Assemblea ASSOMET Intervento di Marco Fortis Vice Presidente Fondazione Edison Docente di Economia industriale e commercio estero, Università Cattolica dimilano Milano, 26giugno2012 2012
L ECONOMIA MONDIALE E DI NUOVO IN DIFFICOLTA (variazioni % del PIL) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Stati Uniti 3,0 1,7 2,1 2,0 Giappone 4,4 0,7 1,7 2,1 Germania 3,6 3,1 0,6 1,6 Francia 1,4 1,7 0,0 1,0 Regno Unito 21 2,1 07 0,7 02 0,2 12 1,2 Italia 1,8 0,5 1,5 0,4 Spagna 0,1 0,7 1,1 0,5 Uem 1,8 1,5 0,4 1,1 Europa Centrale* 2,7 3,2 1,5 1,9 Ue 27 2,0 1,5 0,1 1,1 In azzurro, dato consolidato; in violetto, dato previsionale. * Polonia, Repubblica Ceca, Ungheria, Lettonia, Lituania, Bulgaria, Romania. Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Prometeia
ALL INIZIO DELLA CRISI ERA CHIARO CHE IL VERO PROBLEMA ERA IL DEBITO PRIVATO, NON QUELLO PUBBLICO
ANCORA OGGI IL DEBITO DI FAMIGLIE E IMPRESE RESTA ASSAI ELEVATO IN MOLTI PAESI: L ITALIA HA IL LIVELLO PIU BASSO DI INDEBITAMENTO PRIVATO Private debt in selected countries: 3rd Q 2011 (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from Bank of Italy, "Financial Stability Report", No. 3, April 2012 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 ITALY 82 70 106 45 60 56 GERMANY FRANCE UNITED STATES 77 100 88 67 JAPAN UNITED KINGDOM 105 136 154 98 82 93 SPAIN PORTUGAL IRELAND 169 120 Households Non-financial enterprises
PRIMA DELLA GRECIA, GLI OCCHI DEL MONDO ERANO CONCENTRATI SUI DEBITI DI STATI UNITI E U.K. I suspect that the reason the ratings agencies have not downgraded the UK may be that if they did so, they would, in logic, have to downgrade the US, too. Yet we also cannot escape from an inconvenient truth. Neither the UK nor the US is quite as wealthy as it once believed. There are losses to be shared, much of which will fall on public spending, taxation, or both. Once it becomes evident that neither of these countries can rise to the challenge, fiscal crises are inevitable. It would only be a question of when. Martin Wolf, Financial Times, November 24, 2009
MA POI TUTTO IMPROVVISAMENTE E CAMBIATO: ACROPOLIS NOW! Source: The Economist, May 10th 2010
L ITALIA SI E TROVATA NELLA BUFERA DEI DEBITI SOVRANI ANCHE SE NEGLI ULTIMI 20 ANNI I DEBITI PUBBLICI DEGLI ALTRI PAESI SONO AUMENTATI MOLTO DI PIU DEL NOSTRO 35 30 Individual dua Countries' Shares on Eurozone o Total Public Debt (%) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from European Commission 29,2 25 20 15 22,1 23,6 24,4 15,7 21,6 11,4 19 10 5 0,8 5,9 7,6 0-5 -10 ITALY GERMANY FRANCE 4 PIGS -7,1 1993 2013 change
IN PERCENTUALE DEL PIL, IL DEBITO PUBBLICO DELL ITALIA ORMAI NON E MOLTO PIU ALTO DI QUELLO DEGLI STATI UNITI General Government Gross Debt: Italy and United States (Percent of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from IMF "Fiscal Monitor", April 2012 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 35.9% 85 of GDP 80 75 70 65 60 59%of 5.9% GDP 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ITALY UNITED STATES (without State and Local Governments)
MA IN PERCENTUALE DELLA RICCHEZZA PRIVATA, IL DEBITO PUBBLICO STATUNITENSE E GIA OGGI MOLTO PIU ALTO DI QUELLO DELL ITALIA Gross Public Debt in United States t and Italy: percent of households' total wealth (financial and non-financial) Source: compiled by Marco Fortis on data from Banca d'italia and FED; Fondazione Edison 30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ITALY UNITED STATES
NEGLI ULTIMI 2 ANNI IL DEBITO PUBBLICO DELL ITALIA E QUELLO CRESCIUTO DI MENO Growth of public debt, 2009-2011 (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from Eurostat and IMF 50 45 43.1 40 35 35.9 30 25 24.7 20 15 13 14.6 16.1 10 5 4.1 4.4 5.1 66 6.6 68 6.8 0 ITA NET FIN FRA GER US U.S. SPA UK U.K. POR GRE IRE
NEGLI ULTIMI 20 ANNI NESSUNA ECONOMIA AVANZATA, NEANCHE LA GERMANIA, HA PRODOTTO UNO SFORZO FISCALE RILEVANTE COME L ITALIA Dynamic of cumulated primary balances, 1993-2013 (% of GDP) Source: compiled by Fondazione Edison on data from European Commission 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 -20 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013-30 -40 ITALY GERMANY FRANCE UK
ATTUALMENTE SOLO POCHE ECONOMIE AVANZATE STANNO GESTENDO CON SUCCESSO I LORO BILANCI STATALI, TRA CUI L ITALIA, ANCHE SE I MERCATI NON CI PREMIANO CUMULATED PRIMARY BALANCE 2011-20132013 G-7 Countries and most important other EU Economies (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April 2012-25.5-17.8-15.1-13.2-10.2-10.8-9.7-2.2-2.8-4.5-6.6 66 ITALY GERMANY BELGIUM -1.5 AUSTRIA SWEDEN POLAND FINLAND FRANCE CANADA NETHERLANDS DENMARK SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES JAPAN 0.7 3 7.8-30 -25-20 -15-10 -5 0 5 10
IN EUROPA ITALIA E GERMANIA SONO TRA LE POCHE ECONOMIE A RISPETTARE I PARAMETRI DI MAASTRICHT GENERAL GOVERNMENT BALANCE, 2012 (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April 2012-8.5-8 -7.2-5.9-6 3% Maastricht Target -3-3.1-3.2-3.5-4.2-4.5-4.5-4.6-4.6-2.9-2.4-0.1 SWEDEN -0.8 GERMANY -1.4 FINLAND ITALY BELGIUM HUNGARY AUSTRIA POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAK REPUBLIC NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL SLOVENIA FRANCE DENMARK SPAIN GREECE UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND -9-8 -7-6 -5-4 -3-2 -1 0
E ITALIA E GERMANIA SONO TRA I POCHI PAESI UE AVVIATI A RISPETTARE I NUOVI VINCOLI DEL FISCAL COMPACT GENERAL GOVERNMENT CYCLICALLY ADJUSTED BALANCE, 2012 (1) Fiscal Compact Upper Target (2) Fiscal Compact Lower Target -6.2-4.6-4.2-3.9 39 (Percent of GDP) Source: IMF, Fiscal Monitor, April 2012 (2) -3.7-3.1 31-3.2-3.3-2.9-2.5-2 -2.1-2.2 (1) FINLAND -0.2 SWEDEN -0.3-0.6 ITALY GERMANY PORTUGAL HUNGARY BELGIUM AUSTRIA SLOVENIA NETHERLANDS POLAND FRANCE SLOVAK REPUBLIC SPAIN DENMARK GREECE IRELAND -7-6 -5-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 0.7
Ma le manovre finanziarie, pur essenziali, deprimono i consumi delle famiglie italiane (valori trimestrali, milioni di euro, valori concatenati anno 2005) Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Prometeia 216.000 214.000 212.000 210.000 208.000 206.000 204.000 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0 SOLO L EXPORT, PER MERITO DELLA TENACIA DELLE NOSTRE IMPRESE, HA REAGITO BENE Esportazioni mensili dell'italia (milioni di euro, dati aggiornati a dicembre 2011) Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati Istat 1993/1 1993/6 1993/11 1994/4 1994/9 1995/2 1995/7 1995/12 1996/5 1996/10 1997/3 1997/8 1998/1 1998/6 1998/11 1999/4 1999/9 2000/2 2000/7 2000/12 2001/5 2001/10 2002/3 2002/8 2003/1 2003/6 2003/11 2004/4 2004/9 2005/2 2005/7 2005/12 2006/5 2006/10 2007/3 2007/8 2008/1 2008/6 2008/11 2009/4 2009/9 2010/2 2010/7 2010/12 2011/5 2011/10 dati destagionalizzati media mobile di 3 mesi
NONOSTANTE LA CONCORRENZA DEI PAESI EMERGENTI, L ITALIA RESTA IL PAESE PIU COMPETITIVO DOPO LA GERMANIA Secondo il Trade Performance Index elaborato dal WTO e dall UNCTAD, nonostante la crescente concorrenza dei Paesi emergenti nelle fasce di più basso valore aggiunto, l Italia rimane il Paese più competitivo al mondo dopo la Germania. I dati del 2010 confermano il primato dell Italia in tre settori: tessile, abbigliamento, pelli-calzature. Ma l Italia è anche seconda dopo la Germania nella meccanica non elettronica, nei manufatti di base (che includono i metalli, i loro semilavorati e i prodotti in metalli) e negli altri manufatti.
Quanto valgono i primati del made in Italy secondo il Trade Performance Index UNCTAD/WTO: anno 2010 (valori in miliardi di dollari dei settori in cui l'italia è ai primi posti per competitività internazionale) Settori Posizione dell'italia nella classifica della competitività Export Italia Saldo commerciale Italia ABBIGLIAMENTO 1 20,00 37 3,7 CUOIO, PELLETTERIA E CALZATURE 1 18,2 7,7 TESSILE 1 12,9 45 4,5 MECCANICA NON ELETTRONICA 2 87,7 53,1 MANUFATTI DI BASE 2 55,0 9,0 MANUFATTI DIVERSI 2 42,9 14,8 PRODOTTI DELLE INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARI 6 25,7 2,1 TOTALE PRODOTTI CONSIDERATI 262,4 94,9 Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO
UNCTAD/WTO Trade Performance Index: Totale 14 settori Classifica dei Paesi più competitivi del G-20, anno 2010 (numero di posizionamenti nei primi 10 posti delle classifiche mondiali di competitività nel commercio estero di 14 settori*) Primi posti Secondi posti Terzi posti Quarti posti Quinti posti Sesti posti Settimi posti Ottavi posti Noni posti Decimi posti 1 Germania 8 1 2ITALIA 3 3 1 3 Cina 1 3 1 1 1 4 Francia 1 1 1 1 5 Giappone 1 2 1 1 6 Australia 1 1 7 Corea Rep. 1 2 1 8Turchia 1 1 9 Stati Uniti 1 1 10 Russia 1 11 India 1 1 1 11 Indonesia 1 1 13 Brasile 2 13 Sud Africa 1 15 Gran Bretagna 1 16 Canada 16 Argentina 18 Arabia S. 18 Messico * I settori sono: alimenti freschi; alimenti trasformati; legno e carta; tessili; chimica e farmaceutica; cuoio e calzature; manufatti di base; meccanica non elettronica; IT ed elettronica di consumo; componenti ed apparecchi elettrici ed elettronici; mezzi di trasporto; abbigliamento; altri manufatti diversi; minerali Fonte: elaborazione Fondazione Edison su dati International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO
COME LA GLOBALIZZAZIONE HA CAMBIATO I CONSUMI DI MATERIE PRIME La Fondazione Edison ha analizzato i consumi di 11 materie prime e prodotti di base dei Paesi del G-20 sull arco temporale 1980-1990-2000-1990 2010. Gli 11 materiali di base sono: alluminio, rame, piombo, zinco, nickel, stagno, acciaio grezzo, pannelli di legno, gomma, materie plastiche, carta e cartone per imballaggio. Nel seguito si presentano i dati e i cartogrammi con i principali cambiamenti strutturali relativi alla geo-economia dei consumi di materiali industriali.
Table A.1 Consumption of Primary Aluminium: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 United States of America 4.454 1 United States of America 4.330 1 United States of America 6.161 1 China 15.805 2 Former U.S.S.R. 1.850 2 Former U.S.S.R. 2.790 2 China 3.499 2 United States of America 4.243 3 Japan 1.639 3 Japan 2.414 3 Japan 2.225 3 Japan 2.025 4 Germany, F.R. 1.042 4 Germany, F.R. 1.295 4 Germany 1.491 4 Germany 1.912 5 France 601 5 China 861 5 Republic of Korea 823 5 India 1.475 6 China 550 6 France 715 6 Canada 800 6 Republic of Korea 1.255 7 Italy 458 7 Italy 652 7 France 782 7 Brazil 985 8 United Kingdom 409 8 United Kingdom 454 8 Italy 780 8 Italy 867 9 Canada 312 9 India 433 9 Russian Federation 748 9 Turkey 703 10 Brazil 296 10 Canada 387 10 India 602 10 Russian Federation 685 11 Australia 250 11 Republic of Korea 369 11 United Kingdom 576 11 Canada 577 12 India 234 12 Brazil 341 12 Brazil 514 12 France 549 13 Mexico 106 13 Australia 288 13 Australia 346 13 South Africa 474 14 South Africa 78 14 Turkey 152 14 Turkey 211 14 Indonesia 415 15 Republic of Korea 68 15 Mexico 92 15 South Africa 186 15 Australia 312 16 Argentina 60 16 South Africa 91 16 Indonesia 146 16 United Kingdom 270 17 Turkey 45 17 Indonesia 71 17 Mexico 88 17 Argentina 161 18 Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina 68 18 Argentina 81 18 Mexico 146 18 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia 22 19 Saudi Arabia 60 19 Saudi Arabia 95 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Table A.2 Consumption of Refined Copper: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 United States of America 1.868 1 United States of America 2.150 1 United States of America 3.026 1 China 7.419 2 Former U.S.S.R. 1.300 2 Japan 1.577 2 China 1.928 2 United States of America 1.751 3 Japan 1.158 3 Former U.S.S.R. 1.000 3 Japan 1.349 3 Germany 1.312 4Germany, F.R. 748 4 Germany, F.R. 897 4 Germany 1.307 4 Japan 1.060 5 France 433 5 China 512 5 Republic of Korea 862 5 Republic of Korea 856 6 United Kingdom 409 6 France 478 6 Italy 674 6 Italy 619 7 Italy 388 7 Italy 475 7 France 574 7 India 514 8 China 370 8 Republic of Korea 324 8 Mexico 464 8 Brazil 470 9 Brazil 246 9 United Kingdom 317 9 Brazil 331 9 Russian Federation 467 10 Canada 209 10 Canada 181 10 United Kingdom 323 10 Turkey 369 11 Australia 128 11 India 132 11 Canada 272 11 Mexico 319 12 Mexico 117 12 Brazil 129 12 Turkey 248 12 Indonesia 211 13 South Africa 90 13 Mexico 127 13 India 240 13 France 194 14 Republic of Korea 84 14 Australia 120 14 Russian Federation 183 14 Saudi Arabia 160 15 India 77 15 Turkey 103 15 Australia 165 15 Canada 149 16 Argentina 53 16 South Africa 68 16 Saudi Arabia 160 16 Australia 141 17 Turkey 33 17 Indonesia 49 17 South Africa 83 17 South Africa 67 18 Indonesia n.a. 18 Saudi Arabia 49 18 Indonesia 60 18 United Kingdom 43 18 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Argentina 25 19 Argentina 49 19 Argentina 26 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Table A.3 Consumption of Slab Zinc: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 Former U.S.S.R. 1.030 1 United States of America 992 1 China 1.402 1 China 5.306 2 United States of America 810 2 Japan 814 2 United States of America 1.315 2 United States of America 907 3 Japan 752 3 Former U.S.S.R. 640 3 Japan 674 3 India 538 4Germany, F.R. 406 4 Germany, F.R. 484 4 Germany 532 4 Japan 516 5 France 330 5 China 369 5 Republic of Korea 419 5 Republic of Korea 501 6 Italy 236 6 France 284 6 Italy 385 6 Germany 494 7 China 200 7 Italy 270 7 France 365 7 Italy 339 8 United Kingdom 181 8 Republic of Korea 230 8 India 224 8 Brazil 246 9 Brazil 138 9 United Kingdom 193 9 United Kingdom 207 9 Australia 225 10 Canada 133 10 India 135 10 Australia 193 10 France 214 11 Australia 100 11 Brazil 130 11 Brazil 183 11 Russian Federation 203 12 India 95 12 Canada 122 12 Mexico 179 12 Turkey 182 13 Mexico 88 13 Australia 114 13 Canada 148 13 Canada 149 14 South Africa 84 14 Mexico 110 14 Russian Federation 138 14 Mexico 123 15 Republic of Korea 68 15 South Africa 87 15 South Africa 126 15 United Kingdom 97 16 Indonesia 51 16 Indonesia 50 16 Turkey 92 16 Indonesia 94 17 Argentina 31 17 Turkey 47 17 Indonesia 86 17 South Africa 93 18 Turkey 12 18 Argentina 22 18 Argentina 38 18 Saudi Arabia 44 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia 7 19 Saudi Arabia 16 19 Argentina 39 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Table A.4 Consumption of Refined Lead: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 United States of America 1.094 1 United States of America 1.275 1 United States of America 1.660 1 China 4.213 2 Former U.S.S.R. 800 2 Japan 416 2 China 660 2 United States of America 1.500 3 Japan 393 3 Germany, F.R. 392 3 Germany 390 3 Republic of Korea 382 4Germany, F.R. 333 4 Former U.S.S.R. 380 4 Japan 343 4 Germany 343 5 United Kingdom 296 5 United Kingdom 302 5 Republic of Korea 309 5 Italy 245 6 Italy 275 6 Italy 258 6 United Kingdom 294 6 Japan 224 7 France 213 7 France 255 7 Italy 282 7 United Kingdom 208 8 China 210 8 China 244 8 France 262 8 Brazil 201 9 Canada 104 9 Republic of Korea 147 9 Mexico 259 9 India 191 10 Mexico 85 10 Mexico 119 10 Brazil 119 10 Mexico 188 11 Brazil 83 11 Canada 83 11 Russian Federation 102 11 Indonesia 96 12 Australia 68 12 India 80 12 Canada 68 12 Turkey 76 13 India 54 13 Brazil 75 13 South Africa 66 13 Argentina 67 14 South Africa 53 14 South Africa 66 14 Turkey 56 14 France 66 15 Argentina 46 15 Australia 58 14 India 56 15 South Africa 61 16 Republic of Korea 33 16 Indonesia 34 16 Australia 45 16 Saudi Arabia 44 17 Turkey 11 17 Turkey 21 17 Indonesia 39 17 Australia 29 18 Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina 15 18 Argentina 28 18 Canada 24 18 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia 18 19 Russian Federation 13 n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Table A.5 Consumption of Refined Nickel: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 United States of America 143,1 1 Japan 159,3 1 Japan 191,7 1 China 561,5 2 Former U.S.S.R. 132,0 2 United States of America 127,2 2 United States of America 146,9 2 Japan 177,0 3 Japan 122,0 3 Former U.S.S.R. 115,0 3 Germany 126,2 3 United States of America 118,8 4Germany, F.R. 67,6 4 Germany, F.R. 88,8 4 Republic of Korea 90,1 4 Republic of Korea 101,2 5 France 38,4 5 France 44,8 5 China 57,6 5 Germany 100,3 6 Italy 27,1 6 United Kingdom 32,6 6 Italy 53,0 6 Italy 62,3 7 United Kingdom 22,8 7 China 27,5 7 France 52,8 7 South Africa 40,8 8 China 18,0 8 Italy 27,3 8 Russian Federation 39,2 8 United Kingdom 32,4 9 India 11,6 9 Republic of Korea 24,0 9 South Africa 37,5 9 India 27,22 10 Brazil 11,2 10 India 14,3 10 United Kingdom 34,9 10 Russian Federation 24,0 11 Canada 10,0 11 Brazil 11,9 11 India 22,5 11 France 20,9 12 Australia 4,3 12 Canada 8,4 12 Brazil 16,8 12 Brazil 10,5 13 Mexico 2,6 13 Mexico 2,0 13 Canada 14,1 13 Canada 4,3 14 Argentina 0,6 14 Australia 1,5 14 Mexico 2,4 14 Turkey 3,1 15 South Africa n.a. 15 Argentina 0,3 15 Australia 1,6 15 Mexico 1,9 15 Republic of Korea n.a. 16 Turkey n.a. 16 Turkey 1,4 16 Australia 1,6 15 Turkey n.a. 16 South Africa n.a. 17 Indonesia 0,7 17 Indonesia 0,8 15 Indonesia n.a. 16 Indonesia n.a. 18 Argentina 0,5 17 Argentina 0,8 15 Saudi Arabia n.a. 16 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Table A.6 Consumption of Refined Tin: G-20 Countries, 1980-2010 (thousand tonnes) Rank 1980 Rank 1990 Rank 2000 Rank 2010 1 United States of America 46,1 1 United States of America 36,8 1 China 51,6 1 China 152,8 2 Japan 30,9 2 Japan 34,8 2 United States of America 50,7 2 Japan 35,7 3 Former U.S.S.R. 25,0 3 China 25,5 3 Japan 25,2 3 United States of America 34,7 4Germany, F.R. 15,9 4 Former U.S.S.R. 20,0 4 Germany 20,9 4 Germany 17,4 5 China 12,5 5 Germany, F.R. 18,7 5 Republic of Korea 15,2 4 Republic of Korea 17,4 6 France 10,1 6 United Kingdom 10,4 6 United Kingdom 10,0 6 India 10,7 7 United Kingdom 9,9 7 France 8,3 7 France 7,4 7 Brazil 8,0 8 Italy 5,8 8 Republic of Korea 7,8 8 Brazil 7,2 8 France 5,4 9 Canada 4,7 9 Italy 6,1 9 Russian Federation 6,66 9 Mexico 4,1 9 Brazil 4,7 9 Brazil 6,1 10 India 6,4 10 Italy 3,7 11 Australia 3,6 11 Canada 3,6 11 Italy 5,8 11 United Kingdom 3,0 12 India 2,3 12 Mexico 3,0 12 Mexico 3,0 11 Canada 3,0 13 South Africa 2,1 13 India 2,3 13 Canada 2,7 13 Russian Federation 2,5 14 Republic of Korea 1,8 14 South Africa 1,8 14 Australia 2,2 14 Turkey 2,1 14 Mexico 1,8 15 Indonesia 1,4 15 Indonesia 2,1 14 Argentina 2,1 16 Argentina 1,2 16 Australia 1,3 16 South Africa 2,0 16 Indonesia 1,4 17 Turkey 0,5 16 Turkey 1,3 17 Turkey 1,7 17 South Africa 0,8 18 Indonesia 0,3 18 Argentina 0,8 18 Argentina 1,3 18 Australia 0,3 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. 19 Saudi Arabia n.a. n.a. = not available Source: compiled by the author on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and China (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O X X X X X X X X X 3 O O X X 4 O O O 5 O O O O O O O 6 O O 7 O O 8 O O O O 9 O 10 O 11 12 13 14 15 16 O 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 27
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and U.S.S.R./Russian Federation (O) - Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X X X X X X X X O O X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X 2 X X O O O O O X X O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 O O O O O O X X 4 O O 5 6 O O 7 O 8 O O O 9 O O O O 10 O O 11 O O O O O 12 13 O O O 14 O O 15 O 16 17 18 O 19 O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 28
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United States (X) and Japan (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X O 2 X X O O O O X X O O O O O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O 3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X X O O O O 4 O O O O O 5 O 6 O 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 29
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and China (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O O O O X X 3 X X X X X X X O O X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 O O O X X X X X 5 O O O O O O O X 6 O O X 7 O O 8 O O O O 9 O 10 O 11 12 13 14 15 16 O 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 30
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O 4 X X O X X X O O 5 O O O O O O X O O O O 6 O O X O 7 O O O 8 O O O O O O O 9 O O 10 O O O 11 O O O 12 O 13 O 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 31
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Japan (X) and Germany (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X X O O X X X O O X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X O O 4 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X X O O O O O O O O X X X O O O O 5 O O O O X O O O 6 X O 7 O 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 32
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and Italy (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X X X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X O X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X O X X X O O X X X O 6 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X O O O 7 O O O O O O O O X O O 8 O O O O 9 O O O O 10 O O 11 O 12 13 O 14 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 33
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and France (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X X X X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X O O O O O O X X X O X X X 6 O O O O O O O O X 7 O O O O O O O O O O O O X 8 O O 9 O O O O O 10 O O 11 O O 12 O O 13 O O O 14 O 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 34
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Germany (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X X X X X X X X X O 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O X X X X O O 5 X X X X X O O O O O O X X X O O O O 6 O O X O 7 O O X O 8 O O O O O O O 9 O O 10 O O O 11 O O O 12 O 13 O 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 35
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: India (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X X 4 X X 5 X X 6 X O O 7 X X X O O O O 8 O O X X O O O O O O 9 X O O O O O O X O O O O X X X 10 O O X X O O X X X O O O 11 X O X O O O X O 12 X X X X X O O O O O O O 13 X X O X X 14 X X X X X 15 X 16 X X 17 18 19 X X Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 36
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: South Korea (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X 4 X X X 5 X X X X X X X X X X 6 X X X O 7 X X X O O O O O O 8 O O X X X X X X O O X O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O O O 10 O O X X O O O O O X 11 X X O X O O O O 12 X O O O O O O O 13 X O 14 X X 15 X X X 16 X X 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 37
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: South Korea (X) and India (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 X O O 4 X X X O O 5 X X X X X X O X X X X O 6 X X X O 7 O X X O X O 8 X X X X X O X O X 9 O X X O O O O 10 X X O O O O O X 11 X X O X O O 12 X O O O O O 13 X O O O O 14 X X O O O O O 15 X X X O 16 X X O O 17 18 19 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 38
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and South Korea (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 O 4 X X O O O 5 X X X O O O O O O X O O O O 6 X X X X X X X X O X X X X X O X X X O 7 X X X X X X X X O O X X O 8 X X O O O O O X O X O 9 X X O O X X 10 O O X X O 11 O O O X 12 O 13 O X 14 O O 15 O O O 16 O O 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 39
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and India (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 O O 4 X X O O 5 X X X O X O 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O 7 X X X X X X X O X X X O 8 X X O X O O X 9 O X X O X X O O O 10 O O X O O O X 11 O O X O 12 O O O O O 13 O O O X O 14 O O O O O 15 O 16 O O 17 18 19 O O Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 40
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and France (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 4 X X 5 X O O O O O O O X X X 6 X X X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X X O O X X X 7 X X X O O X X X X O O O O X O O O O O O X X O 8 X X X O X 9 X X O O O O X X 10 X X O O 11 X O O 12 O O 13 X O O O 14 O 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 41
1 2 3 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: Italy (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 4 X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O O 7 X X X X X X X X X X O O O O 8 X O O X X O O X O O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O O O X X 10 O O O O X O O O X 11 O O O O X O 12 O O O O O O O 13 O X 14 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 42
1 2 3 Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: France (X) and Brazil (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 4 5 X X X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X O O 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O 8 O O X O O X O O O O 9 O O O O O O X X O O X X O O 10 O O O O O O O X X 11 O O O O O X X 12 O O O O O O X X X O 13 O X X 14 X 15 16 17 18 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 43
Consumption of 11 Basic Materials: United Kingdom (X) and Turkey (O) Respective Rankings among the G-20 Countries Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2000 Year 2010 1 2 3 4 X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X O 9 X X X X O O 10 X X X O O O 11 X X X X O 12 X O O O 13 O X O O X 14 O O O O O X O O 15 O O O O X X 16 O O O O O O O O X X 17 O O O O O O O O O O 18 O O X 19 Source: compiled on data from World Bureau of Metal Statistics' Bulletins and Yearbooks, World Steel Association's Yearbooks, FAOSTAT database, ICIS Consulting 2012. 44