Paraparesi spastiche ereditarie

Paraparesi spastiche ereditarie Dott.ssa Grazia D Angelo Responsabile UO Intradip. Neuromuscolare IRCCS E Medea- Bosisio Parini (Lecco) email:grazia.dangelo@bp.lnf.it

Paraparesi Spastica sintomo/segno comune nella pratica clinica neurologica pediatrica (e non solo) causato da disturbi cerebrali acquisiti (ipossia cerebrale neonatale, infezioni sistemiche paralisi cerebrale infantile) Disturbi strutturali, infettivi, demielinizzanti e metabolici

Quali tappe diagnostiche? Raccolta dati anamnestici (familiarità, età d esordio dei sintomi, progressione della malattia) Sintomi clinici caratteristici Esame obiettivo neurologico Esami neuroradiologici e relative diagnosi differenziali (con esami metabolici- biochimici enzimatici) Altri esami diagnostici strumentali

sintomi Difficoltà progressiva di cammino dovuta a rigidità e debolezza progressive degli arti inferiori Difficoltà dell equilibrio Tendenza ad inciampare, trascinare i piedi e ad incrociare le gambe Piede cavo, crampi muscolari, spasmi muscolari Sintomi a decorso così lento da essere poco considerati dal soggetto ma notati dagli altri (familiari, amici ) Sintomi compaiono o all inizio della deambulazione autonoma (o poco dopo) oppure anche tra le 2 e la 4 decade di vita, ma possono comparire ad ogni età Abilità atletiche durante l infanzia (scarse performance o scarso interesse per lo sport: segni precoci della patologia) Nelle forme esordio infantile: ritardo delle tappe dello sviluppo motorio Nelle fasi più avanzate: mitto imperioso ed incontinenza urinaria Tenere però in considerazione come in forme complicate altri sintomi possono essere presenti: Neuropatia periferica, epilessia, disturbi cutanei (ittiosi), atassia, neuropatia ottica, retinopatia, ritardo mentale, decadimento cognitivo, sordità, disturbi dell eloquio, della masticazione e della deglutizione

esame obiettivo neurologico spasticità bilaterale degli arti inferiori ipostenia muscolare più evidente a livello di muscoli ileopsoas e del tibiale anteriore Alcuni soggetti manifestano la spasticità non associata a debolezza, mentre altri hanno spasticità e debolezza in egual misura Riflessi OT agli arti inferiori vivaci-policinetici e Risposta in estensione alla stimolazione cutanea plantare (segno di Babinski) Spesso modesto incremento dei riflessi OT agli arti superiori Modesto deficit posizione coinvolgimento del tratto corticospinale della sensibilità vibratoria e (meno frequente) di coinvolgimento fasci colonna dorsale

altri segni di esame obiettivo neurologico Comune riscontro di : Disturbi sfinterici (50%) Piede cavo Lieve dismetria distale Segni meno frequenti: Paresi arti superiori Amiotrofia distale Familiarità per disturbo simile che si adegua a modalità X-linked, AR e AD!!!!Attenzione se: Ipostenia > di spasticità Atassia prominente Amiotrofia prominente Coinvolgimento arti superiori>arti inferiori Neuropatia periferica Asimmetria marcata Alterazioni pigmentazione retinica Segni extrapiramidali Forme complicate? Altra patologia?

Diagnosi differenziale (1) : Esordio infantile: Patologia Esame strumentale Paralisi cerebrale infantile (diplegia) RMN encefalo, anamnesi neonatale Malformazioni Strutturali (Malformazione di RMN encefalo e midollo Arnold-Chiari; sublussazione atlo-occipitale) Leucodistrofie (es, malattia di Krabbe) RMN encefalo, dosaggie(galattocerebrosidasi) Malattie metaboliche (deficit di arginasi, dosaggi Enzim.,elettroforesi proteine abetalipoproteinaemia) Distonia responsiva alla Levo-DOPA terapia l-dopa Atassie spinocerebellari Ob. neurol.,analisi genetica Mielite (eziologia infettiva) esame liquorale Sclerosi Multipla RMN encefalo, esame liquorale

Diagnosi differenziale (2) : Esordio adulto: Patologia Esame strumentale malattie degenerative cervicali RMN midollo Sclerosi multipla RMN encefalo e midollo-liquor Malattia del Motoneurone EMG/ENG Neoplasie RMN encefalo e midollo Mieliti (eziologia infettiva) liquor Malformazioni arterovenose durali RMN-Angiografia Malformazione di Arnold-Chiari RMN encefalo e midollo Adrenoleucodistrofia RMN encefalo, dosaggio VLCFA Atassie spinocerebellari Ob. neurol.,analisi genetica Deficit di vitamina B12 e Vitamina E dosaggi Vit B12 e Vit E Latirismo intossicazione da latyrus sativus cicerchie Distonia responsiva alla Levo-DOPA risposta ad L-DOPA Infezioni (sifilide, HIV, Virus leucemia a cell T tipo 1) analisi siero e liquor Deficit di rame dosaggio rame e ceruloplasmina

Escluse patologie precedentemente indicate in base a dati anamnestici, valutazione obiettiva ed esami strumentali e biochimici Ipotesi di paraparesi spastica ereditaria

HSP ed Esami Strumentali RMN midollo: sottile senza grossolane anomalie (assottigliamento in particolare del midollo spinale cervicale e dorsale) RMN encefalo: diversi casi di atrofia od assottigliamento corpo calloso; alterazioni della sostanza bianca (patchy demyelination) DTI (diffusion tensor imaging; integrità di microstruttura SB) può mostrare alterazioni precoci nella fibra nervosa in paz con mutaz SPG4 (Duning et al, 2010) Potenziali evocati motori: non evocabili o rallentati agli arti inferiori, normali arti superiori PESS: piccoli o assenti, arti inferiori più coinvolti di superiori EMG ed ENG: normali in più parte HSP; alcune forme associate a neuropatia assonale/demielinizzante Esame liquor: non significativo Analisi genetica: considerare ereditarietà, età d esordio, forma pura/complicata

Paraparesi spastiche ereditarie (HSP) Gruppo di disordini neurologici ereditari rari ed eterogenei (identificate più di 70 forme). Primi sintomi: progressiva «spasticità» agli arti inferiori ed «ipostenia» di muscolatura degli arti inferiori e del bacino [insidioso] Ereditarietà: circa 70 geni identificati Autosomica DOMINANTE: 70-80% di tutte HSP in popolazione occidentale Autosomica RECESSIVA: 20-30% X-linked : molto rara Incidenza di 1:20000 (negli USA) Prevalenza: sia per forme autosomiche dominanti che recessive 1.8 /100000- altri report 4,3-9,8 : 100000 Divise in 1) forme «pura» / «non complicata» e 2) forma «complessa»/ «complicata» Diversi modi di identificare «questa malattia»: Paraparesi spastica ereditaria, paraparesi spastica familiare, Malattia di Strumpell-Lorrain

Forme pure Disturbo neurologico limitato a spasticità progressiva agli arti inferiori, disturbi dello sfintere urinario, modesta riduzione della sensibilità vibratoria e statochinestesica (di posizione) [Harding 1983]. Esordio ad ogni età, dalla prima infanzia alla tarda età adulta Lenta progressione negli anni, senza acuzie/remissioni/periodi di importanti peggioramenti progressive difficoltà di cammino che possono portare a necessità di ausili (canadesi, deambulatori, carrozzina) Ipostenia di specifici gruppi muscolari (musc prossimali arti inferiori,o distale arti inf TA) In forme ad esordio infantile, a volte, sintomi peggiorano fino all adolescenza poi si stabilizzano, con mantenimento del cammino con ausili Conservata la stenia e la coordinazione agli arti superiori Assente coinvolgimento di eloquio, masticazione o deglutizione. Non modifica durata di vita (???)

Forme Complesse spasticità progressiva agli arti inferiori, ipostenia arti inf. disturbi dello sfintere urinario, modesta riduzione della sensibilità vibratoria e statochinestesica (di posizione) + Epilessia, ritardo cognitivo, demenza, amiotrofia, neuropatia periferica, coinvolgimento del sistema extrapiramidale e cerebellare, retinopatia, neuropatia ottica, sordità Molte forme di HSP complesse sono associate ad atrofia muscolare distale simmetrica di arti superiori ed inferiori [Refsum & Skillicorn 1954, Gilman & Horenstein 1964, Silver 1966, Neuhauser et al 1976, Sack et al 1978, Abdallat et al 1980, Heijbel & Jagell 1981, Bahemuka & Brown 1982, Joshita et al 1982, Fujii et al 1986, Uyama et al 1988, Costeff et al 1989, Serena et al 1990, Antinolo et al 1992, Farag et al 1994, Thomas et al 1994, Meierkord et al 1997].

paraparesi spastica (apparentemente sporadica) Molti individui con tutti i segni e sintomi di una HSP non hanno altri membri della famiglia affetti Le forme recessive e quelle legate al crom X possono «saltare» le generazioni la malattia può «passare» inosservata per generazioni e «comparire all improvviso». Età d esordio, progressione e gravità sono molto variabili malattia passa inosservata nelle generazioni precedenti o un individuo affetto è deceduto prima della comparsa dei sintomi Estrema eterogeneità genetica, variabilità di penetranza Next generation sequencing : identificazione di > 70 geni con altrettanti sottotipi clinici

algoritmo diagnostico

Sgobbi de Souza, Cerebellum 2017

Algoritmo analisi genetiche «generale» (adulti/bambini)

Algoritmo analisi genetiche in caso di esordio età pediatrica SPG3A(atlastina) : pura AD; Esordio prima dei 10 aa-mai dopo i 20 aa SPG4 (spastina) : pura (quasi sempre) AD; Esordio sia infanzia che età adulta SPG6 (NIPA1): pura AD; occasionale esordio infantile, più spesso adolescenza SPG10 (KIF5A) ed SPG12 Pure, AD, esordio infantile SPG11 (spatacsina) ar, forma più frequente ad esordio infantile SPG15 (ZFYVE26)ar, tra 5 e 19 aa SPG7 (paraplegina) ar; Esordio tra 10 e 42 aa; più frequente adulti SPG17 (BSCL2) AD variabile età esordio, anche infanzia SPG31 (REEP1) pura AD Esordio < 20 aa in 71% casi SPG1 (LICAM) ed SPG2 (PLP1) X linked Ritardo mentale

The principal neurological pathway over which signals pass to drive a deliberate movement can be divided into two stages. corso formazione su campo-bosisio P., aprile-giugno2012 1) In the first stage, a descending connection from neurones ("upper motor neurones") in the motor cortex of the brain to cells in the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord corticospinal tract

Schematic representation of a neuron indicating sites of potential pathogenic mechanisms of mutant spastic paraplegia proteins; Salinas S et al, 2008 Alterazione del trasporto assonale di macromolecole, organelli o altri trasportatori più evidenti in parti distale degli assoni(poss lunghezza anche di 1 metro) Alterazioni «traffico» a livello di membrana Alterazioni di funzionalità mitocondriale

HSP PURE SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA 4, SPG4;AD, PHSP CHSP Gene map locus 2p22-p21 caused by mutation in the SPG4 gene that encodes the protein called spastin 30-45% of all pure ADHSP Age of onset ranged from infancy to 63 years- Onset later than 35 ys faster progression than childhood onset The clinical expression of the disorder within a family included: asymptomatic patients (25%) mildly affected individuals with spastic gait but able to walk independently severely affected patients: wheelchair bound

- tutti Mutazione gene SPG4? 70aa 7aa? 47aa? No sintomi 40aa

COGNITIVE DECLINE/IMPAIRMENT and SPG4 Byrne et al. (1997, 1998) presented a family with autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia and a specific form of cognitive impairment deficits in visual-spatial functions Dysfunction manifested itself by difficulty in carrying out new tasks, forgetfulness, poor spatial perception, and impaired visual-motor coordination. McMonagle (2004) and Murphy (2009): active progression of cognitive deterioration and dementia in older patients with SPG4- ADHSP Tallaksen Durr (2003): subclinical cognitive impairment primarly affecting executive functions more evident in SPG4 patients or carriers older than 50, more severe in the carriers of missense mutation than the those with truncating mutations Disturbances in executive functions in children not necessarely related to cerebral abnormalities

Neuroimaging and SPG4 Lesions in the cortical or subcortical structures (atrophy) resulting in dysexecutive syndrome (Tallaksen 2003) Dysplasia of the corpus callosum (Alber 2005) Congenital arachnoid cyst (Orlacchio 2004) Medullar atrophy Reduced cerebral blood flow (PET) in the left fronto-temporal cortex in 18 SPG4 pts with impaired cognitive functions (recognition memory of faces) [Scheuer, 2005) Neuropathology Tangles in surviving neurons, tau-positive astrocytic inclusions, ubiquitinpositive intranuclear inclusions (particularly in pts with missense mutations in Spastin gene, White 2000)

SPG3A (10% of AD pure HSP; most frequent in children) FAMILIAL SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA 3,AD; PHSP Gene map locus 14q11.2-q24.3, 14q11-q21 caused by mutation in a GTPase gene that encodes the protein atlastin early-onset (between 1 and 7 yrs) and late onset progressive, usually severe, lower extremity spasticity Scoliosis (11%) Decreased vibration sense at ankles (27%) Sphinteric disturbances 17% Mean disease duration > 35 yrs Axonal neuropathy (rare, late development) In a family with 6 members affected with a very early onset severe form of spastic paraplegia, Dalpozzo (2003) identified a heterozygous mutation in the SPG3A gene. All affected members had onset in infancy with delayed motor milestones, gait impairment, spastic paraparesis, distal atrophy, and lower limb weakness misdiagnosed with cerebral palsy (early onset)

atlastin widely expressed, most abundant in brain and spinal cord mutations in atlastin responsible for approximately 10% of autosomal dominant pure HSP The dynamins, the group of proteins to which atlastin shows strongest homology involved in vesicle trafficking events, including recycling of synaptic vesicles and in the dispersion of mitochondria. Association with microtubules neurotrasmission action of neurotrophic factors and

Caso clinico (da de Bot, 2010) SPG3A Bimbo di 4 aa Progressive difficoltà cammino ad esordio dei 12-13 mesi (inizio deambulazione) Madre con minimi disturbi del cammino, ad esordio >35 aa Nonna materna e zia materna disturbi analoghi ad esordio età adulta Problemi non significativi da giungere ad attenzione medica EON (bimbo) Modesta spasticità del cammino Aumento del ROT arti inferiori Babinski presente bilat Riduzione sensibilità pallestesica arti inf. EON (madre e zia materna) Minime anomalie della marcia Segno di Babinski bilat RMN encefalo e midollo nella norma Esami metabolici nella norma

SPG31 (3-6% of AD pure HSP) almost exclusively associated with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype. bladder disturbances and impaired vibration sense seems to be comparable to that reported in a large SPG4 sample (McDermott et al., 2006) and thus to be higher than in SPG3A (Durr et al., 2004). peripheral neuropathy rare in SPG31. SPG31 fourth autosomal dominant form of HSP reported with age of onset predominantly in the first decade of life. However, adult onset patients are found and penetrance is incomplete Mutations in the receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1) REEP1 expressed in various nonneuronal and neuronal tissues, including spinal cord specific neurodegenerative phenotype despite the almost ubiquitous tissue expression Mitochondrial expression/ Vesicle transport

Forme Complesse spasticità progressiva agli arti inferiori, ipostenia arti inf. disturbi dello sfintere urinario, modesta riduzione della sensibilità vibratoria e statochinestesica (di posizione) + Epilessia, ritardo cognitivo, demenza, amiotrofia, neuropatia periferica, coinvolgimento del sistema extrapiramidale e cerebellare, retinopatia, neuropatia ottica, sordità Molte forme di HSP complesse sono associate ad atrofia muscolare distale simmetrica di arti superiori ed inferiori

Algoritmo analisi genetiche «generale» (adulti/bambini)

Hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum (HSPTCC) frequent subtype of complicated HSP and represents about 1/3 of the autosomal recessive forms of hereditary spastic parapaplegias HSP- TCC clinically and genetically heterogeneous group. 7 distinct loci SPG11,SPG 15, SPG 21, SPG 32, SPG 18, SPG 7 and most recently SPG 46 and SPG47. The major locus SPG11 (OMIM 604360) which accounts for a variable percentage of families (41 77%) depending on the population examined [Crimella et al, J Med Genet 2009; Boukris et al, Neurogenetics 2010]

Spastic Paraplegia type 7 Most affected individuals proximal or generalized weakness in the legs and impaired vibration sense. Onset mostly in adulthood, although symptoms may start as early as age 11 years and as late as age 72 years. A pure phenotype of spastic paraplegia with hyperreflexia, extensor plantar responses, and mildly impaired vibration sensation in the distal legs In some individuals, a complicated phenotype of spastic paraplegia including pale optic disks, ptosis, slowed speech, swallowing difficulties, subtle cognitive impairment, upper motor neuron symptoms in the arms, urinary urgency, ataxia, nystagmus, strabismus, decreased hearing, scoliosis, pes cavus, motor and sensory neuropathy, and amyotrophy [Harding 1983, De Michele et al 1998, Fink 2003, Wilkinson et al 2004, Elleuch et al 2006, Brugman et al 2008, Salinas et al 2008, Warnecke et al 2010] Progression of disease may be rapid with severe disability after eight years' duration [Elleuch et al 2006, Schüle et al 2006]. Prevalence: estimated at 2-6:100,000 for most countries. SPG7 5%-12% of autosomal recessive HSP [McDermott et al 2001; Elleuch et al 2006, Brugman et al 2008; Salinas et al 2008; Casali, personal observation].

Neuroimaging In a few individuals, conventional cerebral MRI may show cerebellar (or, less frequently, cortical) atrophy [De Michele et al 1998, Wilkinson et al 2004, Elleuch et al 2006, Uttner et al 2007, Warnecke et al 2007, Salinas et al 2008, Hourani et al 2009, Warnecke et al 2010]. White matter changes as detected by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the frontal lobes, the corticospinal tracts, and the brain stem specific to SPG7-HSP (hereditary spastic paraplegia) [Warnecke et al 2010]. subtle reduction of white matter integrity in the corpus callosum of heterozygote SPG7-autosomal recessive HSP carriers may be revealed by DTI, suggesting that different HSP-related genes share a common biologic pathway leading to neurodegeneration of the corpus callosum [Warnecke et al 2010]. Spinal imaging studies useful in the differential diagnosis, only????

Other investigations Spinal evoked potentials delayed prolongation of the central conduction time [Nielsen et al 2001]. Paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delayed prolongation of the central motor conduction time and motor threshold in some affected individuals in lower limb muscles [Warnecke et al 2007, Warnecke et al 2010]. neuropsychological tests mild impairment of visuoconstructive and executive functions in some individuals [Uttner et al 2007, Warnecke et al 2010]. CK: slightly increased Electromyography with nerve conduction velocities axonal sensory motor neuropathy. Muscle biopsy Changes of denervation with partial reinnervation Atrophic, angulated fibers, predominantly type II Ragged-red fibers, which are positive for the histoenzymatic reaction to succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and negative for cytochrome c oxidase (COX, the complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain), indicating an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) defect [Casari et al 1998, McDermott et al 2001, Wilkinson et al 2004, Tzoulis et al 2008].

Genetic counseling. SPG7 is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Heterozygotes (carriers) are usually asymptomatic. Prenatal diagnosis Treatment of manifestations: Drugs that may reduce spasticity and muscle tightness include baclofen, tizanidine, dantrolene, and diazepam. Management of spasticity by intrathecal baclofen or intramuscular botulinum toxin injections may be an option in selected individuals [Young 1994]. Physical therapy and assistive walking devices often reduce contractures, provide support, and promote stability. Occupational therapy helps with activities of daily living.

paraplegin Hypothetical mitochondrial model energy-dependent for diminished protease Complex I activity Paraplegin-deficient mice display in absence a progressive of paraplegin degeneration in several axonal tracts--> characterized by the accumulation of morphological abnormal mitochondria

Adenoassociated virus mediated (AAV-mediated) intramuscular delivery of paraplegin halted the progression of neuropathological changes and rescued mitochondrial morphology in the peripheral nerves of paraplegin-deficient mice Marinella Pirozzi and Elena I. Rugarli J. Clin. Invest. 116:202 208 (2006).

MP (male, 51 ys) MG (female, 46 ys) @ The probands two siblings (brother and sister) born from consanguineous parents, with origins in the South of Italy. @ Family history of thyroid disturbances and autoimmune diseases. @ Normal gestation and delivery and normal motor and language milestones.

Patient 1: male, 49 years old at time of last examination. Onset around the age of 40 years with mild dysartria and unsteadiness during walking. Over the next years a slowly progressive decline, with worsening of the gait disturbances with spastic paraparesis and dysartria. At time of first examination in our Department (age 47 years) spastic paraplegia (increased tone, uncle clonus, brisk reflexes with Babinski sign) with unsteady but autonomous ambulation, dysartria, lateral beating nystagmus, and dysmetria. full IQ of 106, verbal IQ 114, performance IQ 94. Abormalities in acustic evoked potentials (delay in I-III) At the age of 49 years still ambulant, with severe unsteadiness and frequent falls, dysartria and moderate cerebellar signs. Behavioural disturbances reported by the family members in the last years and a mild cognitive decline increased CK (2-4X the normal range); thyroid dysfunction, Hepatic steatosis Retinal detachment and early onset cataract are present. Abnormalities at motor evoked potentials and neurogenic signs at the electromyographic test muscle biopsy mild mitochondrial signs: COX negative fibers and few Ragged Red Fibers

Brain MR scans (40 and 49 years of age) a progressive cerebellar atrophy associated with a markedly thinned corpus callosum. severe whole cerebellar atrophy associated with mild brainstem atrophy. brain emispheres atrophy marked hypo-intense signal on T2-weighted and FLAIR images at the level of red nuclei, bilateral substantia nigra and pallidi possible iron accumulation??? White matter signal normal. Spectroscopy reduction of N-Acetyl-Aspartate peak in the cerebellum.

Patient 2:female, 46 years old at time of last examination Two pregnancies with cesarean delivery. Thyroid dysfunction. Around the age of 38 years stiffness of the lower limbs with unsteadiness during walking At 40 ys rapidly progressive urinary incontinence Clinical evaluation at the age of 41 spastic paraplegia with severe pyramidal tract signs (prolonged clonus, bilateral Babinski) and very mild cerebellar signs. Brain imaging mild cerebellar atrophy both in the vermis and in the emispheres and a thin corpus callosum. Spectroscopy : normal. EMG: Mild myogenic signs - muscle biopsy : mild mitochondrial signs. at the age of 43 spastic paraplegia with moderate weakness of the tibialis anterior muscles and pes cavus, dysartria, nystagmus and dysmetria. IQ level (WAIS-R) was Full IQ 83, Verbal IQ 92 and Performance IQ 75. At the age of 46 the spastic paraplegia and the cerebellar signs were only moderately worsened since 3 years before, but she was presenting a mild cognitive decline.

MR exams performed at 43 and 46 years of age showed similar, but less severe brain findings than patient 1. The last examination acquired on a 3T system moderate cerebellar and cerebral atrophy with thin corpus callosum. Red nuclei, substantia nigra and pallidi, slightly hypo-intense on T2 and FLAIR images. NAA peak in the cerebellum reduced.?

Patient 1 screened for mutations in SPG11, SPG15, SPG7 and SPG21 genes : negative Complete mutation analysis of FA2H presence of a homozygous change c.509a>g (exon 4) leading to the p.y170c substitution Present also in the sister

the FA2H gene encodes a fatty acid 2-hydroxylase catalysing the 2- hydroxylation of myelin galactolipids that account for one-third of the lipid content of the myelin sheath. Homozygous FA2H mutations associated with different neurodegenerative disorders such as leukodystrophy complicated form of spastic paraparesis with leukodystrophy (SPG35) form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) and clinical pictures partly overlapping all three disorders. ALL: fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration, FAHN characterized by childhood onset of spasticity, dystonia, seizures, axonal neuropathy (in one family only), optic atrophy, cognitive decline, cerebellar atrophy, leukodystrophy and brain iron accumulation.

Publication Family Edvardson et al. 3 Dick et al. 4,8 Kruer et al. 5 Family 1 and 2 Family 3 Pedigree 1 Pedigree 2 Family 1 Family 2 Present article Present family 1.Family/pedigree numbers are reported as indicated in the original articles. Every mutation was detected in a homozygous state. Age at the time of publication indicates the age of the older patient of that family described in the original article. NR, not reported; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. Mutation (DNA level) Mutation (protein level) c.786+1g>a c.103g>t c.703c>t c.157_174del c.460c>t Skipping of exons 5 and 6 c.509_510dela C p.d35y p.r235c p.r53_i58del p.r154c p.y170x c.270+3a>t Loss of exons 2 7 Age at onset Childhood Childhood Childhood Childhood Childhood Childhood Childhood Age at the time of publication (y) 20 12 25 31 >20 20 24 Spasticity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dystonia Severe Absent Mild Severe NR Severe Absent Seizures 2/7 0/2 2/7 4/4 2/3 1/2 1/2 Ataxia Mild Absent Absent Absent Mild Mild Mild Cognitive decline Mild Absent Mild Mild NR Mild Severe Optic atrophy Absent Absent Absent Mild Mild Absent Mild Leukodystroph y (MRI) Hypointensity of globus pallidus Severe Absent Mild Severe Severe Severe Severe Mild NR NR Mild Severe Severe Mild

Terapie- Trattamento delle paraparesi spastiche ereditarie problema funzionale motorio essenziale: perdita di «equilibrio» con rischio di cadute Fattori intrinseci alla base della manifestazione: SPASTICITA RETRAZIONI MUSCOLOTENDINEE e DEFORMITA ARTICOLARI IPOSTENIA MUSCOLARE DISTURBO PROPRIOCETTIVO TERAPIE devono agire sui 4 FATTORI suddetti

SPASTICITÀ Trattamento chemodenervante locale con Tossina botulinica tipo A (BTX-A) im Clinicaltrials.gov: storia naturale-tossina botulinica Terapia per os: baclofene, eperisone e derivati- tizanidina Terapia con baclofene intratecale (ITB) Cannibis (Spray?? Tisana??) Neuromodulazione transcranica (necessità di validazione)

RETRAZIONI MUSCOLOTENDINEE E DEFORMITA ARTICOLARI Tossina botulinica tipo A Ortesi : tutori GP- serial Casting Chirurgia di allungamento muscolotendineo soprattutto distali agli arti inf IPOSTENIA MUSCOLARE Attitudine a «non uso» di vari distretti muscolari Cammino Cycling: beneficio su tono muscolare, resistenza cardiorespiratoria, spasticità Idrochinesiterapia

DISTURBO PROPRIOCETTIVO Esercizi quotidiani per equilibrio (anche in autonomia al domicilio): ortostatismo alternato su 1 gamba con appoggio a tavolo alto ad esempio Robot assisted gait training: miglioramento pattern del cammino /pochi casi descritti C-Mill training: target visivo proiettato su tapis roulant Lokomat

NeuroRehabilitation. 2015;36(1):93-9. Robotic gait training improves motor skills and quality of life in hereditary spastic paraplegia. (Bertolucci F et al) METHODS: Thirteen patients affected by uncomplicated HSP were subjected to a six-week robotic-aided gait training protocol. Participants underwent a battery of 3 walking test, 1 balance test and 2 quality of life questionnaires. RESULTS: At the end of the treatment a significant improvement of balance, walking ability and quality of life was observed in almost all the tests. The improvements were maintained over a two-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that a robotic gait training is long term effective in improving balance and walking ability with a positive impact on quality of life in patients affected by uncomplicated form of HSP. As currently there is no specific treatment to prevent or reverse HSP progression, our contribution would be significant for the development of exercise recommendations in this rare disease.

Grazie per l attenzione