Clean Development Mechanism(CDM): i progetti forestali Made in Italy

Transcript

1 INEA, Roma, 16 Dicembre 2014 Clean Development Mechanism(CDM): i progetti forestali Made in Italy Giulia Corradini Dip. Tesaf Università degli studi di Padova

2 Introduzione 1/5 Cos è il CDM? Nel KP, il CDM è un meccanismo che permette ai paesi industrializzati di compiere progetti nei PVS per guadagnare crediti di emissione certificata di riduzione (CER) (= 1 tco2eq).

3 Introduzione 2/5 Che obiettivi ha? Riduzione di emissioni Sviluppo sostenibile Assistere I paesi in via di sviluppo nel raggiungimento di uno sviluppo sostenibile

4 Introduzione 3/5 In che settori? Centinaia di metodologie

5 Settore forestale Introduzione 4/5

6 Introduzione 5/5 Finora un buon successo.. Circa 7,500 progetti in più di 90 paesi Più di 1.4 miliardi di CER (UNFCCC,2014)...NON nel settore forestale Numero limitato: solo 55. Ragioni: complessità nella preparazione, alti costi di transazione (UNFCCC, 2013b, Jindal et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2010). A/R unica tipologia progettuale Esclusione dall Emission Trading Scheme (Carbon Mechanism Review, 2013; UNFCCC, 2013b).

7 Obiettivo 1/1 Obiettivo: analizzare i progetti italiani Quanti, dove, che caratteristiche hanno (superficie, metodologie usate) In che modo raggiungono gli obiettivi? Riduzione emissioni CO2 Sviluppo sostenibile

8 Metodologia 1/2 Metodologia Riduzione emissioni CO2 Sviluppo sostenibile Dati da database UNFCCC, Project Design Documents (PDDs) e Monitoring Reports (MRs).

9 Dimension Indicator Description Metodologia 2/2 Economic Stimulation of the local Economic improvements for the population through: direct or indirect job creation or retention of jobs, during the operation and economy including job construction phases; domestic or community cost savings; poverty reduction; financial benefits of the project for the national economy creation and poverty of the host country; enhancement of local investment and tourism; improvement of trade balance for the country; reinvestment of alleviation clean development mechanism proceeds into the community; creation of tax revenue for the community Development and Development, use, improvement and/or diffusion of a new local or international technology, international technology transfer or diffusion of technology development of an in-house innovative technology Improvement to Creation of infrastructure (e.g. roads and bridges) and improved service availability (e.g. health centres and water availability) infrastructure Environment Reduction of pollution Reducing gaseous emissions other than greenhouse gases, effluents, and odour and environmental and noise pollution; and enhancing indoor air quality Promotion of reliable Supplying more or making less use of energy; stabilizing energy for the promotion of local enterprises; diversifying the sources of electricity and renewable energy generation Approccio UNFCCC (2012a): analisi dei testi, secondo 10 Converting or adding to the country s energy capacity that is generated from renewable sources; reducing dependence on fossil fuels; helping to stimulate the growth of the renewable power industries indicatori, economici, ambientali e sociali (input from Luz Preservation of natural Promoting comprehensive utilization of the local natural resources (i.e. utilizing discarded biomass for energy rather than leaving it to Fernandez; resources Alexeew, et al., 2010; Huq, 2002; Nussbaumer, 2009; Olsen and Fenhann, 2007; Sutter and Parreño 2007; and Sterk et al., 2009) Social Improvement of health and safety Engagement of local population Promotion of education decay, utilizing water and solar resources); promoting efficiency (e.g. compact fluorescent lamps rather than incandescent lamps); recycling; creating positive by-products; improvement and/or protection of natural resources, including the security of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels, or of renewable resources such as: soil and soil fertility; biodiversity (e.g. genetic diversity, species, alteration or preservation of habitats existing within the project s impact boundaries and depletion level of renewable stocks like water, forests and fisheries); water, availability of water and water quality «Come», non «quanto» Improvements to health, safety and welfare of local people through a reduction in exposure to factors impacting health and safety, and/or changes that improve their lifestyles, especially for the poorest and most vulnerable members of society; improved human rights Community or local/regional involvement in decision-making; respect and consideration of the rights of local/indigenous people; promotion of social harmony; education and awareness of local environmental issues; professional training of unskilled workers; reduction of urban migration Improved accessibility of educational resources (reducing time and energy spent by children in collecting firewood for cooking, having access to electricity to study at night, and supplementing other educational opportunities); donating resources for local education Empowerment of women, care of children and the frail Provision of and improvements in access to education and training for young people and women; enhancement of the position of women and children in society

10 Risultati Risultati 1/6 16 progetti quasi 1/3 dei progetti internazionali Internazionale Italia 0,08% 0,15% 0,65% 0,99% 0,34% 0,00% 1,30% 0,34% 0,00% 1,36% 2,52% 2,63% 4,36% 10,77% Energy industries (ren.-non ren.) Waste handling and disposal Manufacturing industries Fugitive emiss.(solid,oil/gas) Agriculture Chemical industries Energy demand Mining/mineral production Afforestation and reforestation Transport 1,54% 3,08% 6,15% 10,77% 11,54% 0,77% 53,85% Energy ind. (Ren.-non ren.) Afforestation and reforestation Manufacturing industries Waste handling and disposal Fugitive emiss.(halon/sf6) Energy demand Agriculture 74,49% Fugitive emiss.(halon/sf6) Metal production Fugitive emiss.(solid,oil/gas) Energy distribution Construction 12,31% Solvent use Fig 1:Distribuzione dei progetti secondo il settore (intarnazionale e Italia)

11 Fig 2:Paesi ospitanti i progetti Risultati 2/6

12 Planted surface (ha) Moldova Brazil 2 Brazil 1 Albania China Ethiopia India Costa Nicarag Uganda 5 Uganda 1 Uganda 2 Uganda 4 Uganda 3 Kenya 2 Kenya 1 Risultati 3/6 La superficie piantata è di 64,777 ha, più di quella del PSR nazionale Più del 70% è dovuto a 3 progetti, in Brasile e Moldavia Fig. 3 Distribuzione delle superfici secondo il paese ospitante 31,34% 9,69% 6,18% 0,79% 4,21% 3,11% 2,48% 1,38% 1,26% Brazil (2 projects) Moldova Albania China Kenya (2 projects) Ethiopia Uganda (5 projects) ,58% PDD surface MR surface India Costa Rica Nicaragua Però si possono riscontrare anche problemi Fig. 4 Superfici secondo I PDD e I MR

13 China Moldova Uganda 3 Ethiopia Albania Brazil Brazil 2 India Nicaragua Kenya 1 Uganda 5 Uganda 1 Uganda 2 Uganda 4 Kenya 2 Costa Rica % Specie utilizzate Risultati 4/ % = a 36, ha, sono stati piantati con specie non-native. 6 progetti esclusivamente con esotiche Exotic 0 Eucaliptus spp Native Pinus nigra Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Robinia pseudoacacia Gleditschia triachantos Sophora japonica Elaeagnus angustifolia

14 t CO2 equivalent/year Moldova Brazil 2 Brazil 1 Ethiopia China Albania Kenya 2 Costa Rica Kenya 1 Nicaragua Uganda 5 Uganda 1 Uganda 3 India Uganda 2 Uganda 4 Risultati 5/6 Riduzione di emissioni In totale, la riduzione di emissioni stimata per anno= 555,927 tco 2 eq

15 Economic Environment Social Risultati 6/6 Sviluppo sostenibile N of projects Stimulation of the local economy including job creation and poverty alleviation Improvement to infrastructure Reduction of pollution Promotion of reliable and renewable energy Preservation of natural resources Improvement of health and safety Engagement of local population Promotion of education Empowerment of women,care of children and the frail

16 Conclusioni e limiti 1/2 Conclusioni e limiti A/R hanno un ruolo importante nel portfolio italiano Ci sono i segni di una certa incertezza: in certi casi superfici ridotte Ampio utilizzo di specie esotiche Ripartizione di costi e benefici tra i paesi coinvolti non è pubblica sconosciuta

17 Conclusioni e limiti 2/2 Sviluppo sostenibile: molti progetti dichiarano, anche se con limitazioni E comunque è come e non quanto: diversi studi* mostrano che nonostante le dichiarazioni, il contributo è limitato *es.sutter and Parreño, 2007; Olsen, 2007, Gupta et al., 2008, Bakker et al., 2011

18 Grazie per l attenzione