L unità morale degli italiani

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1 L utà mrl dgl tl Fr Pl vl Dp h, l Sl dll Lup Mttr, l gug dl 946, fur ltt umr dl rultt dl rfrdum pplr ull frm ttul dll Stt, vt pr l Rpubbl,.78. pr l Mrh, l rt d rrvò d prvvdr ltr dut u rr prvut mrt prt brgl lttrl. N fu duqu prlmt l Rpubbl. N qu u f drmmt d t tr l Gvr l Qurl fu ull rl dl brtr d u uv gurr vl, dp qull h r pp pt l Nrd tr ft tft. Qut vlt rbb ptut r pr l Stt tr Mgr mrh tr-nrd rpubbl. N r qut tt u tv d Umbrt II, qut d mrh, u vrbb rgt u «tv dl ppl», m l Gvr mò Smrr. Umbrt vv vt D Gpr, l 6 mr 946, u lttr d mpgmt dll dp d d dl rfrdum, dll qul gv rlggr gl ultm tr pvr: «fd h l Gvr pp prvvdr ffhé l l vlg ll mm lbrtà dgl dvdu dll : pr urr qut ultm, h dt, l dp tté t, lbrtà d vt qut lgt d gurmt. I, prfdmt ut ll vd dl P, rpttrò m g tl lbr dtrm dl ppl, h rt, r prt l mglr vvr dll Ptr. Vgl, gr Prdt, mur gr Mtr qut m lttr, h dr u dvr trbut ll rtà dll ult pplr. Aff.m Umbrt d Sv». Al mtr dll Gurr, Ml Br, fu uggrt d mttr gl rrt l grl Ift, p dll mltr dl R. D Gpr lì prvv l Qurl, l mrh Fl Lufr, mtr dll Rl, fu u mb d bttut, lt d Gul Adrtt, h l mpgv, dl tr: «Vrrà dr h u d frà Rg l». L rht dl Gvr r h l R dlg ptr lugtl l Prdt dl gl tt dl dftv prumt dll. Il R rtv l llqu dv burr. D Gpr d u rt put d ttulmt, d qut rfr Adrtt: «St, l prl m rmt. A m prlmt mprt ull: p prr dm t dll plt dll Stt. H du l h m t ur h h mpr df: l utà mrl l utà trrtrl. S trmb prl. N f u p fl. Dggrbb ltrtutt l dt h r è mprtt md d ptr, u vtul dm, prr trr». Nrr Adrtt 3 h l r mm gdò D Gpr, rrvd u rpt. Qut trdd, Slb pò h dv drr l r pù d u mpl ttd. Al h D Gpr prò h qut r vr tr, l p plt gut ptv «dtrmr l gurr vl». A mtt d qul gr, gug 946, l gl d Mtr mò u mut u dhrv m fftt utmt d rultt dl rfrdum l pgg d ptr dl r l prdt D Gpr qul p prvvr dll Stt. L pr ut d D Gpr, «utà mrl utà trrtrl», è mmdtmt mprbl l pp l ltr d «gurr vl». M l prm trm «utà mrl», lt, t d l. I uprtt dll gr h v l vd dll d ttm l «Utà mrl trrtrl» dl P: u pr dgpr d vul gr dl gug 946 ull qul rflttr r gg, gurdd ll tr tr, ll gg prttutt l dm dll Itl Fr Pl vl, prdt dl mtt l d bt 3

2 4 ttm l gurr mdl rb r l rrd d drmm dvdul, h gr gl tl, qud l Stt pò du, l Rg d Itl l ud l Rpubbl l l rd. Pr gl tl, h tr vlt dl gurmt d fdltà l R vllr llbrr ft, rò u tgr prt d qull d prgr d gurr h fu hmt dgl Itrt mltr tl (Im). Rlt ppt lgr trttmt dtrr rptt qull d prgr, vv rtt gurr pr l Rpubbl l pr r rmptrt qudrt ll fr rmt d Slò. S rt dll m d u vvt plt, Rffl Arll, llr tt d vllr, trt ltr ml uffl tl Bmw. Egl rt: «I r tr pù gv u mp, vttré, qud prtò u dll fm mm ft pr fr prlt, h l pt Gud Bh f lt rur d u gurmt pr fr u ltr. Rvut rpt gtv, vl l pll ll mm m llt pd ll Ptr d ll fmgl lt» 4. Ngl prdt l 943, ml d tl vv prtt gurmt l R m mltr fur, l Prtt m rgt, trrgr ull mptbltà d du vl h rgv vr l p dll Stt vr l p dl Gvr, dlgmt mmr ll truttur ttul drh trdtt prgrvmt urrttmt dl fm. L rmt dll 8 ttmbr dl 943, mpld l rttur dll ll l Grm htlr, ll tr, dtrmv ll tr l rll dll drh, r du. Or, r l u l ltr. E d gu tr tdh, m ft rbttt rpubbl, r f d tdh. L fdltà l R fu drt prvlt rptt ll d. m rv lud Pv rlv u trr pù frt d t dll fgur dl gft dl mr l Stt l Ptr. Uffl fult Gr d tdh lò rtt: «S mpr tt fdl gurmt ftt pr l gurmt l r d Itl d l m vt». Fr Gll, mrll d rbr, tturt Dlm, lt mrr d tdh ur utrmt, rfutò d mr l u gurmt, dhrd: «Gurmt f u l d l h gà ftt, rbr d pprtg ll Arm» 6. Il drmm prfd dl gurmt gv h ll d ft. Nl dr dt dl rdl l tt 7 è tt u fr dl tr Fr Slt, um plt dplmt, rrdtt d Or, ll l d hr, lbrl prm dl fm p ft, u Mul vò tml lr pr vvr l vh mlt l pvrtà: «N drm, mg; l ptr è ll b. H gurt fdltà Sv, vgl r fdl l gurmt. L mprd h vul dr fdltà pr gl rrdt, h h tt ffrt l Itl. E m ll gurr vl». A tr ll dt dl dr, qut fr è prut l 9 ttmbr dl 943. Nl gr uv è rtt: «I mlt fmgl, dv gv, uffl ldt, vv u g drmm. I gv vgl rrulr ll rt rpubblh d Mul pr l fdltà l gurmt ftt l R prhé t u uprbl rpug mttr Tdh Mul tr frtll. I lvrtr tm d r dprtt Grm. E rl rt d rr frrvr d btm rt d gv lvrtr p pmbt pdt Grm. H vt mdr p pgr ltmt pr l lr drmm fmlr. Mlt gv vv t dt ll mh. M l rt, l, l prl pprm l fmgl». Nl dr dl mrll vgl, hmt Pl Brh frmt dl grl Sg dll prt ll tt dl R, l Rg l Prp rdtr, pr Ort, dv rbbr mbrt pr Brd, lgg qut fr: «S f tt prt vr lt prtr l R. Ml d um h ffrtt l mrt grdd Sv, r t l R grdr Sv. M m rprd d ull. Bdgl h dtt l R tglr l rd, ì l rpbltà dll prpr fug è dmut, ullt, d qull dl R [...]» 8. Il mrll vgl rrd h h v r grl, m rl Gl, mdt dll XI rmt dll ttbr 94 l mgg 943, tr rggmt dv, h drv frtll d rm d tdh. Prpr Gl gl vv dtt ltr : «U rt u p prdr u gurr, m dp rl rprd l lr pt l md. M qud prd l r, vgl l d vlr, d fdltà d tà pr rqutrl». E h l tm dl gurmt d qull dl trdmt. Il prm tutt tr ll dvdul, l d u u pr ggttv ll tr. h v m l gurmt è gud d t, m h trd l llt trv qut l u gud. Iltr l tur d du gud è l t, mrl l u, plt l ltr. N p-

3 vl rmm ltrmt h l grl Gl, b pvl dll prtt dll rttur dll ll tdh, f ltr tttttt uffl grl trt Shkk, d u trmt frà v v, m lggm ll mmr dl grl Albrt Trf, t dll S u vgg d trfrmt d Shkk Lukwld l g Pr vr l mur dl dpr h drò ugl tl pr l trdmt, gv lggr u pd rtt dll rttr Gv Mld, rhu Dhu: «Attrvrd u mm pl dl mp d Dhu rm u grupp d um, prt d grtth dumt d rt d mrl, mbrttt tr d vr r. Rlltd l tr pgg gurd. Qulu grd vr d : Fröh? Juglv? / N rpd d m u v Itl Itl. / Allr ud u tupft. Gl tr frm m lpt d u r lttr, pg, rlg mt d fg, vvt tr d. / Itlr? Bdt! Fht! Bdgl / gtt dd l fg, put ll tr dr: Bdt!, Bdt! / Trm d tt but, ubt dp l prm, d g prt, pl drppll plt qudrt. E qull h p v ddt, l pug: Itlr, Bdt! / M prhé? h bbm ftt? Du fl dvt m u um h prdv tt l br ppggt ll pll d du mpg, h lt l ppgg, vl trr ghd». S rrvò tl put d pubbl rprv, h l md td dvtt mr u rlr, vdtmt prt ll trtg dll v dgl trt gurr pr Mul l Grm, tt qut mt: «Il ldt tl h è tt trt dv r hmt rpbl d trdmt, l ppl tl ll u ttltà può r umlt d ff l u r». M h gl Allt vv t l vrb t bdglt pr dr l trdmt tl, h trv lr utl. I u vr prl u prfr uvrtr td, gvtù uffl dll Whrmht, h ppr h d u prp tl l trdmt prlv Grm gà qud bbdmm l Trpl ll l 9. Gl vt dl 943 mbrv r pù h u rdv frm d u rttr l. M l v tr dll ffdbltà tl è tt lmtt l ftgrmm dll rmt. ttut l rpubbl d Slò, tdh prgttr d mpgr tr ml trtml lvrtr tl ll lr dutr bll. Otl burrt u vr prpr rt pv fr fllr l prgtt, l u utr, Sukl, ll f dll tt 944, prlò dll Itl m d «u dl urp», mmttd «l mplt brtt dll utrtà td». Dbbm prò trr ll tr dl drmm mrl tl, h trv rd ll prt d gurmt. l ttltrm ft, dft ll frmul mul: «Tutt ll Stt, t l d fur dll Stt, ull tr l Stt»; hé qull dll rt dl Lvr: «L N tl è u utà mrl-plt d m h rl tgrlmt ll Stt ft»; rv u dpl h vv ptt d rlg. Mul fdò qut f u ul d mt ft. Shé Ald D Gpr rtrtt durt u vt d Avll l 93

4 ttm l 6 tutt trt ll rg dl Prtt mpv qut gurmt: «Gur d gur dutr gl rd dl Du d dfdr tutt l m fr, r, l m gu l u dll Rvlu Ft». È u gurmt tt prtr d luv, h l 9 gug 93 l l N bbm bg, P XI dvtt dhrr l lltà pr tutt gl rgt l Prtt l ft, mpr full l full tà ftl. Il Ptf ì rgmt: «d l dffltà mltpl dll r prt, pd m tr gurmt pr mltm d pr l rrr, pr l p, pr l vt, bbm rt u m h rd trqulltà ll rdud l mm pbl l dffltà trr. E mbr ptrbb r tl m pr gà trt fr dvt D d ll prpr l rrv: lv l lgg d D dll h ppur lv dvr d bu rt, l frm prpt d dhrr h trmt u tl rrv, qud v l bg. Là p dd prt l dp gl rd vrrmm rrv l Ntr prghr, l prghr d u Pdr h vul prvvdr ll d tt u fgl Gù rt, h è l mdm rrv trdtt ll frm dl gurmt, qud vgl fr mgl, mlt mgl, è mttr l gurmt, h è pr é u tt d rlg, è rtmt l pt h pù gl v u tr d prtt». Tuttv u gurmt tut plt r bblgt prtrl h vv, b l rdt dl 99: «Dvt D u St Vgl, gur prmtt, m v d u vv, fdltà ll Stt tl. I gur prmtt d rpttr d fr rpttr dl m lr l p dll Stt d l Gvr tblt d l lgg ttul dll Stt. I gur prmtt ltr h prtprò d lu rd é trò d lu gl h p rr d ll Stt tl d ll rd pubbl h prmttrò l m lr ml prtp. Prupdm dl b dll tr dll Stt tl, rhrò d vtr g d h p mrl». Il 8 gt 93, R. Drt-lgg. 7, trdu l bblg dl gurmt h pr prfr uvrtr, l frmul dll rtl 8: «Gur d r fdl l R, u Rl ur l Rgm Ft, d rvr llmt l Sttut l ltr lgg dll Stt, d rtr l uff d gt dmpr tutt dvr dm l prpt d frmr ttd pr, prb dvt ll Ptr l Rgm Ft. Gur h pprtg é pprtrrò d prtt, l u ttvtà l dvr dl m uff». m è t l ud dd prfr uvrtr rfutr d gurr. L mltpl bbd gurt u d dvr tt rv dg d. Pl Prd, h h l mrt d vr lmt u lu ll trgrf tl, dttt l pr dll rfl tlg, pltlg d t l d dpgurr, rrd l mprtmt d u u gt ll ul lmtr, Gm Mrll, mrt mp d trmt Grm, h dv ll dut ft, u r vt, dv d pt dll rt, lludd ì ll dvr bbd gurt l R. Pl Prd 3 ffr l put d rv pù gftv ull qut h tm plrd: l dlg tr D Grd d E Eml Glbt, ll tt tr l 4 l lugl 943, l Gr gl dl fm. tr l rd dl gr Grd pr l dp d Mul, pp Glbt, p d tt mggr dll ml: «È ll m dl Du h bbm ftt l tr gurmt d è ltt l u md h rm». Al h Grd rpl: «Rmm fdl l gurmt ftt l R m ldt m ttd. Qut è l u md pr rtr r fdl l fm pr trdr l fm l qul è é u um, é u prtt, bì u d l». Grd rrd l p prgl u qut tm d u lt grr td: «Fr l Fuhrr è u trtt dvr h è l vh ptt blug dll r td; m fdl lu ll t mur u gl è fdl. È Mul ltrttt fdl v qut v t lu?». Il gr uv, Dlrx, prdt dll A Mutlt d Itl rvv l u mft: «L gurr tu [...]. N, ldt d u l gurmt, trgd tr l R rrdm l ppl h l u frtu l t vt dpd dll rtà d u drà prv qut r». S m è pbl u qutf dll dm dgl vt ll lt dvdul, dvrbb tr prm lug t h l dv dll pl du p gut dll pr bllh ttr l tr Itl mrdl l fltt dlg tr l du fdltà l R l fm. L ppl dl ud vr l tutà dll Stt mrh f l rfrdum ttul, dl gug 946, l qul prltr rvlò u mptt rtmt dgl lttr pr l rv

5 vl dll mrh. È ll rg tr-tttrl, upt d tdh frmlmt gvrt dll Rpubbl l, h bb md d vlgr tutt l u drmmttà l r dll utà mrl dgl tl. S ut dvr hv trprttv ll tr trgrf, d L mrt dll Ptr 4 d Ert Gll dll Lgg, U gurr vl d lud Pv, Il dv 6 d Rm Bd, Itl Itl 7 d Ald Shv, pr tr pp qulh m u trmt lttrtur. Ptr Sppl 8 f u qulbrt dvbl vlut rt. M trtt pur mpr d lttur d gutf d vlgmt plt uv d mpr d pr tr ulturl d lug prd h h trgt ph dll vt llttv ll pl. Il vut d qu ph dà dvr rpt. I tutt, l Ptr. L bbm vvrtt m m, pp l è dftt ttr l vlur dll Stt. Pr qu mrdl, qul r, rdt ll Mrh, pr vd d fllmt ft ull rv rd dl Fgl, ll L gt, l Ptr r tutt l trr tl, là dv r rrggugbl l prtl l m dl Sud, dvuqu ltrv vvr l lr tt dltt d l prlr qull tl, h l dtguv l prv dgl trr. Dll Ptr dutv mp d dprt trmt dgl trt mltr. I qull pr uffl, Wtdrf, l lll Ptr Tt, m dl mp, ì prlv u llgh: «L Ptr tr mrt, m prttutt vv, l mmm, l p, fgl, l trr h bt [...] l ttà frllt h pur u gr dvr rvvr. L Ptr m tutt qull h bbm d prtul d mtrl tutt qull h prm trmdr ll gr h vrr. Qut è l Ptr, m uffl, qut è l rltà h hm Itl» 9. Altr h mrt dll Ptr. Smm l u prt, dp l rll dll mpltur vrtruttur dl ptr. Ar u t d u dr. Il 6 fbbr 944 l tttt Alb Bll rv: «Prhé m qu, pr qul Itl, pr l Itl dl R h u vul? Pr qull d Bdgl, h prl, t h bbdt rd? Pr qull d Mul, h h trdt, h vdut, h rmpt l tt d hhr, h bbdt vvr u mp d trmt f trttr m bt m dll llt?». Qut è l tt d m l gud d rfut dll Itl plt, mprbl ll lmt dgl trt. M qull uvr d dlr, d uml, d fm, d vl, d mrt d ddr d mrt, vl pur u pù um mmg d Ptr. Il prl mggr Mr Pt rv: «L u fgur mprtt, qull dll mmm. L mmm mpr, mm l bbb, l l mmm r l pt, l tml rtr, l pr d rtrr». Il mrll Sbt rrd: «Il pr v ll pr r lt, ltt ff d ll lul d but. Al rpul rppr l lt bb h rpprrà tutt l r grvrà m u pp d pmb u qut lmb d trr trr, fd rmpgr l tr lm mt d l l lmpd d Itl rmpd l m d ml tlg. L r, m l lt, v tt l rr». L rlg fu u ltr lmt d tg d pr gl trt. L r Olvr Olvr, l truttr d u rd rvt, dt m Rd tr: «I ppll h trbut ll tr rt, h put dr qul pr u rt mmt rv fr d u tmfr mg. All m fv u rfl h hmv pr llttv h h vv fd rmv vt, prtpv uv mu gl ltr» 3. Fmgl rlg, l m h tr d Itl. Vttr Emul Gutll, h rtt d ttm prtp 4. E l Ptr rrgv ltr gft tmtl mbl, h qull dll dmgg plt. Qud Rd tr uò l lbr d Rm, gl trt l mp d Sdbtl m rt Gutll, tr Sl h rg dl pu I Rm, rvd d tt g vl lt mprlt h l Fm gl vv ttrbut, rmpdl d tut mm prtp ll vt dll lbr h rttuv l ttà ll u m vl rlg. S qut Ptr v rv mp d prg, tr tl frt l, pr ull u u br dl mp d Dbl Pl, tt u rtrtt d Dt qulu vv rtt: «L l h m è dt, r m tg», m rrd Gutll, f l l ppl vl, l gt mu vvv: «u d h r prpr l tt d tur, pprv ltm d qull rgt d u r vut qutd trdl pr». Dlt l fr rmt, h pr tutt gl d gurr r tt l frm vbl prt dll Stt, huqu rt u fu pubbl mbrv vr pù ttl lgttm. U rt d pt vvm urv l ddfmt d bg llttv d qull lmtr d vvr d trprt qull pù vlut dll ul dgl pdl. S prpv tmt mu d pur frt d tdh d tt dgl llt. Durt bmbrdmt r rvr, pur pvl d ptr r u d u mmt ll ltr, rrv u mpr tr qu plt gà m, prhé d h l pr dl rf dll 7

6 8 ttm l tr vt prvm l «lbr». Il trm «lbr» vv u dffu b prdt l mpg frml d «Itl lbrt» qull d «gurr d lbr» pr dr l rt prtg. Prpt d Rd Ldr, h tutt ltv trpdmt h ph mtr d dt d tdh ft, dl m d bmbrdr mr lbrtr. Gl tl vlv l lbr dll ub dll gurr, pù gurr pr mpr. S può llr prlr dll rt prtg m d u gurr vl? Nut Rvll, pt dll Rt, l g: «N fu u gurr vl l p dl trm prhé ft pr r dgl trr, m fr pù d tdh. E r ppur u gurr [ ] l tr gt vlv pù mm tr prur l prl gurr» 6. Vttr F, ltr prtgt dll Rt, l trr t: «L bttv dll rtru dll dttà l prdut frm l t dll Rt m gurr vl. L dttà tl r tt gt l dll tr, r tt vvlt gt ll tr dl fm. N dvvm mbttr l fm fr d, fr gl tl, p h dtr d» 7. L vl, h prv d d d gu l tr frtrd, l prt tuttv rdubl vdtt pplr prvt, m l fmgrt trgl dll mrt, h llt, m h b vt Sppl «u t vltà d mr» qul prm l «prghr dl rbll» d Tr Olvll. Gurr vl mtt ll pr du prt, mtr Rt d u prt, qull h trmt h vt, h vv l d tutt l ppl vl, h pur td tr ll ltt rmt, r pvdmt ttdt m pur è rtt. Qut d, uprtt pr tà, h vut qugl, rph br d Sppl, h gv rlggr: «Il dr ì mptt upr rmt f dll Rt rmt pr mprdr u pù mp rltà. Agl vt drmmt d qugl gl tl h prtpt tt frm: dll ldrtà td prgr gl mr fuggh (fm qut h è prt l ud m l rd); ll ut ffrt gl br rrt; ll ldrtà vr fmgl rmt prv d gut d bmbrdmt; ll dprt vltà d vvr h tutt u ppl h mftt mmt drmmt. V è mm qu vt m, u dpgmt d rg vtl d rg mrl, u vltà d rtr d vvr, h mft l ud ubt lbrt m l rd tt l up td, h rpprt l u m l pù t pg dll tr dll Itl utr, u rrv prfd r d vtltà dl ppl tl» 8. E llr, qul ftm d gurr vl lludv D Gpr, dp l drmmt llqu Umbrt d Sv, l gug dl 946? A qull, ì vl, h vrbb dv tr ll frm ttul dll Stt gl tl dl ud mrh, gl tl dl rd rpubbl. L dd dgpr «utà mrl trrtrl» r è dl tutt hr. Il rpubblm dl Nrd r dffu pr l mprtmt dl R dp l 8 ttmbr (Il r h u vul, dl dr dl tttt Bll), m h pr l rrd, trttut d pù, dll rpbltà dll mrh ll vvt dl fm. L Rt r tt h qut: u m d, pr pù l dlr, pr lbrr tllttulmt mrlmt dl fm, pr rlggr l mm, u qu tutt vv prtpt, h vv dtt ll mm dtr dll gurr. Sl l Rpubbl, l fdd u ltr uv Stt, rbb ptut purgr dl pt llttv dl fm. Il Sud, m mpr, vv vut ltr tr. Lgg d Tu d lvr d Bdtt r: «gug (dl 946). Rtm d bu r vtr. h vrrà fur d qut vt? Pr dtrrm, h rtt l rtltt ull Alfr tr»; «6 gug. Il rfrdum h dv l Itl du prt, h qu f qulbr. I vt d vr tut vtt l mrh, vrr vr l qutud h dvrbbr prvr lr h, lu tà u prvdbl utltà pr l Itl, vgl l uv fr ttt. Npl h dt u grd mggr pr l mrh. Il tmt h h m futr dll mrh è tt pt lgt trd mtv bu gr. h d l lt vlgrtà d r, d fm d gt pgt,., lu vlmt qut ppl tl lgt bl»; «7 gug. [...]. Agt Npl pr l mrh: l gvr h vut l trt d fr vr qu u lg d prtg dll lt Itl, h h rrtt l ppl. m rdut prfttur, tutt rpprtt d prtt d grl, vh um plt, m m, D Nl Pr, bbm glt l lm dtt frm prl tr l rffrr d tmt utmt d Nrd Sud» 9. Pr pgr vlltà d dv pò ubt d ffr pr l r d p dll Stt rpubbl-

7 vl t prltà mrhh qul Orld, r, D Nl. Il qul ultm m è t, dp r tt p prvvr dll Stt pr tutt l durt dll Ambl ttut, fu ltt Prdt dll Rpubbl l g 948. L utà mrl dgl tl dlrmt prt gl trg dll lu dll gurr, mp d prg, ll ltt rmt, ll ttv tt dll lbr, frtumt prrvt dp l rfrdum ttul, dv m u frutt l ttu dll Rpubbl. Fu u ttl, Gupp Dtt, u rd dl gr prm dl 9 ttmbr 946, ll prm ttmm dll mm d Stttqu, fdr l ptr d gl dll ttu: «L Sttmm, mt l pbl mpt tmth d u dhr d drtt dll um; lu qull h pr d u v ltt dvdult; lu qull h pr d u v ttltr qul f rlr ll Stt l ttrbu d drtt d gl dll mutà fdmtl; rt h l l mpt vrmt frm ll g trh u l uv ttut dll Itl dbb ddfr, è qull h: ) r l prd tl dll pr um (t ll p d u vlr d u bg l mtrl, m h prtul) rptt ll Stt l dt d qut l rv d qull; b) r d u tmp l r ltà d tutt l pr, l qul dtt mpltr prfr vd mdt u rpr ldrtà m prtul: tutt vr mutà trmd dpt d u turl grdultà (mutà fmlr, trrtrl, prfl, rlg) qud pr tutt ò u tutt qull mutà bt, l Stt; ) h prò ffrm l t d drtt fdmtl dll pr, d drtt dll mutà trrmt d g d prt dll Stt». Nv ì u ptt prlt mutr m, vlt l Stt l rv dll pr dll tà, pù vvr m r tt prm durt l fm. Er dvvr l bttm dll uv Itl. Il ptrttm ttul vrbb dvut prdr l pt d dut gurmt plt. Srbb flmt dvut r l N, d l lbr df d Ert R dl 88 Qu t- qu u t? «u è u m, u prp prtul [...]. U è u grd ldrtà rt dl t - mt d rf h tt ftt h m dpt fr futur, l ddr hrmt pr d tur l vt mu. L t d u è u plbt d tutt gr» 3. Ed v l ttu, pp l lu dll Ambl ttut ò l rd d prtt h vv prt l mtt d lbr l, dvtò u ggtt mtr. Qud l 96, d tt dll trt vgr dll rt, ugurò l rgm h vrbb dvut trprtrl d pplrl, è l rt ttul; ll prm ud, Er D Nl, h l prdv, mmì h d dvr d prvvdr dffdr l dll ttu d frl lltmt prhé trpp trd è ftl l ll vt d u dvdu, m pù r pr qull d u ppl. L prm f d t dll ttu fu d pù prt tlt. L rt d trdu pr u rtl l dt d rm prgrmmth prttv, md d dlr ll ld grh l ffttvtà. I prtt dv lttur r rvtr r prgrt d d prpr ppt tr u lm d plt tr d tr dt dll gurr frdd tr md dtl mum vt. Qud l uv gr prpr l ffr pr l rgm tutr rtt dgl pprt d vrt d prtt u ttd, pl l tt tudt, u gur gl d pmb dl trrrm. Tr IX, XI, XIII lgltur prr mm prlmtr bmrl pr u rv d u ttu u ttrbuv l u d tutt l ftur, gru, rtrd d u ffrv g ttr dll vt ttul l. I rltà prpr l dt rt dl tmp u vl, rtd purtrpp ll tt t, l utà mrl rtrvt, dv ltr v prtbl h qull d dfr qut r tt ftt, m rlt, l ttu dl 948. È l tr, trm pmt prv dll tà d u t plt ut dll dlu d prtt dlg, d d dv dr, dl u prr. S mò umrr l Rpubblh. m fm Fr, dv umr l Rpubblh pr l rpttv uv ttu, ttu vrt. L prm Rpubbl, d, rbb ft Tgtpl. M Tgtpl è u vd gudr, h g l ll mrl d prtt, dll ttu. L dt d Rpubbl h t pprdd, d u uv dffu rm gudr d u t h h gtt, m m rlt l qut mrl? Purtrpp u qut trd dll ddtt tr ftt p, h dr prl è p. Il prm è l pr dl bplrm, h vrbb dvut d u t lmtr l prlfr d prtt, dll ltr gvlr l ltr d gvr. Gl t tt tr d du hrmt ll lt dl ptr rttu dll rg d tr d prtt ll vrtù rmth mdth dl ldr. l gu h l frt lttrl è mpr 9

8 ttm l m u ttpr d h h gvrt d h pr gvrr ttd gud, rrttmt frmt rtmt rgt, mpr pù u mblt mtv d f, d ltl, d l prvt h m l l llt dll plt qut v rg ludmt mg vl. Il d p fut è l ttrbur mggr ttut l tmt dlgttm dll vvrr u fu prlmtr, m qull d br lgltv dll utv, qu trtt d u u rp. Il gvr dd, l mggr prlmt gu dpltmt. Il prlmt, t ll vltà lbrl m lug d lbr du tr rpprtt dll vl d mdt mprtv, t pù. h rvd u p dvr d qull dl gvr prrbb fur dll mggr tr l vltà d ttd h l h ltt. Nll pt d u rr uv l, lgg lttrl vgt qul prlmtr ptrbb trvr p ll lt d ddt prft d vrt dgl hrmt. S ggugm l fltt tr qut rp uft d du ptr, gvrt lgfrt, d u lt, l ptr gudr dll ltr, h ptrà r tr h Itl t l Stt d drtt? E u rmmt h pr r mmbr dll U urp rr r u Stt d drtt, tr ptr Il lg uffl dll lbr pr dll Utà d Itl dpdt. S l drv ttul tu, l U ptrbb pr d d u ut ut. E rbb mpr u utl vv d prl, d u dpv l Stà dll N d u ptv gvr l Rg d Itl l 9, é l Rpubbl d Wmr d dp. Qud hd h l Eurp dmtt p d u ll trl u gr pr dr qull d u fdr vrl, tr l tt t prlmt tut è h qull d u vgl ull dmr d gl Stt mmbr. Gl trp pr gurr l v d r tr ll tt pr mprbbl, t. Prvm tr du. U è l ptrttm ttul. Orr dur ll ttu ll ttu dutv, ulturl, lth, uvrtr, ll, pr tdr vlr t l lg rl d qul ptt d utà, h rhd pvlmt rpblmt u plbt qutd. U pr d dvulg r r pr l rfrdum ttul dl 6, h vtò l pù mbt dll rfrm. Il d è l rhm l b mu. Nl tr P l tr h vt ltrr tr d l, d rpr, d tgr, d grupp d ptr, mpt dll rg d Stt. h h ttmt rhmt l l b mu? È tt l ultur rt, l mgtr dll h ttl, ll tt rltà dll tà vl u pr ttd rdt. Ptr Sppl, h, pù d ltr, h drt l u lbrtà trgrf, glrl dmh u dtrl, m ll rt dll vl dgl tl, h ddt u ptl dll u L ttu t ll du ll dmr. Pr trr gl dll rtrvt utà mrl dgl tl, l Gut prvvr d gvr dll Rpubbl dll Ol ll prpt ddtth ffrm: l rqutt lbrtà è prttutt u prblm d du. L vmbr 943, l mm llt d trll ttu u ttmm ll du, ffdt l pdggt mr rlt Whbur, pr rtr l gvr tl ll dft d prgrmm lt. D llr ugut prpt prgtt d du v. L dmbr 947, d tv d dmrt rt Frh, Mr, Frrr Srtr, fu prtt u rd dl gr Ambl ttut d qut tr: «L Ambl ttut prm l vt h l uv rt ttul trv

9 vl dug dgut pt l qudr ddtt dll ul d g rd grd, l f d rdr pvl l gv gr dll rggut qut mrl l h ttu rm r rtgg dl ppl tl». Il 3 lugl 9, l dg d lgg Gll. u Nrm grl ull tru dv m f dll du v qull d: «Dffdr l dll rdmt dll Stt, d dur l d drtt d dvr dl ttd d trbur d lmtr l mr dll ptr». S è du v h l gmt dll tr dv rgurdr gl vvmt rt. I m dll lbrtà dl pr tr è rvdt l prfrbltà dll lr gr, puttt h pprdrl d u Str d Stt. T dt tut d u tr m Gt Slvm! Trd prltr t t ll ul tl, dv fv l pr d pù d tr rm h d tr d Itl. l tr fftt d lmtr trgrf rvt, t dtrv d qull uffl. Edu v tr dbb vrgr ll frm dll gv gr p r prl rtt. L tr d Itl è tt h u tr trg. Avrl ptut r vrbb ptut utr rptr rrr, h m dvut d u ft vbl. h h m put ll tr ul h l d dll rpr dl brgtgg mrdl, dl l86 l 87, tt fult u 7387 brgt, u fr d gr lug uprr qull d dut tutt l gurr dll Utà? h h put h tr l 9 l 9 v fur ltr ttml mrt pr l vl plt? 3. m mt vv l mmr d rf vt um, ffr dll fmgl, gut dt, pr p rhdr pr plbt qutd, l tr t, md dvd tr vrtà mg? I ml h pp gg m ftt d r th. Nl Ltr h dt u vlum, L Itl d gg d Blt Kg Thm Oky 3. h frm l ttl ptrbb mmgr u prtl d gr, pr fr u mp, Pul Gbrg L Itl dl tmp prt 33. Ed v trtt d u tt d u pr dl 9, d u Bdtt r lltò l d l Ltr, h v prvvd l 9 pr u prm ph m dp l 93 pr u d ut. Nll vvrtr ld l mprltà dgl utr gl vd l h l lttr dà ll d lr drtt u lqut: «ì è!» V pg h mbr drv l gm dll rgm ttulmt vvt. t d pg 8: «I p dll mrr, u qurt d l f, trvr h l fr l l è l l ffr h tr t Npl». D pg 87: «L mf m l mrr, h ftt lrg u dll hd lttrl, p dp l llrgmt dl uffrg. Dv l mf è ptt, è pbl d u ddt d vr u l plt mmtrtv l ur l u prt». Fdrlm Utà, m d prtm d u Stt d Ml, u mrdl d r r, l qut dl Mgr dvut fttr turl, m l lm l r, l m l mlvt. Imm l Itl d gg l Itl d llr? L tr, qut pù è lug, f murr l mm prr mgl rgr d rrlt d u prgr d u mutmt mt. Nll tr dll utà l gl tpp d trd mpr tt qull mr ll lr dll utà mrl dgl tl. Il t d vur, l mggr tr pdr dll Utà, drv l dvrtà dl Mgr dl rt d Itl m qut plt pr pù grv h l qut rm qull dll Autr. E mrì gt dl dvr rr h, dvut tl tutt ppl dll pl, rtv pur mpr dprt l plt, è tutt mrdl. Il fm ttò d mprr u uf dlg, lt, fur dl mdll dll vltà lbrl, h vlv ut lbrtà. l rultt, d u bbm pr l vv pr l tr rfl. L pr prlt mutr dll ttu dl 948 r dvut d u rtrvt utà mrl, ptv rvrl tt l frm d u ptrttm ttul, h v rutt gg, pr mpdr h d pr prgtt d rfrm rl ttl l vr dll mpt t, plt gurd dll ttu dl 948. Il d fttr d df dll utà mrl dgl tl t, m bbm dtt, ll dttr rt dl b mu. I u tt qul qull h tm vvd d trf dgl gm dvdul dgl tr d lgrh plth, m-fr, ulturl, mdth, l pr d Jqu Mrt d Emmul Mur, u frmr tr gr Eurp Itl l p Nvt ptrbb pprr rt rptt mutmt tmpr. Rt l ul ttul d b mu m b d -tutt, dv tutt è rfrt m tutt gl ltr, ltr. L r d drtt um, u m trt, t d tdr tutvmt l tutà dl b d drtt dll pr qull dll mutà d ppl. M l frm dl rmt, dll prt dll prm d drtt um mplt d rgm plt, d pr d glbl ttrtt ll vrtà dgl Stt. I tut d drtt um pr l lr mprvtà p r trtt dll vlupp dll tlg dll. I drtt um d ultm gr, ll qultà dll vt, ll mbt ll p tmt dll rt-

10 ttm l tà dll gl u è gut l mpr pù gt mt dl b mu. L l rt vrtt d Bdtt XVI rpd l u rtl tmt ll dmh d trfrm dll d um l uv mll. L h h u rul ll d plth. Ivt dl u mgg d vrtà d lv l prl. Dvr r rdt mpr, ttl lbrtà, lt d vt prl l, duqu h plth, rt qul mgg. L plt dv dvtr u lbd d ptr, é r ddgt pr tu tttt u dà lug ll t. È pr rt u frm d rtà, pput pr rlr qul b mu, prvt d g gm d g gut. Qut è l rmtur u mbttr l bu bttgl tr qut vgl dvdr gl tl, m è gà dut ltr dffl gutur dll tr tr l. S rà b mbttut u hrmt tr u ltr, m l pru l bu mp d m d m, d ttd ttd, frà rr qull utà mrl, h tm prdd, l qul u ppl, g ppl, pr qut vlut, è ltt u mrt d rv pr ttv pdr. NOTE Rprdu ftgrf Il Prlmt Itl, Str prlmtr plt dll Itl , vl., p. 39. G. ANDREOTTI, D Gpr vt d v, Ml, Rl, 986, pp Ibd., p R. ARELLA ( ur d), Dll r dmtt d Ply gl rrr d Lgr t, Npl 7, pp. 3, 4; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, 7 ttbr 943, L dprt d rbr rm Lgr t, Rm, Ed Studum, 8, p. 9.. PAVONE, U gurr vl, Tr, Bllt Brghr, 99, pp A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p OSTANTINI, A mrg dll gurr 938-l947, rprdtt d Bru Fb Pgh, V, Mrum Pr,, pp E. AVIGLIA, Dr, prl 9, mr l94, pubblt ptum, Rm, Ghrrd Edtr, 9, pp ; fr. B.F. PIGHIN, p. t., p M. TRIONFI, Il grl Albrt Trf, Srtt mmr dll Gr Lgr, U dltt dll SS, Rm, A Nl x Itrt, Prd l, 4, pp G. MELODIA, D là d qul ll. I vv d mrt l Lgr d Dhu, Ml, Mur, 988, p. 4; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p. 44. fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p. 44. J. PETERSEN, Il mt dll Rt ll ultur tl, Al dll Ittut tr tl-grm Trt, XIX (l993), p.68; fr. P. SOPPOLA, prl. Lbr, Tr, Eud, 99, pp P. PRODI, Il rmt dl ptr. Il gurmt plt ll tr ttul dll Odt, Blg, Il Mul, 99, p E. GALLI DELLA LOGGIA, L mrt dll Ptr. L r dll d d dp l d gurr mdl, G. SPADOLINI ( ur d), N ltà Itl, Rm-Br, Ltr, 994, pp. gg.. PAVONE, U gurr vl. Sgg tr ull mrltà dll Rt, p. t. 6 R. BODEI, Il dv. Eth d dll Itl rpubbl, Tr, Eud, A. SHIAVONE, Itl Itl, Str dttà, Tr, Eud, P. SOPPOLA, p. t., P. TESTA, Wtdrf, Rm, A l x trt (A), 998, p. 9; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p. 77. A. BELLONI, Dr dt, Rm, A l x trt (A), p. 4; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p. 77. M. PENATI, L mmr dl rtr, p. 34. A. BELLONI, Dr, p. t., p. 6; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p Ttm, L mmr dl rtr, p. 7; fr. A.M. ASAVOLA, p. t., p V.E. GIUNTELLA, Mt rltà dl Rrgmt Lgr tdh, Qudr., Rm, A l x trt (A), 983, pp. 6, 63, 67.. PAVONE, L tutà dll Stt, Tr, Bllt Brghr, 9, p fr. P. SOPPOLA, p. t., 99, p.. 7 V. FOA, Il vll l Trr. Rfl u u vt, Tr, Eud, 99 p P. SOPPOLA, p. t., 99, pp B. ROE, Tu d lvr, , Npl, Art Tpgrf, 987, pp fr. P. SOPPOLA, L ttut t, Tr, Eud, l998, p fr. P.L. IOA, Rh pr mpr? U tr m d Itl, Tr, Bllt-Brghr, 7, p. 9, t. 4; p. 83, t B. KING-T. OKEY, L Itl d gg, Rm-Br, Ltr,. 33 P. GINSBORG, L Itl dl tmp prt, Tr, Eud, 998.