SINDROME METABOLICA: PREVENIRE O CURARE?

SINDROME METABOLICA: PREVENIRE O CURARE? Michele O. Carruba Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology Center for Study and Research on Obesity

University of Milan, Italy School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology CENTER FOR STUDY AND RESEARCH ON OBESITY SINDROME METABOLICA: PREVENIRE O CURARE? Michele O. Carruba Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology School of Medicine Via Vanvitelli, 32 20129 Milan (Italy)

Distribuzione della popolazione italiana nelle varie condizioni di peso 4.000.000 1.500.000 16.000.000 Sottopeso Normopeso Sovrappeso Obeso Fonte: ISTAT, 4 Rapporto sull Obesità in Italia. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 2002

Prevalenza dell obesità (IMC>30) in funzione dell età negli UOMINI 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 >74 Fonte: ISTAT, 4 Rapporto sull Obesità in Italia. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 2002

Prevalenza dell obesità (IMC>30) in funzione dell età nelle DONNE 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 >74 Fonte: ISTAT, 4 Rapporto sull Obesità in Italia. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 2002

Sovrappeso e obesità aumentano il rischio di MCV e di mortalità per tutte le cause Rischio relativo di mortalità per malattia cardiovascolare 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.6 Uomini Donne Normopeso Mortalità per MCV Sovrappeso Obesi >18 25 30 >40 BMI (kg/m 2 ) Rischio relativo di mortalità per tutte le cause 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.6 Uomini Donne Normopeso Mortalità per tutte le cause sovrappeso Obesi >18 25 30 >40 BMI (kg/m 2 ) Dati relativi a 1 milione di uomini e donne seguiti per 16 anni con età media di 57 anni che non hanno mai fumato e non avevano una storia di malattia all arruolamento. Calle et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1097-1105

Aspettativa di vita a 40 anni: impatto 50 45 dell eccesso di peso corporeo Aspettativa di vita a 40 anni di età Normali (18,5-24,9 kg/m 2 ) 46.3 3,3 anni 7,1 anni Sovrappeso (25-29,9 kg/m 2 ) Obesi ( 30 kg/m 2 ) 3,1 anni 5,8 anni 43.0 43.4 40 35 39.2 Donne Non-fumatrici 40.3 37.5 Uomini Non-fumatori Peeters et al. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 24-32

Un parametro fondamentale: la circonferenza addominale

Unmet clinical need associated with abdominal obesity CV risk factors in a typical patient with abdominal obesity Patients with abdominal obesity (high waist circumference) often present with one or more additional CV risk factors NHANES 1999 2000 cohort (data on file)

Abdominal obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes 24 20 Relative risk 16 12 8 4 0 <71 71 75.9 76 81 81.1 86 86.1 91 91.1 96.3 >96.3 Waist circumference (cm) Carey et al 1997

Intra-abdominal adiposity and dyslipidaemia 310 Triglycerides 60 HDL-cholesterol 248 mg/dl 186 124 mg/dl 45 62 0 Lean 30 Low High Lean Visceral fat (obese subjects) Low High Visceral fat (obese subjects) Pouliot et al 1992

Abdominal obesity and increased risk of CHD Waist circumference was independently associated with increased age-adjusted risk of CHD, even after adjusting for BMI and other CV risk factors Relative risk 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 p for trend = 0.007 1.27 2.06 2.31 2.44 0.5 0.0 <69.8 69.8-<74.2 74.2-<79.2 79.2-<86.3 86.3-<139.7 Quintiles of waist circumference (cm) Rexrode et al 1998

Adjusted relative risk 1.4 1.2 1 Abdominal obesity and increased risk of cardiovascular events Waist circ. (cm): 1.29 The HOPE Study Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 Men <95 95 103 >103 1.27 Women <87 87 98 >98 1.17 1.16 1.14 1 1 1 1.35 0.8 CVD death MI All-cause deaths Adjusted for BMI, age, smoking, sex, CVD, disease, DM, HDL-C, total-c Dagenais et al 2005

STUDIO SPESA : COSTI DIRETTI ANNUI DELL OBESITÀ IN ITALIA Studio SPESA: composizione dei costi dell Obesità Tot 28,2 mld Euro/anno Voce di costo Percentuale Ospedalizzazioni 64% Diagnostica 12% Farmaci 7% Visite 6% Altro 11% Nel 2025 costo Tot (mld) da 11 a 15,7 (+43%) con obesità infantile + 205% Elaborazione Centro Studi Ricerca Obesità (CSRO) e Farmacoeconomia UniMI Centro Studio e Ricerca sull Obesità (C.S.R.O.) Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano Prof. Michele Carruba

The evolving view of adipose tissue: Old View: inert storage depot Fatty acids Glucose Fed an endocrine organ Current View: secretory/endocrine organ Fasted Tg Tg Tg Muscle Multiple secretory products Fatty acids Glycerol Liver Pancreas Vasculature Lyon CJ et al 2003

Adverse cardiometabolic effects of products of adipocytes Inflammation TNFα IL-6 Adipsin (Complement D) Atherosclerosis Adiponectin Lipoprotein lipase Adipose tissue Angiotensinogen FFA Resistin Leptin Lactate Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Thrombosis Lyon 2003; Trayhurn et al 2004; Eckel et al 2005 Hypertension Insulin Atherogenic dyslipidaemia Type 2 diabetes

Systemic inflammation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes Physicians' Health Study: 9-year follow-up Relative risk of MI 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low 1.1 1.3 2.5 1.0 1.2 Medium 2.8 2.8 High 3.4 Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio 4.4 High Low Medium hs-crp Ridker et al 1998

Science 299: 896-899, 2003

Visceral fat depot in enos -/- vs. wildtype mice wt enos -/-

Growth curves of wild-type and enos -/- mice a Body weight (g) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Males Body weight (g) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 Time (weeks) wt enos -/- b 5 Females Time (weeks) wt enos -/- Nisoli et al., Science 299, 896 899, 2003

SWISS MED WKLY 133: 360 363, 2003

enos expression is reduced in WAT of obese rodents Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

Electron microscopy analysis of WAT, BAT and muscle in ob/ob mice WAT Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

Decreased energy levels can cause and sustain obesity Food Food Fuel Fat Fuel Fat ATP = Energy ATP = Energy Healthy subject Obese subject

Brain Low ATP in cells Food Fuel Leptin Fat ATP = Energy

Sience October 14, 2005

Quindi? Stile di vita! Abitudini alimentari e Attività fisica

Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Survival in a Greek Population Antonia Trichopoulou, M.D., Tina Costacou, Ph.D., Christina Bamia, Ph.D., and Dimitrios Trichopoulos, M.D. We conducted a population-based, prospective investigation involving 22,043 adults in Greece who completed an extensive, validated, food-frequency questionnaire at base line. During a median of 44 months of follow-up, there were 275 deaths. A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in total mortality. An inverse association with greater adherence to this diet was evident for both death due to coronary heart disease and death due to cancer. Conclusions. Greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in total mortality. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348: 2599-2608, 2003

Livello di attività fisica e rischio di mortalità 5 4 Risk ratio 3 2 1 men women 0 I II III IV V Fitness level Blair et al, 1989

Integrated Laboratories Network (InLaNe) Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan Michele Carruba, M.D. Ph.D. Enzo Nisoli, M.D. Ph.D. Cristina Tonello, Ph.D. Valeria Cozzi, Ph.D. Laura Tedesco, Ph.D. Annalisa Cardile, Ph.D. student Renata Bracale, Ph.D. Student DIBIT, S. Raffaele H Milan (Italy) and University of Milan Emilio Clementi, M.D.Ph.D. Sestina Falcone, Ph.D. Addolorata Pisconti, Ph.D. Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (Italy) Orazio Cantoni, M.D. Ph.D. Letizia Palomba, Ph.D. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia (Italy) Alessandra Valerio, M.D. Ph.D. Marta Dossena, Ph.D. student

Diabetes Care 28: 2289-2304, 2005

Diabetes Care 28: 2289-2304, 2005

Properties of key adipokines Adiponectin in IAA IL-6 in IAA TNFα in IAA PAI-1 in IAA Anti-atherogenic/antidiabetic: foam cells vascular remodelling insulin sensitivity hepatic glucose output Pro-atherogenic/pro-diabetic: vascular inflammation insulin signalling Pro-atherogenic/pro-diabetic: insulin sensitivity in adipocytes (paracrine) Pro-atherogenic: atherothrombotic risk IAA: intra-abdominal adiposity Marette 2002

Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults Eugenia E. Calle, Ph.D., Carmen Rodriguez, M.D., M.P.H., Kimberly Walker-Thurmond, B.A., and Michael J. Thun, M.D. The heaviest members of this cohort (body-mass index of at least 40) had death rates from all cancers combined that were 52 percent higher (for men) and 62 percent higher (for women) than the rates in men and women of normal weight. In both men and women, body-mass index was also significantly associated with higher rates of death due to cancer of the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidney; the same was true for death due to non-hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Significant trends of increasing risk with higher body-mass-index values were observed for death from cancers of the stomach and prostate in men and for death from cancers of the breast, uterus, cervix, and ovary in women. Conclusions. Increased body weight was associated with increased death rates for all cancers combined and for cancers at multiple specific sites. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348: 1625-1638, 2003

Changes in Body Weight (Kg) ( from, DPPRG, 2002) 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 Control Metformin Lifestyle -6-7 -8 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 Study Year

Cumulative incidence of diabetes ( from, DPPRG, 2002) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Placebo Metformin Lifestyle 10 5 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 Study Year

Probabilty of remaining free of diabetes (Tuomilehto et al, 2001) 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 Intervention Control 0,6 0,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Study Year

DALLA RICERCA AL TERRITORIO Il Rischio Ogni anno 270.000 soggetti vengono colpiti da un attacco cardiaco che è fatale nel 50% dei casi e non arriva neanche al ricovero nel 30% dei casi Nell analisi Framingham Study si è rivoluzionato il concetto di rischio: non più singoli fattori (fumo, ipertensione, ipercolesterolemia), ma una valutazione del Rischio Assoluto derivante da un analisi multifattoriale

Adjusted relative risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by body mass index (BMI) Ann Intern Med. 144: 21-28, 2006

NCEP ATP III: identificazione della Sindrome Metabolica Diagnosi posta in base alla presenza di 3 o più dei seguenti Fattori di rischio Valore Obesità viscerale (circonferenza vita ) Uomini >102 cm (>40 pollici) Donne >88 cm (>35 pollici) Trigliceridi 150 mg/dl Colesterolo HDL Uomini <40 mg/dl Donne <50 mg/dl Pressione arteriosa 130 / 85 mmhg Glicemia a digiuno 110 mg/dl Alcuni pazienti maschi possono sviluppare fattori di rischio metabolici multipli anche se la circonferenza-vita è aumentata solo marginalmente (es., 94 102 cm [37 40 pollici]). NCEP ATP III. JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497

Sindrome metabolica nuova Consensus IDF (International Diabetes federation) Obesità centrale (cm) Uomini Donne Più la presenza di altri due tra i seguenti fattori di rischio: Trigliceridi (mg/dl) Colesterolo HDL (mg/dl) Uomini Donne Pressione sistolica/diastolica (mm Hg) Glicemia a digiuno (mg/dl) 94 80 >150 (o trattamento specifico) <40 <50 (o trattamento specifico) 130/ 85 (o trattamento per ipertensione precedentemente diagnosticata) 100 (o precedente diagnosi di diabete di tipo 2) The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome, Berlin, PMS, www.idf.org

PREVALENZA DELLA SINDROME METABOLICA IN ADULTI AMERICANI (8814 soggetti, 1988-1994) Prevalenza % 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 >70 uomini donne anni Ford et al, 2002

Abdominal obesity predicts the metabolic syndrome 8-year incidence of metabolic syndrome 40 30 20 10 0 33 20 10 >30 <30 20 >102 cm (men) >88 cm (women) <102 cm (men) <88 cm (women) Waist circ. Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) Han et al 2002

Metabolic syndrome has a negative impact on CV health and mortality 25 No metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome 25 Prevalence (%) 20 15 10 5 * *p<0.001 * * Mortality rate (%) 20 15 10 5 * *p<0.001 * 0 CHD MI Stroke Isomaa et al 2001 0 All-cause mortality Cardiovascular mortality

Why is abdominal obesity Abdominal obesity harmful? is often associated with other CV risk factors is an independent CV risk factor Adipocytes are metabolically active endocrine organs, not simply inert fat storage Wajchenberg 2000

Intra-Abdominal (Visceral) Fat The dangerous inner fat! Front Visceral AT Subcutaneous AT Back

Lack of enos expression reduces mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT of enos -/- mice wt enos -/- M wt wt wt wt enos enos -/- enos enos -/- mt DNA 22 C 4 C Nisoli et al., Science 299, 896 899, 2003

Oxygen consumption, food intake, and food efficiency of wild-type and enos -/- mice a b c +/+ -/- +/+ -/- +/+ -/- Oxygen consumption (ml Kg -1 min -1 ) Food intake (g 24h -1 100g bw -1 ) Feed efficiency (weight gain / food intake) x 100 25 20 15 10 5 0 * * 25 20 15 10 5 0 Males Females Males Females Males Females 25 20 15 10 5 0 Nisoli et al., Science 299, 896 899, 2003

enos, PGC-1α, COX IV gene expression, and mtdna levels are reduced in both WAT and BAT of obese rodents Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

Oxygen consumption and ATP levels are decreased in WAT and BAT of ob/ob mice Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

Mitochondrial biogenesis is partially normalized in WAT of ob/ob mice in which TNF-α signaling has been genetically deleted Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

Mitochondrial biogenesis is partially normalized in WAT of DIO mice in which TNF-α receptor 1 (p55) has been genetically deleted Valerio et al., J. Clin. Invest., Oct. 2006

CR induces mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT of wildtype (wt) but not enos -/- mice through enos expression and cgmp formation. Nisoli et al., Science 310: 314-317, 2005

DIETA MEDITERRANEA Calorie Bilanciamento Carboidrati (IG) Lipidi (saturi/insaturi) Fibra Vitamine e antiossidanti Numero pasti Piramide (QB)

I nutrienti della dieta mediterranea Fabbisogno giornaliero per un apporto bilanciato di nutrienti Nutriente Percentuale sul totale dell apporto calorico Carboidrati Dal 50 al 55 % di cui saccarosio Meno del 10 % Lipidi Dal 25 al 30 % di cui acidi grassi saturi Meno del 10 % Proteine Dal 10 al 15 % (Fonte : FAO/OMS)

Il consumo di grassi alimentari La percentuale di grassi sul totale dell apporto energetico quotidiano si discosta da quella raccomandata dai nutrizionisti: Dietary Fat Grassi Totali 37% Mono 17% Poly 6% Sat 14%

Eccessi Zuccheri semplici Grassi saturi Sale Proteine di origine animale Porzioni troppo abbondanti Spuntini troppo frequenti

Carenze Frutta e verdura Fibre Principi nutritivi fondamentali Carboidrati complessi

La piramide alimentare Per un corretto approccio nutrizionale è uso comune classificare gli alimenti in 7 gruppi principali in accordo alle specifiche proprietà nutritive di ogni gruppo.