fr l t d lrt l ltr l dll tà, prprd qut l fltt l dlvmt» (bd., p. 88). 4 L r l è «u tt d ffr dll tà um gut d u drd ll rgm ll vt (l md d r d gr) dll tà t» (bd., p. 9). 5 L rdmt turl rml dll tà «rp ull qulbr gl lmt mptv dll tà t ( p fr l vr l l), ll mltpl mft dll u vt d ttvtà [ ] f ll prtp prprt d qugl lmt mdm u rd d ttvtà llttv; - mft ll t dgl ttut l, l tmprt tu lr vlupp ll pr pt (tt lu d rultt fl) fr l tr d gl qull dll grltà» (bdm). 6 Ibd., p Pr Tl l r l è l rultt «d u dqulbr m tr ptl lvr l rrltv l l, t fgl dll grd trfrm dutrl mdr, drt ll u tur, l md ll rt d ffttu». (Ibd., p. 95). 8 L ltr rt dvdut d Tl ll dmut tà pbltà d u lug tr fvr d lvrtr, ll glmt dll rpr d rt mtr, ll trdu d d bmb ll fbbrh, ll ffvlr dll mr vr l lug t (bd., p. 96). 9 L prlmt gugl d tutt dvt ll lgg l lbrtà, mpgt d dgut du vl rpbltà, «lv lt l lvrtr l dbttt ll rr uvrl dgl tr, [ ], hé rbb lu l dpd gurd, m tutt pt dll dpd d ftt. E ì l lvrtr prggt l p fbbr d l prprtr d trbul p ll ur lttrl, tt pù fu trtt ddgr l prpr uml m d m ll qul l prlmt vrtà pplr mbrò lu dr» (Ibd., p. 96). 3 Ibd., p Ibd., p Ibdm. 33 Ibd., p Ibdm. 35 Dft «prvvdmt u trdurr tt qull vrtù trh» (bdm). 36 Il Tl f rfrmt tr dvulgtr dl mvmt prtv: Shul-Dlth Lut. 37 Ibd., p G. TONIOLO, Sull dtrbu dll rh. L, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, p.. Rfrd Lut (LUZZATI, L lgl l l prlmt gl, Grl dgl mt, Pdv, prl 875.), Tl fr u brv dr tr dll lgl l. Nt qut Ighltrr dffu grdulmt g p vl, mftd tr mdltà: ) lgg pl d prt dl lvr; b) lgg h prmuv upprt l mvmt dt dll l lvrtr; ) mdt lgg grl h vd bf dll l frr qul «l rfrm dl tm trbutr md h grvt l m pbl pr um d prm tà ur l vt dl ppl bu mrt» (Ibd., p. ). 39 G. TONIOLO, Il qut dll pl mpr dutrl ll dr mmt tr. Sgg ull m dll pl dutr, Rg d grltur, dutr mmr, Pdv, 874,. II. Prt Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. IV, pp G. TONIOLO, Trttt d m l. Itrdu, p. t., Opr Om, Sr II, Vl. I, p. 9, 8.